Energy Analysis

The Sun - The main source of energy.

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Energy Analysis

The Sun - The main source of energy.

0 to290 nanometers is filtered by the OZONE

290 to 380 nanometers - Ultra Violet

380 to 780 nanometers - Visible Light

780 to 2500 nanometers - Infra Red / HEAT

The Solar Spectrum ….. 0 to 2500 nanometers

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Energy Analysis

The Sun - The main source of energy.

IR
51%

VL
47%
UV
2%

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Energy Analysis

The Sun - The main source of energy.

Reflected
Radiated

Absorbed and then...

Radiated
Transmitted
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Energy Analysis

Glass by nature is a good conductor of Heat.

Depending on the area of glass.

Type of Glazing to be used.

Effects the cooling and heating cost.

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Energy Analysis

Example:

Extra cost for glass 60 000 JD

Initial saving on AC 56 000 JD

Yearly saving on AC 5 000 JD

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7
 Float Manufacturing
Silica Sand

Float Glass

Glass Coating

Coated Glass

Processed
Glass Processing
Glass 8
 Float
FloatManufacturing
Manufacturing
Silica Sand

Glass Coating
Float Glass

Glass Coating

Coated Glass
Glass Processing

Processed
Glass Processing
Glass 9
Glass Industry

A float line of 700 ton will

produce (6mm):
46 000 m2 /day
17,000,000 m2 / year

Float Manufacturing
A Coating line of 24
cathodes would produce:
Glass Coating 5,500,000 – 7,000,000
m2/year

Glass Processing
A medium size glass processor
would use 1,000,000 m2/year

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Glass Industry

Float Manufacturing

Glass Coating

Glass Processing

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What is Glass?

Glass is made from :

Silica - Sand
Lime
Potash
Soda
APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (CLEAR SODA LIME GLASS)
Major Silica Soda Lime Magnesium Potassium Alumina Iron
Components Oxide Oxide Oxide
SiO2 Na2O CaO MgO K2O Al2O3 Fe2O3
% 70 - 74 12 - 15 8 - 10 3.5 - 4.5 0.3 - 0.8 0.0 - 2.0 0.08 - 0.11

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Float Glass Manufacturing

1. Raw material feed

The raw materials (silica sand, calcium, oxide, soda and magnesium …etc.)
are properly weighted and mixed to form a batch, and then introduced into
a furnace.

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Float Glass Manufacturing

2. Furnace

As the batch is feed into the furnace melter area it's heated by the natural
gas burners to approximately 1500 - 1600°C where full melting is achieved.
The molten glass then flows from the glass furnace into a bath of molten tin
forming a continuous glass ribbon
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Float Glass Manufacturing

3. Float bath

The continuous ribbon of molten glass floats along the surface of molten
tin. Irregularities are melted out, ensuring flat, parallel surfaces in the
glass.

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Float Glass Manufacturing

4. Annealing lehr

The glass is annealed and gradually cooled to 200°C, to relieve stresses and
prevent splitting and breaking in the cutting phase.

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Float Glass Manufacturing

5. Cutting

The cooled glass ribbon exits the annealing lehr and is conveyed to the
cutting area by a system of rollers and drives linked to the lehr drive
system. .

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Float Glass Manufacturing

6. Stacking and offloading

The scored glass ribbon is then separated into sheets for packaging by a
series of automatic stackers for offloading the glass.

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Float Glass Types

Clear Glass 3mm - 19mm

Low Iron Glass 3mm - 15mm

Tinted - Grey / Bronze / Blue / Green …etc

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Glass Industry

Float Manufacturing

Glass Coating

Glass Processing

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Coated Glass Types

Depends on the type of Heat …..

LONG WAVE
SHORT WAVE

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Depending on the Heat….

SW

AM / MW

FM

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Depending on the Heat….

LONG WAVE

SHORT WAVE

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Depending on the Heat….

In Winter

Glass

In Summer

Glass

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Depending on the Heat….

LONG WAVE

Low-e

Glass

Glass
Solar
SHORT WAVE

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Coated Glass Types

Depends on the type of Process …..

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Depending on the Process….

On the Float Line

Metal Oxide

Glass is HOT

Pyrolytic Coating

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Depending on the Process….

After the Float Line

Metal / Metal Oxide

Glass is at Room Temperature

Sputtered Coating

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Depending on the Process….

After the Float Line

Metal / Metal Oxide

Glass is at Room Temperature

Sputtered Coating

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SILVERSTAR Glass coatings
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Glass Industry

Float Manufacturing

Glass Coating

Glass Processing

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Different Glazing Processes

Cutting

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Different Glazing Processes

Heat Treatment

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Different Glazing Processes

Heat Treatment

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Different Glazing Processes

Heat Treatment

Heating
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Different Glazing Processes

Heat Treatment

Heating
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Different Glazing Processes

Heat Treatment

Cooling
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Different Glazing Processes

Heat Treatment

Cooling
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Different Glazing Processes

Heat Treatment Types:

Same Heating - Different Cooling

1- Heat Strengthened Glass

2- Tempered or Fully Tempered or Toughened

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Different Glazing Processes

Distortion

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Different Glazing Processes

Lamination

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Different Glazing Processes

Lamination

Glass
PVB
Glass

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Different Glazing Processes

Lamination

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Different Glazing Processes

Double Glazing

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Different Glazing Processes

Double Glazing
Spacer
Moisture Absorbing Material
Primary Seal - Butyl
Glass
Secondary Seal - Silicon

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Glass Air Space
spacer

Sealant

descent
Butyl
Insulated Glass (tinted)
Insulated Glass (tinted)
So , how we can increase the
efficiency of the glass
performance ?
 1) Insulating Glass
 Two or more sheets of glass separated by an air space
 Double Glazing: Two (2) sheets
 Triple Glazing: Three (3) sheets (somewhat uncommon)
 Primary purpose of additional sheets of glass
 Improve insulating value - reduce thermal transmission
 Two (2) sheets - cuts heat loss in half (1/3 for 3 sheets)

Surface # 2 Surface # 3

Surface # 1 Surface # 4

Air Air

Glass 1 Glass 2 Glass 3

2) Reflective Glass
 Thin films of metal or metal oxide placed on surface # 2 of the glass

 Film purpose:
Glass
 Reflect sunlight ( shortwave )
Reduce solar heat gain
 Changes Appearance
 Colored Mirror effect

 Can be placed on either face,

 However, often on the inside face
Reflective
Film
 3) Low E Glass
 Improves thermal performance
 Ultra-thin, transparent, metallic coating
 Generally placed on:
 The #2 or #3 position in insulating glass or
 Reflects selected wavelengths of light & heat radiation
 Allows entry of most short-wave (sunlight)

 Reflects most longer-wave infrared radiation from objects and humans inside
the building
 Result:
 Reduced heating & cooling load, increased comfort
 4) Solar-E Glass
 This is the new generation reflective glasses that combine the solar control
properties of the standard Pyrolytic coatings with the increased thermal
performance of Low E coatings.
 These coatings are also known as Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) coatings.
 The Low E coating is designed to reflect long wave radiation from the glass itself
and from the inside or outside of the building.
 These coatings must be glazed inside the building (on surface 2) to ensure the
Low E coating functions, and are ideal for use in Insulating Glass Units as they
provide very high insulation.
 The most common types are Pilkington Eclipse Advantage and Cardinal C366
Glass Properties
of glass

Visual Properties - color / reflectivity

Type

Optical & Thermal performance

Sound
of process

Safety
Type

Security
Structural Strength
Stresses (thermal)
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Glass Properties

Visual Properties - color / reflectivity

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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Visible light transmittance %

Visible light reflection OUT%
Visible light reflection IN %
Solar energy transmittance %
Solar energy Reflection %
‘U’ value – W/m² °C
Solar Factor (g-value)
Shading coefficient (b-factor)
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Visible light transmittance %

Visible light reflection OUT%
Visible light reflection IN %
Solar energy transmittance %
Solar energy Reflection %
‘U’ value – W/m² °C
Solar Factor (g-value)
Shading coefficient (b-factor) OUT IN
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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Glass Properties

SILVERSTAR Night Vision

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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Visible light transmittance %

Visible light reflection OUT%
Visible light reflection IN %
Solar energy transmittance %
Solar energy Reflection %
‘U’ value – W/m² °C
Solar Factor (g-value)
Shading coefficient (b-factor) OUT IN
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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Glass Properties

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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Visible light transmittance %

Visible light reflection OUT%
Visible light reflection IN %
Solar energy transmittance %
Solar energy Reflection %
‘U’ value – W/m² °C
Solar Factor (g-value)
Shading coefficient (b-factor) OUT IN
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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 Glass Properties

Solar Factor (SF) or Total Energy Transmission

Ratio of total solar energy flux entering through the glass to the incident solar energy.

The total energy is the sum of the incoming solar energy by direct transmission (DET), and the energy
reradiated by the glass to the inside atmosphere after being absorbed by the glass (EA).

Shading Coefficient (Sco)

A measure of the ability of a glass to transmit solar heat, relative to that ability for 3 mm (1/8-inch) clear,
double-strength, single glass. Shading coefficient is being phased out in favor of the solar heat gain
coefficient (SHGC), and is approximately equal to the SHGC multiplied by 1.15.

The shading coefficient is expressed as a number without units between 0 and 1. The lower a glass’s solar
heat gain coefficient or shading coefficient, the less solar heat it transmits, and the greater is its shading
ability.

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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Visible light transmittance %

Visible light reflection OUT%
Visible light reflection IN %
Solar energy transmittance %
Solar energy Reflection %
SF =
‘U’ value – W/m² °C Incident
Total Solar
Energy
Solar Energy
Transmitted
Solar Factor (g-value)
Shading coefficient (b-factor) OUT IN
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Visible light transmittance %

Visible light reflection OUT%
Visible light reflection IN %
Solar energy transmittance %
Solar energy Reflection %
SCo =
‘U’ value – W/m² °C Total Solar Energy
Total Solar
Energy
Transmitted
Transmitted
through 3mm clear
Solar Factor (g-value) Glass

Shading coefficient (b-factor) OUT IN

Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Visible light transmittance %

Visible light reflection OUT%
T T+1
Visible light reflection IN %
Solar energy transmittance %
Solar energy Reflection %
‘U’ value – W/m² °C
Solar Factor (g-value)
Shading coefficient (b-factor) OUT IN
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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Glass Properties

U-value

The U-value (or U-factor), more correctly called the overall heat transfer coefficient, describes how well a
building element conducts heat. It measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a
given area, under standardized conditions. (a smaller U-value is better).

U is the inverse of R with SI units of W/(m²K) and US units of BTU/(h °F ft²)

Thickness
R-value should not be confused with the intrinsic property of thermal resistivity and its inverse, thermal
conductivity. The SI unit of thermal resistivity is K·m/W. Thermal conductivity assumes that the heat transfer
of the material is linearly related to its thickness.

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 Glass Properties

Calculation Enviroments

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39

NFRC- National Fenestration Rating Council

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Glass Properties

Optical & Thermal performance

Total Solar Energy
Transmitted
through 3mm clear
Visible light transmittance % Glass

Visible light reflection OUT%

Visible light reflection IN % RHG = (SCo x E1) + (U-value x Δ T)

Solar energy transmittance % OR

Solar energy Reflection %
RHG = (SF x E2) + (U-value x Δ T)
‘U’ value – W/m² °C
Solar Factor (g-value) Incident
Solar Energy
Shading coefficient (b-factor)
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m²
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THE INTRACO ADVANTAGES

Geographical Distribution

INTRACO CORPORATION USA 1972

INTRACO UAE LIMITED 1989

INTRACO LEBANON 1994

INTRACO SYRIA 2001

INTRACO SAUDI ARABIA 2002

INTRACO JORDAN 2008

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THE INTRACO ADVANTAGES

INTRACO
is the sole distributor for major international glass
Manufacturers in USA and Europe.

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THE INTRACO ADVANTAGES

INTRACO has gained a dominant position in its markets by maintaining

inventories of float medium and high performance glass. This inventory mix of
tinted and Pyrolytic coated glass is maintained in a 8,000 SQM facilities located
in Jebel Ali Free Zone

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THE INTRACO ADVANTAGES
With worldwide distribution channels and strategic warehousing near major trade
centers, Intraco is the leader in the sale, supply and delivery of a wide variety of value-
added products and services. Our state-of-the-art distributions centers, warehouses and
trucking fleet provide “Just-In-Time” delivery to local markets.

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