CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Control Coordination
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Nervous System:

The nervous system is like the control center of our bodies. It's
made up of special tissues called nervous tissue. The worker in
this system is the nerve cell or neuron. The nervous system is
mainly in charge of managing and coordinating things in complex
animals.
Functions of the nervous system:
1. The nervous system gets information from the world around us.
2. It collects information from different parts of our body.
3. It helps us make decisions and control our muscles and glands.

Neuron or Nerve cell: Neuron is a highly specialized

cell which is responsible for the transmission of
nerve impulses.
exam mei ayega!

The cell body, or cyton, is the main rounded part of the neuron
where you find the central nucleus and cytoplasm.
Dendrites are like the tree branches of the neuron's cell body.
They receive and pass on signals or messages.
The axon is the neuron's long part that carries messages away
from the cell body. It's protected by a covering called the
myelin sheath.
Nerve endings are like tiny branches at the ends of neurons,
and they send electrical signals to other neurons.
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E.M.A
Working of a neuron:
1. The neuron gets information from receptors as an electrical
signal at the start of its dendrite.
2. This signal travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then
all the way to the tip of the axon.
3. Between two neurons, there's a small gap known as a synapse.
Special chemicals bridge this gap to transmit the same signal to
the next neuron.
4. At the end of the axon, electrical signals trigger the release of
these chemicals.
A synapse is where the end branches of one neuron's axon
connect with the dendrite of another neuron.

E.M.A
Transmission of nerve impulse: Nerve impulses travel
in the following manner from one neutron to the next.
Dendrites → cell body → axon → nerve endings at the tip of axon → synapse → dendrite of next neuron.
The chemicals released from the tip of a neuron's axon traverse the
synapse or neuromuscular junction to connect with the adjacent cell.

types of nervous
system

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

(CNS) (PNS)
{Human Brain & Spinal Cord} {3 types of Nerves}
 PRASHANT KIRAD

E.M.A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal
cord. The brain controls bodily functions, while the spinal
cord relays signals between the brain and the peripheral
nervous system.

Human brain:

It serves as the central coordination hub of the body, empowering an organism to

both think and act.
Three Regions of Brain: exam mei ayega
Fore-brain: It is composed of the cerebrum.
Mid-brain: It is composed of the hypothalamus.
Hind-brain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons, medulla,
oblongata.

Forebrain: The largest and primary cognitive region of the

brain responsible for receiving sensory impulses. Its
components include:

1. Cerebrum: Shaped like a dome, it serves as the brain's uppermost

structure and functions as the primary thinking center. Responsible
for tasks such as reasoning, speech, and information processing.

The cerebrum controls voluntary motor actions.

It is the site of sensory perceptions, like tactile and auditory
perceptions.
It is the seat of learning and memory.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

2. Lobes
Frontal- controls voluntary movements of muscles, memory,
and speech.
Parietal- a sense of touch and taste.
Temporal- a sense of smell and hearing. E.M.A
Occipital- a sense of vision.

Midbrain: The inclusion of the hypothalamus defines its

composition.
Hypothalamus:
It lies at the base of the cerebrum.
It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
It controls sleep and wake cycle of the body.

Hindbrain: Serving as the link between the spinal cord and

the rest of the brain, it consists of three distinct parts.

1. Cerebellum:
It's under the cerebrum and does three main things:
helps you move
keeps you balanced
manages things you do on purpose

2.Medulla:
It's the brain stem, found at the bottom of the brain and
stretching into the spinal cord. It handles things our body
does automatically, like hearing, heartbeats, breathing, and
actions like salivating and vomiting.

3.Pons:
It also controls involuntary actions.
It regulates respiration

Spinal Cord: It manages quick reflex

actions and sends messages between
the body and the brain.
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E.M. A
Peripheral Nervous System:
The peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves and
spinal nerves. We have 12 pairs of cranial nerves that extend
from the brain to the head's organs. Additionally, there are
31 pairs of spinal nerves that come out of the spinal cord and
connect to organs below the head.

Cranial Nerves: Originate from the brain and extend

throughout the head.
Spinal Nerves: Arise from the spinal cord and extend
throughout the body, excluding the head.
Visceral Nerves: Emerge from the spinal cord and
establish connections with internal organs.

Reflex Action: A rapid, sudden, and immediate bodily

response to a stimulus. Examples include the knee jerk and
withdrawing the hand upon touching an object.

Reflex Arc: The route traveled by nerve impulses during a

reflex action is known as a reflex arc.

HEAT --> RECEPTORS --> SPINAL ORGAN --> EFFECTOR ORGAN --> RESPONSE
(Stimulus) (skin) (Muscles) (Hand Withdraw)

THREE TYPES OF RESPONSES:

Voluntary Actions: Governed by the forebrain. Examples include

talking and writing.
Involuntary Actions: Regulated by the mid and hind brain.
Examples encompass heartbeat, vomiting, and respiration.
Reflex Actions: Orchestrated by the spinal cord. An instance is
the withdrawal of a hand upon touching a hot object.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

SECRET QUESTIONS

1.The two glands A and B which occur in pairs are

present in endocrine system. The pair of glands A is
found only in females whereas the pair of glands B
occur only in males. The gland A make and secrete
hormone C whereas gland B make and secrete hormone
E. In addition to hormone, gland A makes gamete F
whereas gland B makes gamete G.
a. What are glands A and B?
b. Name the hormone C and E
c. Name the gamete F and G.
a. glands A - ovaries B-testes
b. Hormone C - oestrogen E-testosterone
c. The gamete F - ova G-sperms

2.Tendrils encircle or coil around the object in

contact with it. Elaborate.
Tendrils are sensitive to touch. When they come in
contact with any support, the part of the tendril in
contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as
the part of the tendril away from the object. This
causes the tendril to circle around the object and
thus, cling to it.

3.Write two differences between the response of the

plants and response of the animals to stimuli?

Plants Animals
No specific or No specific or
specialized tissue specialized tissue
present for conduction present for conduction
of information. of information.
Plant cells change Specialised proteins
shape by changing the are found in muscle
amount of water in cells which help in
them. changing the shape.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Coordination in PLANTS:
Control and coordination in plants are carried out by hormones.

Plant Hormones Functions

Auxin Helps in the growth of plant tissues

Cytokinin Promotes cell division, delays ageing of cells

Gibberellins Facilitates stem growth, triggers seed

germination, stimulates flowering, supports cell
division, and fosters seed development post-
germination.

Abscisic acid Suppresses growth, induces wilting of leaves,

encourages bud and seed dormancy.

Ethylene This is a gas hormone responsible for

fruit ripening.

E.M. A
Growth Independent Movements:
Movements unrelated to growth are termed nastic movements.
These responses occur due to environmental stimuli, but the
direction of the response is not determined by the direction
of the stimulus.

The movement in the touch-me-not plant is thigmonastic movement (movement in response to touch).

Plant Movements Associated with Growth:

Growth-related movements are referred to as tropic movements.
These responses occur in reaction to environmental stimuli, and
the direction of the response is influenced by the direction of the
stimulus.
E.M.A
Phototropic movement (light-dependent)
Geotropic movement (gravity-dependent)
Chemotropic movement (chemical-dependent)
Hydrotropic movement (water-dependent)
Thigmotropic movement (touch dependent)
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Geotropism: The response of plant parts to

the Earth's gravitational force is
termed geotropism or
gravitropism.
Positive geotropism refers to growth towards gravity, while
negative geotropism involves growth away from gravity. Roots
exhibit positive geotropism by growing towards gravity, while
shoots display negative geotropism by growing away from gravity.

Phototropism: The response of plant parts

to light is termed
phototropism.

Positive phototropism involves movement towards light, while

negative phototropism entails movement away from light. Stems
exhibit positive phototropism by moving towards the light, while
roots demonstrate negative phototropism by moving away from the
light.

Hydrotropism: Movement of plant parts in

response to water or moisture.
Positive hydrotropism involves movement towards water, while
negative hydrotropism entails movement away from water. Root
movement in search of water is an example of positive hydrotropism,
as seen in the movement of roots towards areas with high humidity.

Chemotropism: The response of plant parts to

chemical stimuli is termed
chemotropism.
Positive chemotropism involves movement towards a chemical
stimulus, while negative chemotropism entails movement away
from a chemical stimulus. The growth of the pollen tube towards
the ovule exemplifies positive chemotropism.

Thigmotropism: Movement of plant parts in

response to touch is called as
thigmotropism.
Positive thigmotropism involves movement towards touch, while
negative thigmotropism entails movement away from touch. The
movement of tendrils around a support is an example of positive
thigmotropism.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Endocrine System

exam mei ayega!
Exocrine Glands:
Exocrine glands release their secretions through
ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.

Endocrine Glands
Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release
hormones directly into the bloodstream in humans.
In the human body, notable endocrine glands include the
pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovary (female),
testis (male), and others. Now, let's delve into each gland to
learn more.

Pituitary Gland:
Pea-sized gland situated at the base of the brain
Functions as the master gland, overseeing the
secretions of all other endocrine glands
Produces Growth Hormone (GH)
Insufficient GH secretion results in Dwarfism
Excessive GH secretion leads to Gigantism in children
Excessive GH in adults causes 'Acromegaly'
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Thyroid Gland:
Butterfly-shaped gland in the throat
Secretes the hormone 'Thyroxine,' which regulates
body metabolism
Requires iodine for thyroxine synthesis in the body
Iodine deficiency results in under-secretion of
thyroxine
Under-secretion of thyroxine causes goitre
Pancreas:
Leaf-like gland located behind the stomach in the
abdomen
Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Endocrine function involves the production of two
hormones: Insulin and glucagon
Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically to regulate
blood sugar levels
Exocrine function includes the secretion of enzymes to
break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic
acids in food
Insufficient insulin production from the pancreas
results in diabetes
Adrenal Gland:
Present in pairs above each kidney
Size decreases with age
Secretes adrenaline, a hormone facilitating the flight
and fight response
Additionally secretes noradrenaline
Gonads:
Gonads are gamete-producing organs: testes in males,
ovaries in females
Testes produce testosterone (male hormone), while
ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone (female
hormones)
Testosterone and oestrogen contribute to gamete
production and influence the sexual characteristics of
males and females, respectively
Progesterone serves as the pregnancy hormone
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 questions

1.What are hormones?

Hormones are the chemical substances secreted in trace
amounts by specialised tissue called endocrine glands.

2.Trace the sequences of events through a reflex arc

which occur when a bright light is focused on your
eyes.

3.(a) What is reflex arc?

(b) What are the components of reflex arc?
(c) How do muscle cells move?

a. The process of detecting the signal or the input and

responding to it by an output action might be completed
quickly. Such a connection is commonly called reflex arc.
b. Stimulus " Receptors " Sensory neurons " Spinal cord "
Motor neurons " Effector.
c. Muscle cells have special proteins that change their
shape and arrangement in the cell in response to electrical
impulse. This leads the muscle cells shortening.
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4.What are hormones? Name the hormone produced by

thyroid gland and state its function.

Chemical coordination in animals occurs through chemicals

called hormones which are secreted by endocrine glands.
Thyroxin hormone.
It regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins. It is advisable to consume iodized salt in our food
as iodine is required by our thyroid gland to produce
thyroxin hormone. If it lacks in our body goiter may occur
due to enlargement of thyroid in the neck region.

5. Name the hormone synthesised at the shoot tips. How

does it help the plant to respond to light?
Auxin is synthesised at the shoot tips when growing plant
detects light and helps the cells to grow longer. When
light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses
towards the shady side of the shoot. This concentration
of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of
the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant
appears to bend towards light.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

6.State how concentration of auxins stimulates the

cells to grow longer on the side of shoot which is
away from light?

Auxin form in the shoot tip but diffuse toward the part
which is in shade/away from the light. The concentration
on shady part increase stimulation cells in this part to
elongate. The side of shoot on this side grows longer than
the part in light hence bend towards light.

7. 1. Name the endocrine gland associated with brain.

2. Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as
hormone?
3. Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys.
4. Which endocrine gland is present in males but not
in females?
5. Which hormone is responsible for changes in
females during puberty?
6. Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which
hormone?

1. a. Pituitary gland,
2. b. Pancreas,
3. c. Adrenal gland,
4. d. Testes,
5. e. Oestrogen,
6. f. Thyroxine.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Geotropism: Growth of roots downward towards the

earth hence positively geotropic whereas stem grows
upward, away from earth, hence it is negatively
geographic.
b. Auxins: Synthesized at the shoot tip, helps the
cells to grow longer. Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth,
causes wilting and falling of leaves.

Competency-Based
Competency-BasedQuestions:
Questions
1. If the body design in the squirrel relied only on electrical impulses via nerve
cells, the body
1. If the rangedesign
of tissues
in theinstructed to prepare
squirrel relied only onfor the coming
electrical activity
impulses viawould
nerve
be limited. On the other hand, if a chemical signal were to be sent as
cells, the range of tissues instructed to prepare for the coming activity would well, it be
would reach all cells of the body and provide the wide-ranging changes
limited. On the other hand, if a chemical signal were to be sent as well, it wouldneeded.
This
reachisall
done in of
cells many
theanimals,
body and including
providehuman beings, using
the wideranging a hormone
changes called
needed. This is
adrenaline
done in many that is secreted
animals, from
including the adrenal
human beings, glands.
using a hormone called adrenaline
that is secreted from the adrenal glands.
i) which is the target organ for the adrenaline hormone?
i) which is the target organ for the adrenaline hormone?
Ezoic
Ezoic
Ans: Heart is the target organ for the adrenaline hormone which increases the
Ans: Heart is the target organ for the adrenaline hormone which increases the
heartbeat rate.
heartbeat rate.
ii) Which hormone is released by thyroid gland?
ii) Which
Ans: hormone
Thyroxine is released
is released by thyroid
by thyroid gland. gland?
Ans: Thyroxine is released by thyroid gland.
iii) What is the function of thyroxine hormone?
iii) What
Ans: is the carbohydrate,
It regulates function of thyroxine hormone?
protein and fat metabolism in the body and promote
Ans:
the It balance
best regulates
forcarbohydrate,
growth. protein and fat metabolism in the body and
promote the best balance for growth.
iv) Name the hormone released by ovary?
iv) Name
Ans: the hormone
Estrogen released by ovary?
and progesterone.
Ans: Estrogen and progesterone.
V) Name the three hormonal glands located in the brain?
V) Name
Ans: thepituitary
Pineal, three hormonal glands located in the brain?
and hypothalamus
Ans: Pineal, pituitary and hypothalamus
 PRASHANT KIRAD
2. Some plants like the pea plant climb up other plants or fences by means of
2. Some plants like the pea plant climb up other plants or fences by means of tendrils.
tendrils. These tendrils are sensitive to . When they come in contact with any
These tendrils are sensitive to . When they come in contact with any support,
support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly
the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the
as the part of the tendril away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle
part of the tendril away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle around the
around the object and thus cling to it. More commonly, plants respond to stimuli
object and thus cling to it. More commonly, plants respond to stimuli slowly by
slowly by growing in a particular direction. Because this growth is directional, it
growing in a particular direction. Because this growth is directional, it appears as if
appears as if the plant is moving.
the plant is moving.
i) How many type of tropism are shown by plants? Name them.
i) How
Ans: many type
Generally thereof are
tropism
6 typeareofshown by namely
tropism plants? phototropism,
Name them. gravitropism,
Ans: Generallythigmotropism,
chemotropism, there are 6 type of tropism namely
thermotropism phototropism, gravitropism,
and hydrotropism.
chemotropism, thigmotropism, thermotropism and hydrotropism.
ii) The me not plant is an example of which tropism?
ii) The
Ans: it isme not plantof
an example is thigmotropism.
an example of which tropism?
Ans: it is an example of thigmotropism.
iii) give one example of chemotropism?
iii) give
Ans: one of
growth example
pollen of chemotropism?
tubes to wheels is one example of chemotropism.
Ans: growth of pollen tubes to wheels is one example of chemotropism.
iv) Name the plants hormone which promotes cell division?
iv) Name
Ans: the plants
Cytokinins hormone
promotes which promotes
cell division in plants.cell division?
Ans: Cytokinins promotes cell division in plants.
v) Name the plant hormone which inhibits growth?
v) Name
Ans: the acid
Abscisic plant hormone which inhibits growth?
Ans: Abscisic acid