702131/702831 European Architecture A

Hellenistic architecture
 the Empire of Alexander
map of the Ancient World in 323 BC
detail from Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1988 [1967]), p 59
 the break-up of Alexander’s empire
map of the Ancient World on the death of Alexander, 301 BC
detail from McEvedy, Atlas of Ancient History, p 61
 map of the expansion of Hellenism
capital from Kausambi, northern India, C3rd BC
T B L Webster, Hellenistic Art (London 1967 [1966]), p 221
Christine Flon [ed], The World Atlas of Archaeology (London 1985), p 246
 terms

‘Hellenic’ means Greek

‘Hellenistic’ refers to the expansion

of Greek culture following the
conquests of Alexander the Great,
and to the opulent style of art and
architecture associated with this
sarcophagus of a ruler of Sidon ('Alexander Sarcophagus'), after 330 BC
Webster, Hellenistic Art , p 45
 bronze krater
from Dherveni
(10 k north-east
of Salonika), c
320 BC

Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 21

 PRIENE
in western Asia Minor (modern Turkey)
large natural acropolis
grid layout as promoted by Hippodamus of Miletus

important Hellenstic structures

Temple of Athena Polias, 335 onwards

Theatre, late C4th & C2nd
Ekklesiasterion or Bouleterion, c 200
view of Priene
Miles Lewis
Priene: plan as in
the late C4th BC

MUAS 19,808
Priene, reconstructed view by A Zippelius
Cecil Stewart, A Prospect of Cities (London 1952), pp 8-9.
Theatre, Priene, c 300 BC, modified C2nd BC
Miles Lewis
Theatre, Priene

plan as in c 300 BC

A W Lawrence [revised R A
Tomlinson], Greek Architecture
(5th ed, New Haven
[Connecticut] 1996), p 208
Theatre, Priene, reconstructed view after the work of the C2nd
R L Scranton, Greek Architecture (London 1968 [New York 1962]), pl 98
 Theatre, Priene: earlier and later form of skena, reconstructed

D S Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture (2nd ed, Cambridge 1969), p 167
Theatre, Priene: the proskenion as it remains today
Miles Lewis
 Ekklesiasterion or Bouleterion, Priene, c 200 B
view & plan
Miles Lewis; Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 177
Ekklesiasterion, Priene: reconstruction view
Scranton, Greek Architecture, fig 96
Temple of Athena
Polias, Priene, by
Pytheos, dedicated
334 BC

Miles Lewis
 development of the Corinthian

small metal lamps &c C5th

interior end column, Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassai

late C5th

special columns at Delphi, Tegea, Epidauros , c 400-345

small scale exterior use: Monument of Lysicrates, Athens,

334 BC

as a full-scale order, Temple of Zeus Olbius, Uzunçaburc, c

300 BC
 Bassai
the first full Corinthian capital
reconstruction interior
Von Hallerstein’s drawing of the capital;
and as reconstructed

Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 48

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pl 140
Smith, Classical Architecture, p 50
small scale capitals of the fifth century (mostly of
metal) compared with that at Bassai
Hugh Plommer, Ancient and Classical Architecture (London 1963), p 170
 Bassai
the first full Corinthian capital
reconstruction interior
Von Hallerstein’s drawing of the capital;
and as reconstructed

Coulton, Greek Architects at Work, p 48

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pl 140
Smith, Classical Architecture, p 50
early Corinthian capitals in special locations
top left: from the Tholos, Delphi, c 400
bottom left: the Temple of Athena Alea, Tegea,
by Skopas, c 355
above: Tholos, Sanctuary of Aiskulapios, Epidauros, by
Polykleitos the younger, c 345 [restored]
Scranton, Greek Architecture, plates 73, 74
Greece, Ministry of Culture
 the
Corinthian
order used
externally

Monument of
Lysicrates,
Athens, 334
BC.

Stuart & Revett,

Antiquities of
Athens, I (1762), ch
IV, pt 3
evolution of the Corinthian
capital
clockwise:
Bassai, 430-400
Tegea, c 355
Epidauros, c 345
Bouleterion, Miletus, 175-164

Smith, Classical Architecture, p 75

map of Cilicia, showing Diocaesarea
(Uzunçaburc)
Hellenistic carving at Diocaesarea

Keil & Wilhelm, Monumentae Asia Minoris, III, tafel 1

Miles Lewis
 the first full-scale use of the Corinthian
Temple of Zeus Olbius, Uzunçaburc, c 300 BC
 Temple of Zeus
Olbius, Uzunçaburc,
c 300 BC

Corinthian capital

reconstructed
column & capital

Miles Lewis
Keil & Wilhelm, Monumentae
Asia Minoris, III, 47
Temple of Zeus Olympeion, Athens, 174 BC - D 130
view from the north & plan
Miles Lewis
Scranton, Greek Architecture, pl 68
Temple of Zeus Olympeion, Athens
detail of the entablature
Miles Lewis
THE GIANT TEMPLES
 Temple of Apollo, Didyma, archaic temple, 560-550 BC: plan
Ekrem Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey (Istanbul 1985 [1969]), p 224
 Temple of Apollo, Didyma,
archaic temple, 560-550 BC,
Hellenistic Temple, 332 BC-
C2nd AD

plans
lion from the sacred way

Ekrem Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations and

Ruins of Turkey (Istanbul 1985 [1969]),
pp 224, 226
Miles Lewis
Didyma, map showing the 20 km
processional way from Miletus,
and the sea route to the marble
quarries
Lothar Haselberger, 'The Construction
Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma',
Scientific American, CCLIII, 6 (December
1985), p 116
Temple of Apollo, Didyma,
from above
Stierlin, Monuments de l’Antiquité,
no page
Temple of Apollo, Didyma, as it may have been when building ceased
reconstruction by George Niemann, 1912
Lothar Haselberger, 'The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma', Scientific
American, CCLIII, 6 (December 1985), p 117
Temple of Apollo, Didyma: cutaway reconstruction view from above

James Steele, Hellenistic Architecture in Asia Minor (London 1992), p 52

Temple of Apollo, Didyma, north end
Miles Lewis
Temple of
Apollo,
Didyma
plan and
sections

MUAS 17,070
Temple of Apollo, Didyma

the adyton or inner

courtyard

the foundations of the

naiscos, mid-C3rd,
allegedly by Paionios of
Ephesus and Daphnis of
Miletus, containing the
source of the sulphurous
spring

Miles Lewis
 Temple of Apollo, Didyma
reconstruction of the diagrams inscribed on
the adyton wall
(red squares indicate the location of the
photographs)
Lothar Haselberger, 'The Construction Plans for the
Temple of Apollo at Didyma', Scientific American,
CCLIII, 6 (December 1985), p 120
 Temple of Apollo, Didyma
The base of the naos or cella wall, externally
Miles Lewis
 Temple of Apollo, Didyma
the three standing columns in red
those known to have been built, in black;
those probably built, in grey
Haselberger, 'Temple of Apollo', p 117
Temple of Apollo, Didyma, column base of Asiatic type
Miles Lewis
 Temple of Apollo, Didyma, column bases
Asiatic, modified Asiatic with palmette & anthemion, key pattern & panelled
Miles Lewis
Temple of Apollo, Didyma, detail of lintel
Miles Lewis
Temple of Apollo,
Didyma

ionic capital

zoomorphic
corner capital
with bulls; heads
and busts

Miles Lewis
Temple of Apollo, Didyma, Medusa head from the frieze
Miles Lewis
 PERGAMON

Monument on a round base, Pergamon,

after 230 BC, commemorating the victory
of Attalos I over the Gauls
Plan, with the Temple of Trajan, Theatre,
Temple of Athena, Great Altar

Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 93

Margaret Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity
(London 1974), p 209
Great Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, 200-150 BC
reconstruction and plan

Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 119

Altar of Zeus, in the Pergamon Museum,
Berlin: view & detail
Cimok, Pergamum p 35; David Saunders
prostyle temples at Pergamon, plans
Deionises, C2nd
Upper Agora, c 150-100
Hera Basileia, n d
Asklepios, c 150-100
Middle Gymnasium, c 150-100

Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations, p 89

 Propylaea of the Sanctuary
of Athena Polias, Pergamon,
C3rd BC: as reconstructed
at the Pergamon Museum,
East Berlin

Fatih Cimok, Pergamum (Istanbul

2001 [1993]), p 27
room behind the Stoa of Athena, Pergamon, early C2nd B
detail of the entablature
Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity, p 93
 the tomb of king Mausolus of Caria
‘Mausoleum’
at Halicarnassos, by Pytheos, after 353 BC
one of the seven wonders of the world

known, mainly from the description of Pliny the Elder, to have had

a high base
a pteron of thirty-six Ionic columns (9 x 11)
a stepped pyramid
a chariot group on top
 Mausoleum at Halicarnassos
conjecturally restored by L S Bernier, and the British Museum
Hector d'Espouy, Fragments d'Architecture Antique d'après les Relevés & Restaurations des Anciens
Pensionnaires de l'Académie de France à Rome (2 folios of loose plates, Paris 1905), II; British Museum GR
113, © 1975
the new Hellenistic monumentailty
the Mausoleum at Halicarnassos
Monument at Dougga, Tunisia, ?C2nd BC
M W Jones, Principles of Roman Architecture (New Haven
[Connecticut] 2000), p 70

Temple of Mentuhotep, Deir el Bahari,

Egypt, c 2,100 BC: reconstruction
MUAS 9,931
 a reminder of classical principles

trabeation
a beam or entablature is carried on circular columns

arcuation
an arch is a hole cut in a wall, and is therefore carried
on pieces of wall – rectangular piers - not on columns
Propylaea, Athens, by Mnescicles, 437-432 BC
from the inside
Jeff Turnbull
 the arch problem
where there is wider intercolumniation on the axis
how should the entablature reflect this?

you cannot insert an arch carried on columns

(a) the arch on an entablature

but an arch in the pediment, on top of the entablature, is not carried on
columns, but is a hole in the wall above, which is grammatically
acceptable

(b) the bent-up entablature

alternatively, if you bend the entablature up into an arch shape, and
continue the entablature mouldings rather than show wedge-shaped
voussoirs, you can pretend that it is not really an arch, but a distorted
entablature
(a) the arch
on an
entablature

temple at
Termessus,
Pisidia, Turkey,
AD C2nd

Robertson, Greek and

Roman Architecture, p
228
 two columns below the
arch have been
replaced by square
piers

an embarrassing error in grammar

Lower Gymnasium, Priene, c 100 BC
Hugh Plommer, Ancient and Classical Architecture (London 1956), p 26
 (b) the bent-up
entablature

Temple of Hadrian,
Ephesus, AD c 117-125
View & reconstruction

Miles Lewis
Ramage, Roman Art, p 221
Temple of Dushara at Si, or Seea, Syria, AD late C1st

Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity, p 67

 EGYPT

Temple of Dakka, Nubia

MUAS 11,510
Temple at Kôm Ombo,
north of Aswan,
145 BC - AD 14

MUAS 14367, 14,365

Temple at Kôm Ombo

MUAS 14,366, 14365

Tomb 1 of the Necropolis at Moustapha Pasha, Alexandria, C3rd BC: south side
Miles Lewis
Tomb 1 , Moustapha Pasha: plan, elevation & views
A Adriani, Annuaire de Musée Gréco-Romain [Alexandria], 1933-5
Miles Lewis
Tomb 1 , Moustapha Pasha: detail
Miles Lewis
 Symposium tent of
Ptolemy II at Alexandria,
c 275-270 BC

Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 67

Hypogeum 2 of the Necropolis of Anfoushy, Alexandria, mid-C2nd BC
Miles Lewis
 Hypogeum 2 of the
Necropolis of Anfoushy
detail & view

A Adriani, Annuaire de Musée Gréco-

Romain [Alexandria], 1949-50 Miles
Lewis
Palazzo delle Colonne, Ptolemais, Libya,
probably late Hellenistic
reconstruction of the upper north side of the
great peristyle
plan

Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity, p 54

 Palazzo delle Colonne,
Ptolemais
zoomorphic capital from the
room west of the smaller
oecus

Temple of Apollo, Didyma

Zoomorphic corner capital

Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in

Classical Antiquity, p 56
Miles Lewis
 frescoes in Italy

Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, c 20 BC:

cubiculum with frescoes as reconstructed at the
Metropolitan museum, New York

Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 137

 fresco of Macedonia
and Syria from the villa
at Boscoreale,
copied from an original
of 270 BC

Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 40

 Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale:
detail of a panel from the rear wall of the
cubiculum, showing a pergola, mid-late-C1st BC
Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity, p 18
Villa of Publius: detail of
the fresco in the
cubiculum, showing
comic scenery

Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 133

Villa of Publius: view of the corner of the cubiculum
Webster, Hellenistic Art, p 135
Casa Vetii, Pompeii:
Apollo conquering the
python, before AD 79

trade slide
House of the Labyrinth,
Pompeii: fresco in the
Corinthian œcus

Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture

in Classical Antiquity, pl 16
Petra
Jordan
 the Khasne, Petra
MUAS

frescoes from the House of

the Labyrinth, Pompeii
& the Villa of Publius,
Boscoreale
Petra: view of the rock-cut tombs
MUAS
Nabatean Temple, Petra: reconstruction drawing of the rear wall,
showing stucco decoration
Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity, pl 87
 'Palace Tomb', Petra, late AD C1st, detail
Lyttelton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity, pl 86
Nabatean Gate,
Bosra, Syria, &
detail of a capital
Miles Lewis
Marble Court, Sardis, AD
211-212, reconstruction

South Market Gate,

Miletus, c 160 BC (now in
Berlin

Ramage, Roman Art, p 275

W L MacDonald, The Architecture of the
Roman Empire. II. An Urban Appraisal
(New Haven [Connecticut] 1986), p 19