Correlation 180511133644

CORRELATION
 NAME: ANJALI AWASTHI

 CLASS: M.SC. – SEM (III)
 SUBJECT: FORENSIC SCIENCE
CORRELATION
 Correlation is an analysis used to determine the relationship between two or
more variables.
 The measure of correlation is called coefficient of correlation and is denoted

by the symbol ‘r’.
 It helps us in finding the degree or extent of quantitative relationship between

two variables.
 It does not say anything about the cause and effect relationship between the
two variables.
SIGNIFICANCE OF CORRELATION
 It is used to determine the relationship between two variables.
 It reduces the range of uncertainty. The predictions based on correlation analysis

are more precise and reliable.
 It helps us to estimate the value of dependent variable for the given value of
independent variable.
TYPES OF CORRELATION
 Correlation is described or classified in several different ways such as:
1. Positive and Negative Correlation: Whether correlation is positive (direct) or negative
(inverse) would depend upon the direction of change of the variables. If both the variables
are varying in the same direction i.e., if as one variable is increasing the other, on an
average is also increasing or, if as one variable is decreasing the other, on an average, is
also decreasing, correlation is said to be positive.
If on the other hand, the variable are varying in positive direction, i.e. as one variable is
increasing the other is decreasing or vise versa, and correlation is said to be negative.
2. Liner and Curvilinear (Non-Linear) Correlation.
 Linear Correlation: Correlation is said to be linear when the amount of change in one
variable tends to bear a constant ratio to the amount of change in the other.
 Non-Linear Correlation: The correlation would be non-linear if the amount of change in one
variable does not bear a constant ratio to the amount of change in the other variable.
METHODS OF STUDYING CORRELATION
 Correlation can be studied by any of the following method.
1. Scatter diagram method.
2. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation.
3. Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation and
4. Concurrent deviation method.

Scatter diagram method
 Scatter diagram or dot diagram is the simplest graphical device of showing the correlation
between the two variables (x and y). Such diagrammatic representation of bivariate data is
known as scatter diagram.
 Observations:
 Positive Correlation: When the x and y values increases together there will be a
positive correlation. (r= +1)
 Negative Correlation: When the x value gets bigger and the y value gets smaller there
will be a negative correlation. (r= -1)
 No Correlation: When the points do not show a pattern there is no correlation. (r= 0)
Merit of Demerit
Scatter of Scatter
Diagram Diagram
Method It is simple and non- Method It gives only a rough
mathematical method
idea of how the two
of studying
variable are related.
correlation
Exact degree of
correlation between
It is easy to the two variables can
understand not be established
by applying this
method.
Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation
 It is used universally for describing the degree of correlation between two series .
Formula of computing Pearson’s r is:
Here, x = ( X- X ) ; y= ( Y- Y )
Sx = Standard deviation of x series
Sy = Standard deviation of y series
N = Number of pairs of observation
 Modified version:
Where, x = ( X- X ) ; y= ( Y- Y )
Procedure for computing the correlation coefficient
 Calculate the mean of the two series ‘x’ &’y’
 Calculate the deviations ‘x’ &’y’ in two series from their respective mean.
 Square each deviation of ‘x’ &’y’ then obtain the sum of the squared deviation
i.e.
 Multiply each deviation under x with each deviation under y & obtain the product of ‘xy’.
Then obtain the sum of the product of x , y i.e. Σxy
 Substitute the value in the formula.

Example:
:
Merit of Demerit
Karl of Karl
Pearson’s Pearson’s The computational
Method Method procedure of this
It is most method is difficult
important and as compared to
precise other method.
method of
measuring the
relationship of
two variables. The value of the
coefficient is
affected by
extreme items.
It measures the
direction as
well as the
relationship
between the
two variables.

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CORRELATION

 NAME: ANJALI AWASTHI

 The measure of correlation is called coefficient of correlation and is denoted

 It helps us in finding the degree or extent of quantitative relationship between

 It reduces the range of uncertainty. The predictions based on correlation analysis

1. Scatter diagram method.

2. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation.

3. Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation and

4. Concurrent deviation method.

 Substitute the value in the formula.

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