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From the Editor of Visions April Klimley .....................................................................................4 2006 Visions Calendar ..................................................................................................................4 From the PDMA President Robert Brentin...................................................................................5 A Letter from the PDMA CEO Robin Karol ..................................................................................5 In Focus: Agile and Lean development: Old wine in new jugs? Gregory Githens..................7 The author compares Agile and Lean development. OCTOber 2005
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COVER STORYSucceeding at New Products the P&G way: A key element is using the Innovation Diamond Robert Cooper and Michael Mills ......................................................9 The authors explore the drivers of new product performance with a particular focus on Procter & Gambles best practices. Life Sciences: The challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry today: A conversation with a top expert Rob Franco ..........................................................................14 Visionss new Life Sciences Editor discusses in detail the regulatory, safety, and other factors that make the research and development environment in the pharmaceutical industry especially challenging today. Global News: Fisher Graduate School of International Business receives grant to study localization as companies go global David Richins ........................................................17 One way companies are adapting their services and products for use in foreign countries is through localization. Report from the Peoples Republic of China Ligeng Wang .............................................18 The author provides a roundup of trends in New Product Development in the Peoples Republic of China. Innovation as competitive advantage: an interview with George Buckley, CEO of The Brunswick Corporation Anne Orban ..............................................................................20 In this interview, the CEO of Brunswick Corporation offers some rules of thumb for innovation, which have helped his company use innovation as a competitive advantage. High Tech Corner: Building a gated Product Development process at Lexmark International Ed Crowley ........................................................................................22 The author explains how Lexmark developed a gated Product Development process for its Printer Division.
COVER PHOTO: In the past few years, Procter and Gamble (P&G) has jumped into the forefront of innovative Product Development techniques and success. Read how P&G has done this in the article starting on page 9.
Visions is published four times a year, in January, April, July and October, by the Product Development & Management Association (PDMA), 15000 Commerce Parkway, Suite C, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054. Each article reflects the expertise of the individual author, not PDMA itself. To become a member, contact us at 1-800-232-5241 or by e-mail at pdma@pdma.org. Copyright 2005 PDMA. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, or translated into machine language without the written permission of the publisher, PDMA.
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Cover story
succeeding at New Product Development the P&G way: a key element is using the Innovation Diamond
by Robert G. Cooper, President, Product Development Institute, Professor, McMaster University (robertcooper@cogeco.ca) and Michael S. Mills, Manager, Corporate New Initiative Delivery, The Procter & Gamble Company (mills.ms.1@pg.com) New products are engines to growth and profitability for many companies, including Procter & Gamble (P&G). In this article, the authors explore the drivers of new product performance with a particular focus on P&Gs best practices. The Innovation Diamond is used as an integrative and guiding framework to help management focus on whats important to success: innovation strategy, a solid idea-to-launch process, portfolio management, and the right climate and leadership.
hy are some companies so successful at New Product Development? And how do some businesses make it seem so easyone new product winner after another? Consider Procter & Gamble (P&G): Total sales at P&G increased by $8 billion in 2004, with new product winners playing an important role. Information Resources Inc. cites P&G as the clear winner in its annual New Product Pacesetters report: In the non-food category, five P&G new products were among the top best-sellers, with Prilosec OTC and Crest Whitestrips Premium in the Number One and Number Two positions.1 Exceptional performance in Product Development in companies such as P&G is no accident. And the roots of success go much further and deeper than having a few spectacular winners in a single year. Rather, its the result of a disciplined, systematic approach based on best practices.
Dramatic example
P&Gs cosmetics business is a case in point where a dramatic turnaround was achieved via a disciplined, holistic approach to new product management. The story begins when P&G acquired the Cover Girl and Clarion cosmetics brands in 1989. Two years later Max Factor was acquired. P&G then applied its tried-and-true approach of leveraging scale and an innovation strategy with a few, big new products. But there was no real business strategy, and efforts were scattered and unfocused. And so, by 1994, management was forced to retreat and retrench. They dropped the Clarion line; and through much of the 90s, senior management at P&G wondered if they should be in the cosmetics business at all! A new line, under the Oil of Olay banner, was attempted but failed, and the entire cosmetics business continued to decline. The turnaround of P&Gs Cosmetics business started in the late 90s when business unit management turned to P&Gs Initiatives
Diamond philosophy. Today, P&Gs Cosmetics business is a healthy, growing, and profitable enterprise. PerRobert G. Cooper Michael S. Mills formance results have sigProduct Development Institute The Procter & Gamble Company nificantly improved since the late 90s, and the business is Some background: The Innovation Diaseen as a key growth contributor for P&G. How was this stunning reversal achieved? mond and these four driving factors or The turnaround did not happen by chance; themes in Exhibit 1 were derived from a and one key to success was getting new major study into new product performance and the practices that led to exceptional products right. Authors note: We use the term new performance.3 The diamond actually began products to mean any change to the product years earlier as a triangleprocess, revisible to the consumer or customer; these sources, and strategythe result of a 1990s include true new-to-world products as well Cooper-Kleinschmidt study of innovation as new items in an existing product line, across a broad range of businesses.4 P&Gs significant modifications and improvements, management in the 1990s subsequently transformed the triangle into the Initiatives and extensions. The major factors that drive a businesss Diamond, shown in Exhibit 2.5 P&Gs major new project perforExhibit 1: The Innovation Diamond includes mance, illustrated in the four major drivers of NPD results the Innovation Diamond in Exhibit 12 on this page, are: Having a product innovation and technology strategy in place for the business; Having an effective and efficient ideato-launch process; Resource commitment, which focuses on the right projectsportfolio management; and People; that is, having the right climate and culture, effective cross-functional teams, and senior management commitment to New Product SOURCE: R.G. Cooper, Product Leadership: Pathways to Profitable Innovation, 2nd edition. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 2005. Development.
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Driver #1a product innovation and technology strategy for the business
Best performing businesses put a product innovation and technology strategy in place, driven by the business leadership team and a strategic vision of the business. This product innovation strategy guides the businesss New Product Development direction and helps to steer resource allocation and project selection. In the mid-1990s, P&Gs Cosmetics business lacked a business and product innovation strategy, the result being that Product Development efforts were scattered; many different initiatives were launched in many different product categories and segments in a futile attempt to win. There was no focus.
Exhibit 2: P&Gs Initiatives Management Diamond guides each businesss New Product efforts
SOURCE: M. Mills, Implementing a Stage-Gate process at Procter & Gamble, Association for Manufacturing Excellence International Conference, Competing on the Global Stage, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 2004.
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aha was that there is no one key to success in product innovation, and thus management stepped back from a focus on individual initiatives and looked at the broader picture. For example, having a great idea-to-launch process is not sufficient; its not a stand alone driver of positive performance. P&Gs Initiatives Diamond serves as a guide for each businesss product innovation effort, and helps to focus managements attention on what is important to success. According to Bob McDonald, P&Gs Vice Chairman of Global Operations, The Initiative Diamond played a significant role in improving the business results in P&Gs Household Care global business unit. This work brought us a new discipline to manage our innovation programs and yielded a major increase in the in-market success of our initiatives. We aligned our organization on how to use Stage-Gate success criteria, and portfolio and resource management to deliver better innovations for the consumers we serve.6
individual new product projects are managed so they succeed, using P&Gs idea-to-launch SIMPL methodology. Coincidentally, the two diamondsP&Gs Initiatives Diamond in Exhibit 2 on this page and the research-based Innovation Diamond in Exhibit 1are almost the same. Each one or both can be used to guide your businesss new product efforts. Here is a quick look at the four drivers of performance and how they work at P&G.
The turnaround of P&Gs Cosmetics business started in the late 0s when business unit management turned to P&Gs Initiatives Diamond philosophy.
The first element of the diamond is a product innovation strategy. Indeed, the real breakthrough occurred in the Cosmetics business turnaround when the business leadership team began a rigorous business planning process leading to clearly defined objectives, goals, strategies, and measures. A much more concentrated innovation strategy was elected, focusing on lips, face and eyes, rather than the entire body. The battlefields had been decided! A second facet of strategy meant getting the supply chain under control: end-to-end supply network management. Management streamlined the supply network so that production and shipments were tied to market demand. As a result, they were able to reduce the time in the supply network, thereby eliminating much of the product obsolescence generated with each new product launch. By focusing first on an innovation strategy for the business, the stage was set for effective Product Development. The message is that if your business lacks a product innovation and technology strategy, you are missing a key element of successful product innovation. This strategy should include the goals for the businesss product innovation effort and how these goals tie into the broader business goals. This strategy is more than just a list of this years development projects. It has a much longer-term commitment. The innovation strategy also includes defining strategic arenas or areas of focus, much like the Cosmetics business did. That is, you need to define the product, market, and technology areas in which the business will focus its Product Development efforts. The key here is focus.
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The SIMPL model forced project teams to do their homework early in the project. For example, much consumer research work was undertaken, and consumer insights gained led to winning new product concepts. One big success is Outlast by CoverGirl. This ten-hour lipsticka kiss-proof, long-lasting lipstickuses a unique two-part application system (first a color and then a gloss) to produce an enduring lip color and gloss. A second winnerLipfinity by Max Factorwas also introduced, again using the SIMPL model. Both new products have been huge successes not only in the U.S., but around the world. The turnaround of the cosmet ics business was underway! Most companies claim to have a new product process or stage-and-gate system in place, according to a recent PDMA study.7 Further investigation reveals, however, that most firms processes are deficient. They are poorly designed, they miss the mark when it comes to best practices, and they are badly implemented.2,3 P&G is an exception. Their idea-to-launch process, SIMPL, is a rigorous process that uses stage-and-gate decision-making complete with clear go/kill criteria and timing requirements. The SIMPL model, shown in Exhibit 3 on page 12, consists of four main stages, with each stage building in a set of current best practices in the form of key activities, and also clearly defined expectations for project team in the form of end-points. There are also four gates or go/kill decision-points in the model; each gate is comprised of a team recommendation and a management decision.
of-customer research; they front end-load their projects, undertaking appropriate, often extensive up-front homework prior to development; and they focus on developing differentiated, superior products that meet customer needs better than competitors. Note that SIMPL is also scalable and is tailored for specific projects based on level of risk and size of investment. The Main Principles Behind Not every project requires the same degree of rigor, front-end work, and P&Gs SIMPL Process market research. Use a common language. ThroughRemember that winning in the marketplace is out the 1990s, each P&G business the goal. unit had developed its own version Use criteria for making Go/Kill decisions. of a stage-and-gate new product Balance risk and rigor. process. Integration, cooperation, Use a common language. and measurement across businesses Keep in mind that SIMPL is not stand alone. thus proved difficult with each business using a different system and Practice effective implementation. different terminology. sults when measured against these success criteria. (By contrast, the great majority of businesses still do not conduct post-launch reviews on projects; and even fewer hold their project teams accountable for achieving agreed-to project results).3 Use criteria for making Go/Kill decisions. Not shown in Exhibit 3 on page 12 are the go/kill criteria applied at each gate. Specific success criteria for each gate relevant to that stage are defined for each project. Examples include: expected profitability, launch date, expected sales, and even interim metrics, such as test results expected in a subsequent stage. These criteria, and targets to be achieved in them, are agreed to by the project team and management at each gate. These success criteria are then used to evaluate the project at successive gates. Risk and rigor must be balanced. Project teams employ appropriate rigor in learning, planning, and decision-making in order to mitigate risk. They build in a strong consumer focus and rely heavily on voice-
goal, not merely going through the process. Specific success criteria for each project are defined and agreed to by the project team and management at the gates; these success criteria are then used to evaluate the project at the post-launch review. And the project team is held accountable for achieving re-
a global process
The current SIMPL process is a corporate global processthe same stages, gates, principles and measuresand is universal across geographies and business units. Each business, however, is free to adjust and adapt the process to suit its own business requirements. SIMPL is not stand alone. The ideato-launch process is only one ingredient of
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SOURCE: M. Mills, Implementing a Stage-Gate process at Procter & Gamble, Association for Manufacturing Excellence International Conference, Competing on the Global Stage, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 2004.
Driver #3resource commitment, focusing on the right projects and portfolio management
In P&Gs Cosmetics business, portfolio management, a third element of the Initiatives Diamond, was next employed to enable management to look at its entire portfolio of 12
business leadership team effectively allocate resources to the right areas and projects.2 P&G splits this resource commitment facet of the diamond into two parts: project selection and resource planning. The company relies primarily on success criteria as part of the SIMPL process to help make better go/kill decisions on projects, as noted above. In addition, a number of P&G businesses have developed screening tools using scorecard methods for early decisions and for the selection of ideas to enter the SIMPL process. When it comes to resource planning for projects in the portfolio, P&Gs methods vary depending on the nature of the business. Many P&G businesses utilize a resource
successful innovation, a single element of a much larger whole, the Diamond. Individual projects cannot be managed independently of other projects, their priorities, resource constraints, and changing business conditions. Thus the Diamond represents the relationship between these elements: innovation strategy, resource planning, project selection, and the SIMPL new product process. Effective implementation is another area where most companies falter. Not so at P&G. Because they see the value of SIMPL, everyone uses itevery business unit, every manager, and every initiative team. When A.G. Lafley, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive, headed P&G Beauty, he sponsored the early work on stage-gating. He was a believer; he saw it build the business when he was in Japan. Lafley expects rigor and uses the SIMPL terminology. The other company leaders also value the process, so SIMPL has become part of the business culture at all levels. Having a strong sponsor at the highest level was one key to successful implementation. Perhaps it is no coincidence that the earliest proponent of the stage-and-gate process is now P&Gs chief executive.
new product initiatives, and secure the right balance and mix. Through portfolio management, the business built a pipeline of new and improved products that established the needed initiative rhythm for each product line (face, lips, eyes). New products and upgrades in each product line created news and excitement in the market. This launch and sustain portfolio approach was a key part of winning in the marketplace. Best performers like P&G have an efficient portfolio management system that helps the
profiling approach to resource planning. The resource profiling method helps to assess future project resource needs based on learning from past projects, and it anticipates peak resource periods of time. This approach enables businesses, such as Fabric Care, to improve the overall portfolio decision process by allocating scarce resources to the highest priority projects globally. The most technically complex, resource-intensive businesses use purchased resource management software. These software tools look at people available versus requirements for specific tasks on individual projects to focus on near-term resource constraints. P&Gs deliberate approach to portfolio management and resource planning (the resource facet of the diamond) has had a strong positive impact, according to Martin Riant, President of P&G Global Baby and Adult Care and formerly President of P&Gs Global Feminine Care and Antiperspirants/ Deodorants business. Using the diamond has had a remarkable effect on our business results. It has forced a much higher level of discipline in how we allocate our resources, how and when we make investment decisions and in accountability of projects to deliver what they promise, he says.
If your business lacks a product innovation and technology strategy, you are missing a key element of successful product innovation.
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Robert G. Cooper is the President of the Product Development Institute, a Professor, McMaster University, and the creator of Stage-Gate. Michael S. Mills, as Manager of Corporate New Initiative Delivery at The Procter & Gamble Company, is in charge of implementing P&Gs SIMPL stage-and-gate new product process, as well as other NPD best practices.
references
1
IRI InfoScan Reviews, New Products Launches February 2003January 2004. Washington: Industrial Research Institute, 2004. Details of the Innovation Diamond are in R.G. Cooper, Product Leadership: Pathways to Profitable Innovation, 2nd edition. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 2005. The APQC benchmarking studies identified many best practices that lead to higher productivity NPD. See: R.G. Cooper, S.J. Edgett & E.J. Kleinschmidt, Best Practices in Product Innovation: What Distinguish13
Success Managers who report to each of the companys business unit presidents. These Initiative Success Managers make the diamond and SIMPL work. Their jobs include facilitating strategy development sessions, managing gate meetings, leading resource planning sessions, ensuring appropriate capability, and training. And horizontal networkscommunities of excellence have been established across business units, so that experts can share leanings. Next, strong metrics are in place. P&G tracks business results from new products annually or semi-annually. Senior management reviews these results and places heavy emphasis on them. They are key performance indicators in the business unit. E f f e c t i v e c ro s s functional teams are vital to driving new products to market. P&G has developed a common model to structure teams, with a focus on developing cross-functional team leaders, who can be from any functional area (marketing, R&D, engineering, etc). These leaders are evaluated and rewarded based on how they deliver in the market against their project success criteria.
communities in which we live and work to prosper. A simple statement perhaps, but one with profound implications to action. To achieve its purpose, P&G relies on the four themesinnovation strategy, a solid idea-to-launch process, portfolio management, and climate and leadershipthat constitute the Innovation Diamond. They can provide a sound framework for guiding your businesss product innovation efforts, as they have at P&G. w
best performers like P&G have an efficient portfolio management system that helps the business leadership team effectively allocate resources to the right areas and projects.
es Top Performers, Product Development Institute, 2003 (www.prod-dev.com). R.G. Cooper & E.J. Kleinschmidt, Benchmarking firms new product performance and practices, Engineering Management Review, 23,3, Fall 1995, 112-120. As outlined in: M. Mills, Implementing a Stage-Gate process at Procter & Gamble, Association for Manufacturing Excellence International Conference, Competing on the Global Stage, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 2004. 6 Stage-Gate is a registered trademark of the Product Development Institute Inc., and is described in: R.G. Cooper, Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch, 3 rd edition. Reading, Mass: Perseus Books, 2001. PDMA studies: The most recent PDMA study shows 79% of firms have a formal new product process. M. Adams & D. Boike, PDMA foundation CPAS study reveals new trends, Visions, XXVIII. No. 3, July 2004, 26-29; and: The PDMA Foundations 2004 Comparative Performance Assessment Study (CPAS).
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Technology Developments, Platforms & Fundamental Research Breakthroughs: Managing For Profitable Results
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