C & C NOTES (1)

CONTROL &
COORDINATION
NOTES BY SAND MA’AM

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
Stimuli : The Factors which bring response or change in the
environment Eg : Light , Heat , Cold , Sound , Smell , Touch .
Coordination : The Working together of various organs of

living organism in a systematic , controlled way to produce a
proper response to stimuli is known as coordination.
Hormones : These are chemical messengers which are

secreted by endocrine glands. They coordinate the
movements in plants.
Receptors : These are special tips of some nerve cells that

detect information from the environment. These are located
in our sense organs. Eyes , ear , skin , nose & tongue.
Nervous system
It is the control system of the body.

STRUCTURE OF NEURON
Cell Body ( Cyton ) : It is a broadly rounded part of the

neuron that contains a central nucleus , cytoplasm , etc.
Dendrites : They are the branched process of the cell body

that receives & transmits stimulus.
Axon : It conducts impulses away from the cell body & it is the longest
part of the neuron. It is covered with a protective sheath called the myelin
sheath.
Nerve Ending : They are fine branches like the termination of neurons &
transmit electrical impulses to another neuron.
FUNCTIONS OF NEURONS
It regulates voluntary & involuntary movements of the human body.
It helps in reasoning & thinking.
It controls reflex actions.
It enables us to remember things.
It collects information from outside through sense organs & interprets

it accordingly.
WORKING OF NEURON
Neuron receives information from receptors as an electrical impulse at

the dendritic end.
The Impulses travels from the dendrite to the cell body & then at the
end of the axon.
There is a gap between two neurons called as synpase. These chemicals
cross the gap & transfers the same signal to next neuron.
Chemical are released at the end of the axon by the effect of electric
impulse.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM ( CNS ) SYSTEM ( PNS )
HUMAN BRAIN
& SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL Nervous system
HUMAN BRAIN
It is the main coordinative center of the body which enables an organism

to think & take action.
Three regions of Brain :
Fore Brain
Mid Brain
Hind Brain
Fore Brain
It is the largest and main thinking part of the brain which receives
sensory impulses. Parts of Forebrain are:
Cerebrum- It is dome-shaped, and considered as a roof of the brain. It acts
as the main thinking part of the brain. It is responsible for reasoning, speech,
and the usage of information.
Lobes
Frontal- controls voluntary movements of muscles, memory, and speech.
Parietal- a sense of touch and taste.
Temporal- a sense of smell and hearing.
Occipital- a sense of vision.
Mid Brain
- It is composed of the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
It lies at the base of the cerebrum.
It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
It controls sleep and wake cycle of the body.
Hindbrain
It provides a connection b/w the spinal cord and the rest of the
brain. It is composed of three parts:
Cerebellum
It lies below cerebrum
It coordinates the motor functions.
It controls posture and balance.
It controls voluntary activities.
Medulla
If forms the brain stem.
It lies at the base of the brain & continues into the Spinal Cord.
It controls involuntary functions like hearing, heart beating and
Respiration, salivation, vomiting.
Pons
It also controls involuntary actions
It regulates respiration
SPINAL CORD
It is a long, cylindrical like structure.
It controls reflex actions and is enclosed in a long cage called the vertebral
column.
peripheral Nervous system
3 TYPES OF NERVES:
Cranial nerves- emerge from the brain and spread throughout the head.
Spinal nerves- emerge from the spinal cord and spread throughout the body
(except the head).
Visceral nerves- emerge from the spinal cord and are connected to internal
organs
REFLEX ACTION: It is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a

stimulus. Eg – Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching an object.
REFLEX ARC: The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called a
reflex arc.
THREE TYPES OF RESPONSES:
Voluntary: Controlled by forebrain. Example – talking, writing etc.

Involuntary: Controlled by mid & hind brain. Example – heat beat, vomiting,
respiration.
Reflex action: Controlled by spinal cord. Example – withdrawal of hand on
touching hot object.
IMPORTANCE OF REFLEX ACTION
It enables organisms for immediate response to a stimulus.

It reduces the overloading of the brain.
It increases the chances of survival of an organism.

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CONTROL &

NOTES BY SAND MA’AM

Coordination : The Working together of various organs of

Hormones : These are chemical messengers which are

Receptors : These are special tips of some nerve cells that

It is the control system of the body.

Cell Body ( Cyton ) : It is a broadly rounded part of the

Dendrites : They are the branched process of the cell body

It helps in reasoning & thinking.

It controls reflex actions.

It enables us to remember things.

It collects information from outside through sense organs & interprets

Neuron receives information from receptors as an electrical impulse at

CENTRAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS

CENTRAL Nervous system

It is the main coordinative center of the body which enables an organism

REFLEX ACTION: It is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a

Voluntary: Controlled by forebrain. Example – talking, writing etc.

IMPORTANCE OF REFLEX ACTION

It enables organisms for immediate response to a stimulus.

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