OOPS ABAP INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

By: vishal singh | 06 Jan 2012 1:43 pm

1. Priniples of oops?
2. What is difference between procedural & OO Programming?
3. What is class?
4. What is object?
5. Can we instantiate a class within implementation of other class?
6. What is deferred key word ?
7. How we can refer to a class without defining it?
8. Can we put non declarative statement e.g. START-OF-SELECTION within a class
9. What is static attribute & method?
10. How to create a global class ?
11. How can we pass importing parameter ? pass by value/pass by reference
13. Can we changed pass by reference in any method ?
14. What is preferred parameter ? more than one optional & no mandatory
15. can we pass returing parameter by reference ? NO only pass by value
16. can static method use instance attribute ?
17. Can a method call itself?
18. What is me variable?
19. What is constructor ?What are type of constructor ?When it is called ?
20. Can we have export parameter in Instance constructor?
21. Can instance constructor raise exception ?
22. When static constructor is called?
23. Can we have interface for static class or constructor?
24. What is abstract class ?
25. Can we implement abstract method in abstract class ? if not then where it can be implemented?
26. What is final class & Method ?
27. Can subclass call super class constructor?
28. Can we call static constructor more than once in a program?
29. What is method redefinition?
30. What is interface ?
31. Can we implement interface in private section of any class ?
32. Is it mandatory to implement all the methods of interface ?
33. What is alias ? Instead of specifying full name of interface methods we can assign it a name which can directly trigger.
34. What is Friendship?
35. What is event handler method ?
36. Can we have more than one event handler method for same event ?
37. Can event have import parameter ?
38. How you handled exception during programming?
39. What is cleanup section ?
40. What is BADI?
41. What is check box for multiple use in BADI?
42. How to search a BADI ?
43. What is Value table and Check table, Difference between them?
44. What are secondary index's?
45. What is the draw back of secondary index's?
46. What are conversion routines?
47. At which level are they mantained?
48. what are Predeifined data types?
49. Which predefined data type uses conversion routines?
50. What are logical units of work?
51. When is difference btw native and open sql
52. Difference between Modify and Update
53. Which is more efficient for all entries or joins?
54. When is implicit commit triggered.
55. What are RFC?
56. How do u create a destination system?
57. What are different types of commits used?
58. What are search helps?
59. Types of tables?
60. Difference between pool tables and cluster tables?
61. What is a delivery class?
62. What are the types of delivery class?
63. Difference between System tables and control tables?
64. What is normalization?
65. What is BCNF?
66. What is persistant class

1000 SAP ABAP Interview Questions and Answers

By: shobha kumari | 03 Jan 2012 8:48 am

1000 SAP ABAP Interview Questions and Answers

SAP R/3 ARCHITECTURE

1. What guarantees the integration of all application modules?

The R/3 basis system guarantees the integration of all application modules. The R/3 basis s/w provides the run time environment for the R/3 applications ensures optimal
integration, defines a stable architectural frame for system enhancements, and contains the administration tools for the entire system.
One of the main tasks of the basis system is to guarantee the portability of the complete system.

2. What are the central interfaces of the R/3 system?

Presentation Interface.
Database Interface.
Operating system Interface.

3. Which interface controls what is shown on the p.c.?

Presentation Interface.

4. Which interface converts SQL requirements in the SAP development system to those of the database?
Database Interface.

5. What is SAP dispatcher?

SAP dispatcher is the control agent that manages the resources for the R/3 applications.

6. What are the functions of dispatcher?

Equal distribution of transaction load to the work processes.
Management of buffer areas in main memory.
Integration of the presentation levels.
Organization of communication activities.

7. What is a work process?

A work process is where individual dialog steps are actually processed and the work is done. Each work process handles one type of request.

8. Name various work processes of R/3 system?

Dialog or Online (processes only one request at a time).
Background (Started at a specific time)
Update (primary or secondary)
Enque (Lock mechanism).
Spool (generated online or during back ground processing for printing).

9. Explain about the two services that are used to deal with communication.
Message Service: Used by the application servers to exchange short internal messages, all system communications.
Gateway Service: Enables communication between R/3 and external applications using CPI-C protocol.

10. Which work process triggers database changes?

Update work process.

11. Define service (within R/3)?

A service is a process or group of processes that perform a specific system function and often provide an application-programming interface for other processes to call.

12. What are the roll and page areas?

Roll and page areas are SAP R/3 buffers used to store user contexts (process requests). The SAP dispatcher assigns process requests to work processes as they are
queued in the roll and page areas.
Paging area holds data from the application programs.
Roll area holds data from previous dialog steps and data that characterize the user.

13. What are the different layers in R/3 system?

Presentation Layer.
Application Layer.
Database Layer.

14. What are the phases of background processing?

Job Scheduling.
Job Processing.
Job Overview.

15. What components of the R/e system initiate the start of background jobs at the specified time?
The batch scheduler initiates the start of background job. The dispatcher then sends this request to an available background work process for processing.

16. Define Instance.

An instance is an administrative unit in which components of an R/3 systems providing one or more services are grouped together. The services offered by an instance
are started and stopped at random. All components are parameterized using a joint instance profile. A central R/3 system consists of a single instance in which all-
necessary SAP services are offered. Each instance uses separate buffer areas.

17. From hardware perspective, every information system can be divided into three task areas Presentation, Application Logic and Data Storage.
The R/3 Basis software is highly suitable for use in multi-level client/server architectures.

18. What are R/3 Basis configurations?

A central system with centrally installed presentation software.
Two-level client/server system with rolled out presentation software.
Two-level client/server system. Presentation and Application run on the same computer.
Three-level client/server system. Presentation, Application and database each run on separate computers.

19. What is a Service in SAP terminology?

A service refers to something offered by a s/w component.

20. What is Server in SAP terminology?

A component can consist of one process or a group and is then called the server for the respective service.

21. What is a client in SAP terminology?

A S/W component that uses the service (offered by a s/w component) is called a Client. At the same time these clients may also be servers for other services.

22.What is a SAP system?

The union of all s/w components that are assigned to the same databases is called as a SAP system.

23. What is the means of communications between R/3 and external applications?
The means of communication between R/2,R/3 and external applications is via the CPI-C handler or SAP Gateway, using the CPI-C Protocol.

24. What is the protocol used by SAP Gateway process?

The SAP Gateway process communicates with the clients based on the TCP/IP Protocol.

25. Expand CPI-C.

Common Program Interface Communication.

26. What is a Spool request?

Spool requests are generated during dialog or background processing and placed in the spool database with information about the printer and print format. The actual
data is places in the Tem Se (Temporary Sequential objects).

27. What are different types of Log records?

V1 and V2. V1 must be processed before V2. But, we can have more than one V2 logs.

28. What are the types of Update requests?

An update request can be divided into one primary (V1) and several Secondary update components (V2). Time-critical operations are placed in V1 component and those
whose timing is less critical are placed in V2 components. If a V1 update fails, V2 components will not be processed.

29. Dialog work processes perform only one dialog step and then available for the next request.

30. Explain what is a transaction in SAP terminology.

In SAP terminology, a transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps.

31. Explain how SAP GUI handles output screen for the user.
The SAP front-end s/w can either run on the same computer or on different computers provided for that purpose. User terminal input is accepted by the SAP terminal
program SAP GUI, converted to SAP proprietary format and sent to the SAP dispatcher. The dispatcher coordinates the information exchange between the SAP GUIs
and the work processes. The dispatcher first places the processing request in request queues, which it then processes. The dispatcher dispatches the requests one after
another, to the available work process. The actual processing takes place in the work process. When processing is complete, the result of a work process is returned via
the dispatcher to the SAP GUI. The SAP GUI interprets the received data and generates the output screen for the user.

DATA DICTIONARY

1. What are the layers of data description in R/3?

• The external layer.
• The ABAP/4 layer.
• The database layer.

2. Define external layer?

The external layer is the plane at which the user sees and interacts with the data, that is, the data format in the user interface. This data format is independent of the
database system used.

3. Define ABAP/4 layer?

The ABAP/4 layer describes the data formats used by the ABAP/4 processor.

4. Define Database layer?

The database layer describes the data formats used in the database.

5. What is a Data Class?

The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created in the database.

6. What is a Size Category?

The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the database.

7. How many types of size categories and data classes are there?
There are five size categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which are appropriate for application tables:
• APPL0- Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated).
• APPL1- Transaction data (data that is changed frequently).
• APPL2- Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is configured and then rarely changed).
The other two types are:
• USR
• USR1 – Intended for customer's own developments.

8. What are control tables?

The values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to database-specific values via control tables.

9. What is the function of the transport system and workbench organizer?

The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport
these changes between different SAP systems.

10. What is a table pool?

A table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a long argument
field (VARDATA).

11. What are pooled tables?

These are logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen sequences or
program parameters).

12. What is a table cluster?

A table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Several logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical record.
The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database.

13. How can we access the correction and transport system?

Each time you create a new object or change an existing object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, you branch automatically to the Workbench Organizer or correction and
transport system.

14. Which objects are independent transport objects?

Domains, Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes for transparent tables, Structures, Views, Matchcode objects, Matchcode Ids, Lock
objects.

15. How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & DB layer?
Conversion between ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is done within the database interface.

16. How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & external level?
Conversion between the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is done in the SAP dialog manager DYNP.

17. What are the Data types of the external layer?

ACCP, Char, CLNT, CUKY, CURR, DATS, DESC, FLTP, INT1, INT2, INT4, LANG, LCHR, LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN, RAW, TIMS, UNIT,VARC.

18. What are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer?

Possible ABAP/4 data types:
C: Character.
D: Date, format YYYYMMDD.
F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
I: Integer.
N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
P: Amount of counter field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform).
S: Time Stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes.
X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage.

19. How can we set the table spaces and extent sizes?
You can specify the extent sizes and the table space (physical storage area in the database) in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size category and
data class.

20. What is the function of the correction system?

The correction system manages changes to internal system components. Such as objects of the ABAP/4 Dictionary.

21. What are local objects?

Local objects (Dev class$TMP) are independent of correction and transport system.

22. What is a Development class?

Related objects from the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development class. This enables you to correct and transport related objects as a unit.

23. What is a data dictionary?

Data Dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. Its main function is to support the creation and management of data definitions. It has details
about
• What data is contained?
• What are the attributes of the data?
• What is the relationship existing between the various data elements?

24. What functions does a data dictionary perform?

In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data dictionary are
• Management of data definitions.
• Provision of information for evaluation.
• Support for s/w development.
• Support form documentation.
• Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.

25. What are the features of ABAP/4 Dictionary?

The most important features are:
• Integrated to aABAP/4 Development Workbench.
• Active in the runtime environment.

26. What are the uses of the information in the Data dictionary?
The following information is directly taken from the Data dictionary:
• Information on fields displayed with F1 help.
• Possible entries for fields displayed with F4 help.
• Matchcode and help views search utilities.

27. What are the basic objects of the data dictionary?

• Tables
• Domains
• Data elements
• Structures
• Foreign Keys

28. What are the aggregate objects in the data dictionary?

• Views
• Match codes
• Lock objects.

29. In the ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying database (T/F).
True.

30. ABAP/4 Dictionary contains the Logical definition of the table.

31. A field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. Explain.
As a reference table, a system containing all the valid currencies is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the currency key format. This field is called as
reference field. The assignment of the field containing currency amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the currency
of the amount.

32. A field containing quantity amounts (data type QUAN) must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. Explain?
As a reference table, a system table containing all the valid quantity units is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the format or quantity units (data type
UNIT). This field is called as reference field.
The assignment of the field containing quantity amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the quantity unit of the
amount.

33. What is the significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a table in the data dictionary)?
By specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are created in the database. The technical settings allows us to
• Optimize storage space requirements.
• Table access behavior.
• Buffering required.
• Changes to entries logged.

34. What is a Table attribute?

The table's attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which types of access are allowed for the table. The most important table attributes are:
• Delivery class.
• Table maintenance allowed.
• Activation type.

35. What is the significance of Delivery Class?

• The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is responsible for table maintenance.
• Whether SAP provides the table with or without contents.
• Determines the table type.
• Determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is transported, and when a client copy is performed.

36. What is the max. no. Of structures that can be included in a table or structure.
Nine.

37. What are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables?

• Append Structures and
• Customizing Includes.

38. What is the difference between a Substructure and an Append Structure?

• In case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the form of a statement include….
• In case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the reference originates in the append structure.

39. To how many tables can an append structure be assigned.

One.

40. If a table that is to be extended contains a long field, we cannot use append structures why?
Long fields in a table must always be located in the end, as the last field of the table. If a table has an append structure the append line must also be on the last field of
the table.

41. Can we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster tables?
No.

42. What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain?
• By specifying fixed values.
• By stipulating a value table.

43. Structures can contain data only during the runtime of a program (T/F)
True.

44. What are the aggregate objects in the Dictionary?

• Views
• Match Code.
• Lock Object.
45. What are base tables of an aggregate object?
The tables making up an aggregate object (primary and secondary) are called aggregate object.

46. The data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables (t/f)
True.

47. What are the 2 other types of Views, which are not allowed in Release 3.0?
• Structure Views.
• Entity Views.

48. What is a Match Code?

Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match Codes are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is unknown.

49. What are the two levels in defining a Match Code?

• Match Code Object.
• Match Code Id.

50. What is the max no of match code Id's that can be defined for one Match code object?
A match code Id is a one character ID that can be a letter or a number.

51. Can we define our own Match Code ID's for SAP Matchcodes?
Yes, the number 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code Ids for a SAP defined Matchcode object.

52. What is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID?

If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode data has to be updated. The update type stipulates when the matchcode is to be updated
and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is to be used for Building matchcodes. You must specify the update type when you define a
matchcode ID.

53. Can matchcode object contain Ids with different update types?
Yes.

54. What are the update types possible?

The following update types are possible:
• Update type A: The matchcode data is updated asynchronously to database changes.
• Update type S: The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database changes.
• Update type P: The matchcode data is updated by the application program.
• Update type I: Access to the matchcode data is managed using a database view.
• Update type L: Access to the matchcode is achieved by calling a function module.

55. What are the two different ways of building a match code object?
A match code can be built in two different ways:
• Logical structure: The matchcode data is set up temporarily at the moment when the match code is accessed. (Update type I, k).
• Physical Structure: The match code data is physically stored in a separate table in the database. (Update type A, S, P).

56. What are the differences between a Database index and a match code?
• Match code can contain fields from several tables whereas an index can contain fields from only one table.
• Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables.

57. What is the function of a Domain?

• A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.
• A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields, which refers to this domain.
• A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in structure.

58. Can you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements?
No.

59. What are conversion routines?

• Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa are implemented with so called conversion routines.

60. What is the function of a data element?

A data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical context. A data element contains semantic information.

61. Can a domain, assigned to a data element be changed?

Yes. We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain.

62. Can you delete data element, which is being used by table fields.
No.

63. Can you define a field without a data element?

Yes. If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you can enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table maintenance.

64. What are null values?

If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value.

65. What is the difference between a structure and a table?

Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference using that no database table is generated from them.

66. What is a view?

A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e., the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or
more tables.

67. How many types of Views are there?

• Database View
• Help View
• Projection View
• Maintenance View

68. What is Locking?

When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock mechanism.

69. What is database utility?

Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the SAP system.

70. What are the basic functions of Database utility?

The basic functions of database utility are:
• Create database objects.
• Delete database objects.
• Adjust database objects to changed ABAP/4 dictionary definition.

71. What is Repository Info. Systems?

It is a tool with which you can make data stored in the ABAP/4 Dictionary available.

MODULARIZATION

1. Does every ABAP/4 have a modular structure?

Yes.

2. What is Modularization and its benefits?

If the program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using
modularization techniques. By modularizing the ABAP/4 programs we make them easy to read and improve their structure. Modularized programs are also easier to
maintain and to update.

3. Name the ABAP/4 Modularization techniques.

• Source code module.
• Subroutines.
• Functions.

4. How can we create callable modules of program code within one ABAP/4 program?
• By defining Macros.
• By creating include programs in the library.

5. M is the attribute type of the module program.

6. Is it possible to pass data to and from include programs explicitly?

No. If it is required to pass data to and from modules it is required to use subroutines or function modules.

7. What are subroutines?

Subroutines are program modules, which can be called from other ABAP/4 programs or within the same program.

8. What are the types of Subroutines?

• Internal Subroutines: The source code of the internal subroutines will be in the same ABAP/4 program as the calling procedure (internal call).
• External Subroutines: The source code of the external subroutines will be in an ABAP/4 program other than the calling procedure.

9. It is not possible to create an ABAP/4 program, which contains only Subroutines (T/F).
False.

10. A subroutine can contain nested form and endform blocks. (T/F)
False.

11. Data can be passed between calling programs and the subroutines using Parameters.

12. What are the different types of parameters?

Formal Parameters: Parameters, which are defined during the definition of subroutine with the FORM statement.
Actual Parameters: Parameters which are specified during the call of a subroutine with the PERFORM statement.

13. How can one distinguish between different kinds of parameters?

• Input parameters are used to pass data to subroutines.
• Output parameters are used to pass data from subroutines.

14. What are the different methods of passing data?

• Calling by reference: During a subroutine call, only the address of the actual parameter is transferred to the formal parameters. The formal parameter has no memory of
its own, and we work with the field of the calling program within the subroutine. If we change the formal parameter, the field contents in the calling program also changes.
• Calling by value: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have memory of their own.
Changes to the formal parameters have no effect on the actual parameters.
• Calling by value and result: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have their own
memory space. Changes to the formal parameters are copied to the actual parameters at the end of the subroutine.

15. The method by which internal tables are passed is By Reference.

16. How can an internal table with Header line and one without header line be distinguished when passed to a subroutine?
Itab[] is used in the form and endform if the internal table is passed with a header line.

17. What should be declared explicitly in the corresponding ABAP/4 Statements to access internal tables without header lines & why?
Work Area. This is required as the Work Area is the interface for transferring data to and from the table.

18. A subroutine can be terminated unconditionally using EXIT. (T/F)

True.

19. A subroutine can be terminated upon a condition using CHECK Statement.

20. Function Modules are also external Subroutines. (T/F).

True.

21. What is the difference between the function module and a normal ABAP/4 subroutine?
In contrast to normal subroutines function modules have uniquely defined interface. Declaring data as common parts is not possible for function modules. Function
modules are stored in a central library.

22. What is a function group?

A function group is a collection of logically related modules that share global data with each other. All the modules in the group are included in the same main program.
When an ABAP/4 program contains a CALL FUNCTION statement, the system loads the entire function group in with the program code at runtime. Every function module
belongs to a function group.

23. What is the disadvantage of a call by reference?

During a call by reference damage or loss of data is not restricted to the subroutine, but will instantly lead to changes to the original data objects.

24. A function module can be called from a transaction screen outside an ABAP/4 program. (T/F).
True.

25. What is an update task?

It is an SAP provided procedure for updating a database.

26. What happens if a function module runs in an update task?

The system performs the module processing asynchronously. Instead of carrying out the call immediately, the system waits until the next database update is triggered
with the 'COMMIT WORK' command.

27. The function modules are created and stored in the Function Library.

28. When a function module is activated syntax checking is performed automatically. (Y/N)
True.

29. What is the use of the RAISING exception?

The raising exception determines whether the calling program will handle the exception itself or leave the exception to the system.

30. What is the difference between internal tables and extract datasets?
• The lines of an internal table always have the same structure. By using extract datasets, you can handle groups of data with different structure and get statistical figures
from the grouped data.
• You have to define the structure of the internal table at the beginning. You need not define the structure of the extract dataset.
• In contrast to internal tables, the system partly compresses exact datasets when storing them. This reduces the storage space required.
• Internal tables require special work area for interface whereas extract datasets do not need a special work area for interface.

31. It is possible to assign a local data object defined in a subroutine or function module to a field group. (T/F).
False.

32. What is the difference between field-group header and other field groups?
The header field group is a special field group for the sort criteria. The system automatically prefixes any other field groups with the header field group.

33. Can a filed occur in several field groups.

Yes. But it leads to unnecessary data redundancy.

34. When sorting the extract dataset the fields used as default sort key lie in the Header field group.

35. What does the insert statement in extract datasets do?

It defines the fields of a field group.

36. What does the extract statement do in extract datasets?

The data is written to virtual memory by extract commands.

37. A field-groups statement or an insert statement reverses storage space and transfers values. (T/F).
False.

38. While using extract datasets it is required to have a special workarea for interface (T/F)
False.

39. The LOOP-ENDLOOP on extract datasets can be used without any kind of errors (T/F)
False. It causes runtime errors.

40. The Maximum no of key fields that can be used in a header is 50.

41. While sorting field groups we cannot use more than one key field (T/F).
False.

42. While sorting, if the main storage available is not enough, the system writes data to an external help file.
The SAP profile parameter, which determines this help file, is DIR_SORTTMP.

43. The extract statements in field groups can be used before or after processing the sort statements. (T/F)
FALSE.

LOGICAL DATABASE
1. Preparation of the data records by the L.D.B and reading of the data records in the actual report are accomplished with the command pair Put and Get.

2. The three main elements of LDB are Structure, Selections, and Database Program.

3. In LDB what determines hierarchy of the tables?

Structure.

4. In general what are the two ways in which one can retrieve data from tables?
Using Select statements, Database Program.

5. With LDB one can modify the pre-generated selection screen to their needs (T/F).
Yes.

6. Logical databases are programs that read data from Database tables (Dictionary Structures).

7. The event Get LATE process all tables that are hierarchically superior to the

. (True/False)
False. It processes all tables that are hierarchically inferior to the

8. The Database Program of LDB is a collection of SUBROUTINES, which selects data and passes it to the report.

9. The layout of the Database program is determined by both Structure and Selections.

10. The order in which data is made available to the report depends on Structure of the LDB.

11. Apart from the structure and selections of the LDB the GET statements in the report determines the behavior of the database at runtime.

12. Node at the highest level in the structure is known as Root.

13. There can be more than one node at the highest level in the structure. (T/F)
False. One can define only one node at the highest level in the structure on LDB.

14. All nodes in the structure of LDB need not be defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary (T/F).
False. One has to define all nodes in the Dictionary or one has to select all nodes that are defined in the Dictionary.

15. It is not possible to use ABAP/4 Dictionary Structures without an underlying database using LDB. (T/F)
True. One can use additionally related tables, along with the tables defined in the structure of LDB.

16. Dynamic selections allow the user to define further selections for database access in addition to the selection criteria already defined in the LDB
selections.

17. Check statement can be used along with the event GET in the report for checking the selections, which are not table-specific values.
18. In sense of Database Management System (DBMS) LOGICAL DATABASE is a database Structure. (T/F).
False.
19. It is not necessary to maintain the Parent-Child relationship between the tables in Logical Database Structure. (T/F)
False. One has to maintain the Parent-Child relationship.
20. Is it possible to extract data from tables without using the event 'GET' in the report with an appropriate LDB. (T/F).
False. One can extract data from tables using Select statements in a report, though the report is having a LDB attribute.
21. What sorts of tables one can se in designing the hierarchy of a LDB?
Tables, which are having Foreign Key relations.
22. A report program, which uses only SELECT statements, is called SQL Report.

23. One cannot use SELECT statements in a report program linked to a Logical Database (T/F).
False.
24. Is it true that the Logical Database reads the data from the database tables using Select Statements (T/F).
Yes. We are coding that in Database part of LDB.

25. In a report with an LDB attribute, you do not have to define how the information should be retrieved from the database tables, but only how the data
should be represented on the screen. (T/F).
True.

26. One can use the event GET in a report without LDB attribute. (T/F).
False.

27. The last character of the LDB name denotes Application.

28. The structure of Logical Databases reflects the Foreign Key dependencies of hierarchical tables in the SAP system.

29. It is mandatory that for each table in the LDB hierarchy there should exist one GET statement in the report. (T/F).
False. It is not necessary.

30. What happens if a report does not contain a GET statement for a particular node of a Logical Database.
Process will transfer to the next event.

31. In a Logical Database, one can define input fields on the selection screen with Select-Options and Parameters statements.

32. Suppose a logical database program contains the following lines:

SELECT-OPTIONS CONNID FOR SPFLI-CONNID.
PARAMETERS CARRID LIKE SFLIGHT-CARRID FOR TABLE SFLIGHT.
What will be the output, for the above two statements?
Only select-options connid for spfli-carrid will be displayed on the screen.

33. Consider a report with F1S attribute, what will be the output for the following code.
Whether you will get the data from spfli and sflight or not, with corresponding tables statement,
GET SPFLI.
GET SFLIGHT.
Write:/ spfli-carrid, spfli-connid, sflight-fldate, sbook-bookid.
Yes, you will get the data from spfli and sflight.

34. Consider a report with F1S attribute, what will be the output of the following code.
Whether you will get the data from sbook or not, with corresponding tables statement.
GET SPFLI.
GET SFLIGHT.
Write:/ spfli-carrid, spfli-connid, sflight-fldate, sbook-bookid.
You cannot extract data from sbook.

35. Identify any errors in the following code and correct the same, and what will be the output.
If there exists corresponding tables statement, for spfli, sflight, sbook.
GET SPFLI.
GET SBOOK.
Write:/ spfli-carrid, spfli-connid, sflight-fldate, sbook-bookid, sbook-class.
No syntax errors. You will get data from all the three tables.

36. Does the following two statements do the same task?

If so which one takes less time and which one is recommended.
Select * from spfli where spfli-carrid = 'LH' and spfli-connid = '400'.
Endselect.
Select * from spfli. Check: spfli-carrid = 'LH' and spflid-connid = '400'.
Endselect.
-Yes they will do the same task. Second Select statement takes less time and is recommended.

37. If you want to improve the response time (time to access data) Logical Databases permits you to achieve this using VIEWS.

38. Is there any upper limit (max) to the possible number of nodes in a logical database structure? If so what is the limit?
Yes, there is an upper limit for defining number of nodes in a Logical Database Structure.
Maximum nodes = 1200 / length where length = max. Length of name in the structure.

39. In the structure of Logical Database nodes at different levels are displayed in the same columns. (T/F)
If false what types of nodes are displayed in the same columns. If true what type of nodes are not displayed in the same columns.
False. Nodes at same levels are displayed in the same columns.

40. What are the advantages of Logical Databases?

It offers an easy-to-use selection screens. You can modify the pre-generated selection screen to your needs. It offers check functions to check whether user
input is complete, correct, and plausible. It offers reasonable data selections. It contains central authorization checks for data base accesses. Enhancements
such as improved performance immediately apply to all report programs that use the logical database.

41. Though all the ABAP/4 Dictionary Structures that exists in the structure of the LDB, being defined in Database Program, we are defining the Dictionary
Structures in the Report. What is the reason for such declaration?
By declaring so we are providing work areas for data passing between Logical Database and Report. In addition, the logical database configures the selection
screen depending on the selection of database tables.

42. Is it mandatory to declare all the tables in Report by the key word tables for all the tables that exist in the structure of LDB, and are being defined in the
Database part of LDB.
No, It is not mandatory to declare all tables in report.

43. If one wants to access data using Logical Database, the use of events is unavoidable. (T/F).
True.

REPORT GENERATION – FORMATTING

1. The alignment of a type 'c' field in a report is left Aligned.

2. In the statement Write:/15(10) Ofal-lifnr. what do the number 15 and 10 stand for15 stand for the offset on the screen and 10 stands for the field length
displayed.

3. Specify the default alignment for the following field types:

'D' – Left, 'F'-Right, 'N'-Left, 'I'-Right, 'T'-Left.

4. If s_time has the value '123456' how would you get an output of 12:34:56 with a single 'Write:' statement.
Write:s_time using edit mask'--:--:--'.

5. In order to suppress the leading zeroes of a number field the keywords used are NO-ZERO.

6. The total no of date formats that can be used to display a date during output is MM/DD/YY, DD/MM/YY, DD/MM/YYYY, MM/DD/YYYY, MMDDYY, DDMMYY,
YYMMDD.

7. The UNDER Command allows for vertical alignment of fields one below the other.

8. In order to concatenate strings only for output purposes the command NO-GAP can be used in conjunction with the 'Write' statement.

9. The no of decimal places for output can be defines within a write statement. (T/F).
TRUE. Write:/ decimals 2.

10. Data can be moved from one field to another using a 'Write:' Statement and stored in the desired format. (T/F).
TRUE. Write: Date_1 to Date_2 format DD/MM/YY.

11. In the statement Write:/15(10) lfa1-lifnr. The values 15 and 11 can also be defined by variables (T/F).
False.

12. Differentiate between the following two statements if any.

ULINE.
Write: sy-uline.
No-difference. Except that uline is used outside the 'Write' Statement.

13. In order to skip a single line the number of lines need not be given as an assignment (T/F)
TRUE.

14. The "SKIP TO LINE line number" is dependent on the LINE-COUNT statement included in the report statement of the program.

15. In order to skip columns the command used is POSITION .

16. In order to have boldfaced text as output the command used is Write:INTENSIFIED.

17. Background and foreground colors can be interchanged using the command Format Inverse.

18. In order to restore the system defaults for all changes made with the format statement is Format Reset.

19. Like ULINE the statement VLINE is used to insert vertical lines. (T/F).
False.

20. Suppressing the number signs (+/-) is carried out using the addition NO-SIGNS to the Write statement. (T/F).
False.

21. If SY-UZEIT has the value 6:34:45 it can be displayed as 063445 using No Edit Mask.

22. If the variable "Text" has the value 'ABCDEF' the output for the statement "Write:/Text+2(3)" will be "CDE"

23. The fields specified by select-options and parameters statement cannot be grouped together in the selection screen. (T/F).
False.

24. When calling an external report the parameters or select-options specified in the external report cannot be called. (T/F)
FALSE.

25. Selection Texts in the text elements of the program helps in changing the displayed names of variables in the parameters statement.

26. Type F datatype cannot be used to define parameters.

27. Rounding off of values can be carried out using the write statement. (T/F).
TRUE

28. How would you define the exponents for a type 'f' field?
Exponent .

29. How would you format the output as left, centered or right-justified using the write statement.
Left-justified, Centered, Right-justified.

30. If the same formatting options were used for a WRITE statement that follows the FORMAT statement, which settings would take precedence.
The settings in the Write Statement.

31. For each new event, the system resets all formatting options to their default values (T/F)
TRUE.

32. All formatting options have the default value OFF. (T/F).
TRUE.

33. How would you set the formatting options statically and dynamically within a report? Statically: FORMAT[ON|OFF]….
Dynamically: FORMAT = =….

34. The page footer is defined using the statement END-OF-PAGE.

35. The processing block following END-OF-PAGE is processed only if you reserve lines for the footer in the LINE-COUNT option of the REPORT statement.
(T/F)
TRUE.

36. To execute a page break under the condition that less than a certain number of lines is left on a page is achieved by RESERVE n lines.

37. The RESERVE statement only takes effect if output is written to the subsequent page. No blank pages are created and it defines a block of lines that must
be output as a whole. (T/F).
TRUE.

38. To set the next output line to the first line of a block of lines defined with the RESERVE statement the statement BACK is used.

39. What is the limit for the length of a page if the page length is not specified in the report statement.
60,000 lines.
40. How would you start the printing process from within the program while creating a list?
NEW-PAGE PRINT ON.

41. You can change the width of pages within list levels triggered by page breaks. (T/F).
FALSE.

42. Hotspots are special areas of an output list used to trigger events. (T/F).
TRUE.

43. To designate fields as hotspots at runtime, use FORMAT HOTSPOT = .

44. Horizontal lines created with ULINE and blank lines created with SKIP can be formatted as hotspots. (T/F).
FALSE.

45. How would you suppress the display of a parameter on the selection screen?
Parameters

………..No-Display.

46. Can you assign a matchcode object to a parameter? If so how?

Yes. PARAMETERS

……..MATCHCODE OBJECT ……..

47. For each SELECT-OPTIONS statement, the system creates a selection table. (T/F)
TRUE.

48. To position a set of parameters or comments on a single line on the selection screen, you must declare the elements in a block enclosed by
SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF LINE.
……..
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF LINE.

49. How can Symbols or R/3 icons be output on the screen?

WRITE AS SYMBOL.
WRITE AS ICON.

50. In the standard setting, you cannot create empty lines with the WRITE statement alone. (T/F).
TRUE.

REPORTING – GENERAL

1. The system field, which indicates success or failure of a SQL operation, is SY-SUBRC.
2. What is the syntax for specifying database table name at runtime in SELECT statement.
NAME = 'SPFL1'.
SELECT * FROM (NAME).
……………….
……………….
ENDSELECT.

3. How do you read selected lines of database table into an internal table in packages of predefined size.
SELECT * FROM INTO TABLE PACKAGE SIZE.
Where n is variable.

4. Name the WILDCARD characters which are used for comparisons with character strings & numeric strings. '%' and '-'.

5. In SELECT statements can you specify a variable in WHERE condition or a part of the condition, if so what is the syntax.
SELECT * FROM

WHERE .

6. Name the ABAP/4 key words, which are used to change the contents of database table.
UPDATE or MODIFY.

7. How to specify a client for database table processing.

TABLES SPFLI.
SELECT * FROM SPFLI CLIENT SPECIFIED WHERE MANDT BETWEEN '001' AND '003'.
……..
ENDSELECT.

8. How do you write a DATA object from ABAP/4 program to ABAP/4 memory and restore the same from memory to program.
EXPORT [FROM ][FROM ]…. TO MEMORY ID .
The ID , which can be up to 32 characters long, identifies the data in memory.

9. What are DATA CLUSTERS?

You can group any complex internal data objects of an ABAP/4 program together in data clusters and store them temporarily in ABAP/4 memory or for longer
periods in databases. You can store data clusters in special databases of the ABAP/4 Dictionary. These databases are known as ABAP/4 cluster databases and
have a predefined structure. Storing a data cluster is specific to ABAP/4. Although you can also access cluster databases using SQL statements, only ABAP/4
statements are able to decode the structure of the stored data cluster.

10. Statements used to delete data objects in ABAP/4 memory FREE MEMORY [ID ].

11. How will you create a file on application server.

Open dataset for output.

12. ABAP/4 statement for opening a file on application server for reading Open dataset for input.

13. How will you transfer data into a file in application server?
Data fname(60) value 'mYFILE'.
Data num type i.
Open dataset fname for output.
Do 10 times.
Num = Num +1.
Transfer num to fname.
Enddo.
…….etc.

14. Name the function modules to write data from an Internal Table to the Presentation Server.
DOWNLOAD and WS_DOWNLOAD.

15. Name the function module that can be used to give information about files on Presentation Server and about its Operating System.
WS_QUERY.

16. Name the ABAP/4 key word, which is used to clear the Headerline of an Internal Table.
CLEAR.

17. Name the function modules to read data from Presentation Server into an Internal Table.
UPLOAD and WS_UPLOAD.

18. Name the ABAP/4 keywords to initialize an Internal Table with and without headerline.
REFRESH .

19. How to determine the attributes of an internal table?

DESCRIBE TABLE [LINES ] [OCCURS ].

20. Name the ABAP/4 key word for searching a string in an Internal Table.
SEARCH FOR .
The different options ( ) for the search in an internal table are:
ABBREVIATED
Searches tablefor a word containing the character string specified in , where other characters might separate the characters. The first letter of the word and the
string must be the same.
STARTING AT
Searches table for , starting at line . <\lin1> can be a variable.
ENDING AT
Searches table for upto line . can be a variable.
AND MARK
If the search string is found, all the characters in the search string (and all the characters in between when using ABBREVIATED) are converted to upper case.

21. What are the different attributes that can be assigned to a variant?
The different attributes that can be assigned to a variant are….
Description
Enter a short, meaningful description of the variant. This may be upto 30 characters long.
Background only
Specify whether you want to use the variant in background processing only, or in online environment as well.
Protected variant.
Mark the field if you want to protect your variant against being changed by other users.
Do not display variant.
Mark this field if you want the variant name to be displayed in the catalog only, but not in the F4 value list.
For the selections you cover in a variant, you can enter the following attributes:
Type
The system displays whether the field is a parameter or a select option.
Protected
Mark this field for each field on the selection screen you want to protect from being overwritten. Values that you mark this way are displayed to the users, but
they cannot change them, that are they are not ready to accept input.
Invisible
If you mark this column, the system will not display the corresponding field on the selection screen the user sees when starting the report program.
Variable
Mark this column if you want to set the value for this field at runtime.

22. Is it possible to create new dynamic programs during runtime of an ABAP/4 program? If so how?
To create new dynamic programs during the runtime of an ABAP/4 program, you must use an internal table. For this purpose, you should create this internal
table with one character type column and a line width of 72. You can use any method you like from Filling Internal Tables to write the code of your new program
into the internal table. Especially, you can use internal fields in which contents are dependent on the flow of the program that you use to create a new one, to
influence the coding of the new program dynamically. The following example shows how to proceed in principal:
DATA CODE (72) OCCURS 10.
APPEND 'REPORT ZDYN1.'
TO CODE.
APPEND 'WRITE/"Hello, I am dynamically created!".'
TO CODE.
Two lines of a very simple program are written into the internal table CODE.
In the next step you have to put the new module, in the above example it is a report, into the library. For this purpose you can use the following statement:
Syntax
INSERT REPORT FROM .
The program is inserted in your present development class in the R/3 Repository. If a program with this name does not already exists, it is newly created with the
following attributes:
Title: none,
Type: 1 (Reporting),
Application: S (Basis).
You can specify the name of the program explicitly within single quotation marks or you can write the name of a character field, which contains the program
name. The name of the program must not necessarily be the same as given in the coding, but it is recommended to do so. is the internal table containing the
source code. For the above example you could write:
INSERT REPORT 'ZDYN1' FROM CODE.
Or
DATA REP (8).
REP = 'ZDYN1'
INSERT REPORT REP FROM CODE.

23. Data types can be elementary or structured (T/F).

TRUE.

24. The amount of memory associated with a data type is ZERO.

25. Data objects are the physical units a program uses at runtime. (T/F).
TRUE.

26. The data object does not occupy any space in memory. (T/F)
FALSE.

27. What are the three hierarchical levels of data types and objects?
Program-independent data, defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.
Internal data used globally in one program.
Data used locally in a procedure (subroutine, function module)

28. How would you find the attributes of a data type or data object?
DESCRIBE FIELD [LENGTH
type tableview using screen .

53. Differentiate between static and dynamic step loops.

Step loops fall into two classes: Static and Dynamic. Static step loops have a fixed size that cannot be changed at runtime. Dynamic step loops are variable in
size. If the user re-sizes the window the system automatically increases or decreases the number of step loop blocks displayed. In any given screen you can
define any number of static step loops but only a single dynamic one.

54. What are the two ways of producing a list within a transaction?
By submitting a separate report.
By using leave to list-processing.

55. What is the use of the statement Leave to List-processing?

Leave to List-processing statement is used to produce a list from a module pool. Leave to list processing statement allows to switch from dialog-mode to list-
mode within a dialog program.

56. When will the current screen processing terminates?

A current screen processing terminates when control reaches either a Leave-screen or the end of PAI.

57. How is the command Suppress-Dialog useful?

Suppressing entire screens is possible using this command. This command allows us to perform screen processing "in the background". The system carries
out all PBO and PAI logic, but does not display the screen to the user. Suppressing screens is useful when we are branching to list-mode from a transaction
dialog step.

58. What happens if we use Leave to list-processing without using Suppress-Dialog?

If we don't use Suppress-Dialog to next screen will be displayed but as empty, when the user presses ENTER, the standard list output is displayed.

59. How the transaction that are programmed by the user can be protected?
By implementing an authority check.

60. What are the modes in which any update tasks work?
Synchronous and Asynchronous.

61. What is the difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous updates?

A program asks the system to perform a certain task, and then either waits or doesn't wait for the task to finish. In synchronous processing, the program
waits: control returns to the program only when the task has been completed. In asynchronous processing, the program does not wait: the system returns
control after merely logging the request for execution.

62. SAP system configuration incluedes Dialog tasks and Update tasks.

63. Dialog-task updates are Synchronous updates.

64. Update –task updates are Asynchronous updates.

65. What is the difference between Commit-work and Rollback-Work tasks?

Commit-Work statement "performs" many functions relevant to synchronized execution of tasks. Rollback-work statement "cancels: all reuests relevant to
synchronized execution of tasks.

66. What are the different database integrities?

• Semantic Integrity.
• Relational Integrity.
• Primary Key Integrity.
• Value Set Integrity.
• Foreign Key integrity and
• Operational integrity.

67. All SAP Databases are Relational Databases.

68. What is SAP locking?

It is a mechanism for defining and applying logical locks to database objects.

69. What does a lock object involve?

The tables.
The lock argument.

70. What are the different kinds of lock modes?

Shared lock
Exclusive lock.
Extended exclusive list.

71. How can a lock object be called in the transaction?

By calling Enqueue and Dequeue in the transaction.

72. What are the events by which we can program "help texts" and display "possible value lists"?
-PROCESS ON HELP-REQUEST (POH).
-PROCESS ON VALUE-REQUEST (POV).

73. What is a matchcode?

A matchcode is an aid to finding records stored in the system whenever an object key is required in an input field but the user only knows other (non-key)
information about the object.

74. In what ways we can get the context sensitive F1 help on a field?
- Data element documentation.
- Data element additional text in screen painter.
- Using the process on help request event.

75. What is roll area?

A roll area contains the program's runtime context. In addition to the runtime stack and other structures, all local variables and any data known to the
program are stored here.

76. How does the system handle roll areas for external program components?
- Transactions run in their own roll areas.
- Reports run in their own roll areas.
- Dialog modules run in their own roll areas
- Function modules run in the roll area of their callers.

77. Does the external program run in the same SAP LUW as the caller, or in a separate one?
- Transactions run with a separate SAP LUW
- Reports run with a separate SAP LUW.
- Dialog modules run in the same SAP LUW as the caller
- Function modules run in the same SAP LUW as the caller.
The only exceptions to the above rules are function modules called with IN UPDATE TASK (V2 function only) or IN BACKGROUND TASK (ALE applications).
These always run in their own (separate) update transactions.

78. What are function modules?

Function modules are general-purpose library routines that are available system-wide.

79. What are the types of parameters in the function modules?

In general, function module can have four types of parameters:
- EXPORTING: for passing data to the called function.
- IMPORTING: for receiving data returned from the function module.
- TABLES: for passing internal tables only, by reference (that is, by address).
- CHANGING: for passing parameters to and from the function.

80. What is the difference between Leave Transaction and Call Transaction?
In contrast to LEAVE TO TRANSACTION, the CALL TRANSACTION statement causes the system to start a new SAP LUW. This second SAP LUW runs parallel
to the SAP LUW for the calling transaction.

81. How can we pass selection and parameter data to a report?

There are three options for passing selection and parameter data to the report.
- Using SUBMIT…WITH
- Using a report variant.
- Using a range table.

82. How to send a report to the printer instead of displaying it on the screen?
We can send a report to the printer instead of diplaying it on the screen. To do this, use the keywords TO SAP-SPOOL:
SUBMIT RSFLFIND…TO SAP-SPOOL DESTINATION 'LT50'.

83. How can we send data to external programs?

Using SPA/GPA parameters(SAP memory).
Using EXPORT/IMPORT data (ABAP/4 memory)

84. What are SPA/GPA parameters (SAP memory)

SPA/GPA parameters are field values saved globally in memory. There are two ways to use SPA/GPA parmeters:
By setting field attributes in the Screen Painter.
By using the SET PARAMETER or GET PARAMETER statements.

BDC

1. What is full form of BDC Session?

Batch Data Communication Session.

2. What are the steps in a BDC session?

The first step in a BDC session is to identify the screens of the transaction that the program will process. Next step is to write a program to build the BDC
table that will be used to submit the data to SAP. The final step is to submit the BDC table to the system in the batch mode or as a single transaction by the
CALL TRANSACTION command.

3. How do you find the information on the current screen?

The information on the current screen can be found by SYSTEM � STATUS command from any menu.

4. How do you save data in BDC tables?

The data in BDC tables is saved by using the field name 'BDC_OKCODE' and field value of '/11'.

5. What is the last entry in all BDC tables?

In all BDC tables the last entry is to save the data by using the field name BDC_OKCODE and a field value of '/11'.

6. What is a multiple line field?

A multiple line field is a special kind of field which allows the user to enter multiple lines of data into it.

7. How do you populate data into a multiple line field?

To populate data into a multiple line field, an index is added to the field name to indicate which line is to be populated by the BDC session (Line index).

8. Write the BDC table structure.

BDC table structure
FIELD TYPE DESCRIPTION
Program CHAR (8) Program name of transaction.
DynPro CHAR (4) Screen number of transaction.
DynBegin CHAR (1) Indicator for new screen.
Fnam CHAR (35) Name of database field from screen.
Fval CHAR (80) Value to submit to field.

9. Does the CALL TRANSACTION method allow multiple transactions to be processed by SAP?
No. The CALL TRANSACTION method allows only a single transaction to be processed by SAP.

10. Does the BDC-INSERT function allow multiple transactions to be processed by SAP?
Yes.

11. What is the syntax for 'CALL TRANSACTION'?

CALL TRANSACTION trans [ using bdctab MODE mode ].
Three possible entries are there for MODE.
A - Show all screens.
E - Show only screens with errors.
N - Show no screens.