PROGRAMMING WITH MATLAB

SIGNAL PROCESSING

ANKARA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SIGNAL

 We can think of signals as functions of one or more independent

variable(s).
 They transmit information about a physical system.

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EXAMPLES OF SIGNALS
 Audio signals
 Variation of temperature with respect to time or location
 Variation of electrical potential on heart surface with time
 Medical Images (2D)

ECG Audio Signal Angiogram

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

 Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
 Even and Odd Signals
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
 Real and Complex Signals
 Finite and Infinite Length Signals

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CONTINUOUS TIME AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
 A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.
 A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time.

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DETERMINISTIC AND NON-DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS

A signal is said to be deterministic if

there is no uncertainty with respect
to its value at any instant of time.

Non-deterministic signals are random in nature

hence they are called random signals.
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EVEN AND ODD SIGNALS

A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(-t)

A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x(-t)

Let x(t) = sin t
x(-t) = sin(-t) = -sin t = -x(t)
∴ sin t is odd function. 7
PERIODIC AND APERIODIC SIGNALS

A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n + N)
where
T = fundamental time period,
1/T = f = fundamental frequency.

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SIGNAL OPERATIONS

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SIGNAL OPERATIONS

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CONTINUOUS-TIME SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS

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BASIC SIGNALS

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SYSTEMS

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DEFINITION OF A SYSTEM

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PROPERTIES OF SYSTEMS

• Memory
• Invertibility
• Causality
• Stability
• Linearity
• Time invariance

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MEMORY/MEMORYLESS SYSTEMS

 Memoryless System: Output given at a time depends only on the input at the same
time.
 If not, system is with memory.

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INVERTIBILITY OF SYSTEMS

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 CAUSALITY/CAUSAL SYSTEMS
• A system is causal if output at any time is dependent only on the input values at the present and past
time.
• It does not depend on future values of the input.

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STABILITY/STABLE SYSTEMS

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STABILITY/STABLE SYSTEMS

𝑦 𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑢(𝑡)→Unit Step Function

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LINEARITY/LINEAR SYSTEMS

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LINEARITY/LINEAR SYSTEMS

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TIME INVARIANCE / TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS

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TIME INVARIANCE / TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS

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LTI (LINEAR AND TIME-INVARIANT) SYSTEMS,
THEIR IMPULSE RESPONSES AND CONVOLUTION

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CONVOLUTION

Evaluate y[n] x[n] * h[n], where x[n] and h[n] are shown in the Figure below:

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FOURIER SERIES

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REPRESENTING A PERIODIC SIGNAL WITH COMPLEX
EXPONENTIALS

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FOURIER TRANSFORM

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FOURIER TRANSFORM
 Fourier Transform (FT) is a mathematical method that transforms a function of time to a function of
frequency.
 The output of a FT is called a frequency spectrum.
Differences Between Fourier Series and Fourier Transform:
 Fourier Series is an expansion of a periodic signal as a linear combination of sines and cosines.
BUT
 Fourier Transform is the process or function used to convert signals from time domain into frequency
domain.

 Fourier Series is defined for periodic signals

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 Fourier Transform is also applied to aperiodic signals.

CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR APERIODIC SIGNALS

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CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR APERIODIC
SIGNAL

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CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR PERIODIC
SIGNALS

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CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR PERIODIC
SIGNALS

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DISCRETE CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR
APERIODIC SIGNALS

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DISCRETE CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR
APERIODIC SIGNALS

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DISCRETE CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR
PERIODIC SIGNALS

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SAMPLING

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SAMPLING
• Sampling is applied to convert a continuous
time signal to discrete time signal.

• We should prevent aliasing while doing the

conversion.

• If we do not have enough samples, we cannot

recover the original signal (aliasing occurs)

• If we have more samples than is required, we

can recover the original signal but we end up
with using more storage than necessary. 48