KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,

Kirandul,dantewada

PHYSICS PROJECT

NAME – Aachal gayre

CLASS – XII ‘A’
ROLL NO – 1209
Factors Affecting Internal Resistance Of A Cell
 Acknowledgement
I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in Physics on
the topic “To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends” .This project wouldn’t have been
feasible without the proper and rigorous guidance of my
Physics teacher Mrs.Runjhun mam who guided me
throughout this project in every possible way on a step by step
basis and ensuring that I completed my project with ease. His
suggestions and instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project. Then I

would also like to thank my principal Mr.Jagdish Narayan sir

Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to ensure that
it proves to be the best. I hope that this project will prove to be
a breeding ground for the next generation of students and will
guide them in every possible way.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aachal gayre, a student of class
XII has successfully completed the project on the topic
“Determination of various factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell depends” under the
guidance of Mrs.Runjhun mam(Subject Teacher).This
project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind. The progress of the project has
been continuously reported and has been acknowledged
consistently.

________________ __________
Mr.Jagdish Narayan sir Mrs.Runjhun mam

(Principal) (Physics Teacher)

________________
External Examiner

Contents
 Acknowledgement

 Certificate

 Introduction

 Objective

 Apparatus
 Theory

 Procedure

 Observations

 Conclusions

 Precautions

 Sources of error
 Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances
and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their

potential can be increased greatly .

Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors

affecting the internal resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase

the potential difference across it , and hence make it more reliable.

 Objective :-
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.

Apparatus :-
A Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way keys , a rheostat of

low resistance , a galvanometer , a high resistance , an ammeter , a cell , a

Jockey , a set square , connecting wires , water bath , thermometer(0-100°C) ,

burner , tripod stand , wire gauge .

Theory :-
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the

flow of ions . The internal resistance of a cell

 is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.

 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in

electrolyte.
  decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.

 is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by

r = ( l1−l 2 )R
l1

where l 1 , l 2 are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance

(shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given cell.

Procedure :-
 Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.

2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight

connections according to the circuit diagrams.

3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.

4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and see that

e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of given cell ,otherwise null or

balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).

5. Take maximum current from the battery , making rheostat resistance

small.

6. To test the corrections of the connections.(insert the plug in the key K 1

and note the ammeter reading .Take out 2000 ohm resistance plug from

resistance box. Place the jokey first at the end P of the wire and then at

the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite direction in

the two cases the connections are correct).

7. Without inserting the plug in the key K 2 adjust the rheostat so that a null

point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.

8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box and by

slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position of null

point, obtain null point position accurately, using a set square.

9. Measure the balancing length l 1 between the point and the end P of the

wire.

10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B. introduce

plugs in the key K 1 ,as well as in key K 2. Take out small resistance

(1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with the cell.

11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain null point.

12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if necessary make

further adjustment for sharp null point.

13. Measure the balancing length l 2 from end P.

14. Remove the plug keys at K 1 and K 2.Wait for some time and for the same

value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.

15. Repeat the observations for diffrent values of R repeating each

observation twice.

16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above relation for r.

 Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on

internal resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary

separation between electrodes and measure internal resistance in

each case.

Step 3
 To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal

resistance by keeping other factors constant.

Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte.

Determine the internal resistance at various temperatures.

Step 4
 To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on internal

resistance by :-

Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of electrolyte

by adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of cell in

each case .

Diagram:-
 Observations :-

S.No. Ammeter Pos. of null point ( Shunt r=((l1−l 2 )/l 1)R

Reading cm ) Resistance

(A) With Without R R(Ω) Ω

R (l1 ) ( l2 )

1.

2.

3.

Table for effect of separation between electrodes :-

 S.No. Separation Balancing Balancing r=((l 1−l 2 )/l 1)R r/d
between length length

Electrodes-d (cm) ( l1 ) (cm) (l2) (Ω)

(cm)

1.

2.

3.

Table for effect of temperature :-

S.No. Temper- l1 l2 Resistanc r=( l1−l 2 )R Tr

l1
ature e

(T) °C (cm) (cm) R (Ω) (Ω) (ΩK)

1.

2.
3.

Conclusions :-
1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E =

______ Volt

2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation

between the electrodes.

3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the

electrodes dipped in electrolyte.

4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

temperature of electrolytes.

5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

concentration of the electrolyte.

Precautions :-
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations

are to be taken.

3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should , all be

connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.

4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the

wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of

observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose.

6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.'s of the either of

the two cells.

7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance

box before the jockey is moved along the wire.

8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.

9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the null

point.

11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies on last wire of

the potentiometer.

12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.

13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.

Sources of error :-
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material

density throughout its length.

3. End resistances may not be zero.

 Bibliography
www.Google.com

www.Wikipedia.com

Comprehensive Practical Physics by “Laxmi

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