DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTM ENT
OF CIVIS AND
ETHICAL
STUDIS

A
RESEARCH
PROPOSAL

THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL-URBAN

MIGRATION: THE CASE OF DEBRE BIRHAN TOWN
RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
BACHELOR CIVICS AND ETHICAL EDUCATION

BY፡
WorkagegnYeshiwas

Advisor:-Atsede /MscJune, 2022

DEBRE BERHAN, ETHIOPIA
I. Introduction…..
Migration is considered as the movement of people from one geographic region to another,
which maybe on temporary or permanent basis. The reasons for it vary from one person to
another depending on the situation that brought about the decision (Adewale, 2005). Generally,
rural-urban migration dominates the domain of research as its role in changing the lives of
migrants and families at the place of origin and destination (Hossain, 2001). Thus, rapid
geographic shift of people from the rural to urban region in different countries has been the result
of the combination of both rural push and urban pull factors (Farooq and Cheema, 2005;
Hossain, 2001; Ullah, 2004).

This rural-urban migration in developing countries is accompanied by positive and negative

consequences for the area of origin and destination. For the rural people, in the short run it may
help to alleviate the poverty by creating new income and employment opportunity and it has
helped in facilitating rural-urban economic and social integration and motivating the expansion
of the urban sector. Later, this alarming migration process has led to congestion, unemployment,
pollution and poverty in urban areas, gender and age imbalances and decrease in productivity in
rural areas (Aliyev, 2008).

Migration has been seen as a response of individuals to better their economic and noneconomic
of opportunities as well as an expectation of increased economic welfare in the urban areas.
factors that push individuals from rural areas into cities include the expectation that the pressure
of population in rural areas has nearly exhausted all margins of cultivation,thus pushing hopeless
people towards a new life in the cities with a mere expectation of subsistence living
(Mazumdar,1987). On the other hand, the pull hypothesis emphasizes the attractiveness of the
urban life and the rural-urban wage gap. In particular, Todaro (200) developed probabilistic
models, where in they describe migrants are attracted to the cities with the expectation of a
higher wage than they receive in agriculture, and are willing to accept the probability of urban
unemployment, or lower wages and under employment in the urban informal (traditional) sector.
Ethiopia is one of the countries in Africa with a relatively high level of internal migration and
population redistribution. This was associated with the country's economic transition from a

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socialist to a market oriented economy; critical political changes since the 1970s through 1990s;
civil war; and famine (Berhanuand White, 2000; Kirosand White, 2004).

……

1.2 Statement of the problem

Researchers have shown how the character; direction, and the volume of migration in Ethiopia
during the last two to three decades have been shaped by political instability decline in the
agricultural sector and government resettlement policies of the 1980s. The latter had as an
official objective to prevent further famine and to attain food security (Ezra, 2001). Under these
circumstances, migration in Ethiopia was not only an individual and/or family response to
adverse Socio economic, physical and political environment, but also as a result of official
government policy. ….

In Ethiopia, rural-urban migration is quite common especially in areas where drought is frequent.
Regarding to the causative factors of rural-Urban migration in Ethiopia, scholars identified that
the combined affects of push and pull factors are responsible for the wave of migration to urban
areas of Ethiopia. However, the history show that, more than Urban pull factors rural push
factors have been strong forces for the movement of people from rural to urban areas of Ethiopia
(Markos, 2001).

In line with this statement, Solomon and Mansberger (2003) state that, after all in Ethiopia,
population is on the rise, land degradation has become common and the rural areas are being
rocked by frequent drought and famine. In view of these, one would expect arrival of the rural
people to the cities to happen. Then the wave of migration to urban areas of Ethiopia is
consistently higher than the capacity of urban areas to accommodate the new demands posed by
the migrants. Thus, there is wide spread of unemployment, shortage of housing, increasing cost
of living, and lack of access to social service is existed. Due to the varied factors of migration
(push and pull), currently, there is excessive movement of people to Central north Ethiopia.
Thus, at the present time there is a continuous flow of people from rural area bombe town who
have throw away their role in the farms, and have engaged themselves in the urban informal
economic sector. Although, these problems have larger dimension, pervasive and continuing
unabated, research is scarce to monitor trend of movement of the people on a sustainable basis.
…Thus, the motivation of the researcher is to fill this knowledge gap and to study the main

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factors behind the movement of the rural people. Hence, this research was focused on identifying
major cause that enhances continuous flow of people from rural area to. The study has intended
to specify both general and specific objectives.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 The general objectives
The general objectives of the study are to assess the causes and consequences of rural-urban
migration inDebreBerhan town.

…..

1.4 Scope of the study

Regarding the area of investigation, this study is delimited to the study on assessment of the
causes and consequences of rural-urban migration. …..in DebreBerhan town.

1.5 Significance, of the study

With regard to its significance, the findings of this study are expected to make modest but
important contributions to policy and planning issues, because it may be helpful in tackling the
problems that force people to leave their rural origin and narrowing the development gap
between urban and rural areas through the introduction of sound rural development strategies and
effective Urban management. It also contribute to fill the gap concerning migrant informal sector
participants and the giving information related to rural urban migrant which has a direct relation
to planning and implementation agencies as well as institutions because rural-urban migration
has a direct and indirect effect on the geographical as well as social, cultural and economic
aspects. Hence, this study is important all other field of studies, because rural-urban migration in
relation to informal sector is taken as a socio-economic and cultural phenomenon which is
concerned with population issues. Furthermore, this study helped to support and inspire other
researchers who want to deal with the cause and consequence of rural-urban migration; to
conduct further research on the issue, policy makers can use this study to strengthen policy issues
related to rural-urban migration, and it helps to widen the knowledge base in relation to rural-
urban migration.

1.6 Organization of the study

This research is structured as follows: section one presents the introduction, statement of the
problem, objectives of the study, limitation of the study, significance of the study. The second

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section presents the research methodology, the third section presents about results and discussion
and the last section presents conclusion and recommendation of the research.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concepts and Definitions
Migration can be defined in terms of spatial boundaries as internal and international. Internal
migration is the movement of individuals within a country whereas international migration
involves the flow of individuals between countries where national boundaries are crossed. The
UN (1970:2) defines migration as: “ a move from one migration defining area to another (or a
move of some specified minimum distance) that was made during a given migration interval and
that involves change of residence.” A migrant is also defined as: “a person who has changed his
usual place of residence from one migration-defining area to another (or who moved some
specified minimum distance) at least once during the migration interval” (UN, 1970:2).

Migration is considered as the movement of people from one geographic region to another,
which may be on temporary or permanent basis. It usually takes place at a variety of scale;
intercontinental (between continents), intracontinental (between countries of a given continent),
and interregional (with in countries) (National Geographic Society, 2005). However, the nature
of migration and the cause for it are complex, and there is no general agreement among
researchers on the cause of migration. Arguments about the difference on migration causing
factors exist not only among researchers from different discipline, but also among researchers
within one discipline (Timalsina, 2007). Thus, concepts and approaches of classifying migration
are other important aspects of migration study. Any classification of migration is difficult to
formulate and understand because it takes into consideration numerous criteria or stimulating
factors of varying nature (Trewartha, 1969 and Vyanga, 1981 cited in Sinha, 2005).

2.2. TYPES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

Migration is usually categorized depending up on the type of political boundaries crossed (for
internal and external/international) (Weeks, 1989). Depending upon length of time, it is said to

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be short-term and long-term migration as well as temporary and permanent migration
(McDowell and De Haan, 1997). On the basis of distance, it may be classified as short distance
and long distance migration, members involved (individual and mass migration), decision
making (voluntary and forced migration) movement of people based on interest; Involuntary
migration: the movement of people from place of origin to new areas because of war (armed
conflict), environmental degradation or natural disaster such as drought and famine, social
organization (family, class and individual migration), causes (economic and non-economic) and
aims (conservative and innovative) (Sinha,12 2005).

Depending up on rural-urban nature of the area, migration becomes, rural-rural, rural to urban,
urban to rural and urban to urban (Clarke, 1987 cited in Sinha, 2005). One of the most significant
migration patterns has been rural to urban migration, i.e. the movement of people from the
country side to cities in search of opportunities (National Geographic Society, 2005; Rwelamira,
2008). It is also possible to classify migration into five major types based on the situation of
migrants: Primitive Migration: migration in response to environmental conditions undertaken by
people at low levels of development; Focused Migration: compulsory transfer of a group of
people, usually by a government. Impelled Migration: similar to forced migration but it is differs
as the migrants retain some ability to decide whether to move or not; Free migration: individual
movements for economic betterment; Mass Migration: large numbers or entire communities,
moving in mass without being fully informed on an individual basis of what to expect.

Moreover, the common types of rural-urban migration are circulating in the following forms
including step migration (village-town-city), circulatory (village-city-village), seasonal
(migration associated with periodic labor demand) and chain migration (where migrants follow
their predecessors, and assisted by them in establishing an urban area) (Lynch, 2005; National
Geographic Society, 2005).

Urban-ward migration in Ethiopia is both direct and stepwise. About 75 percent of in-migrants to
Shashemene (Bejeren, 1985:54) and 62.5 percent of rural urban migrants to Awassa (Berhane,
1993:86) were step-migrants. On the other hand 57.6 and 74 percent of the migrants to Nazareth
(Kebede, 1991:80) and 35 Arbaminch (Birru, 1997:53), respectively, were direct migrants. The
same studies indicated that step-wise migration is more common among urban-urban migrants
than rural-urban migrants. The majority of urban in-migrants in Ethiopia are short distance

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migrants. But compared to rural-rural migrants, urban ward migrants (ruralurban and urban-
urban) are less common and are relatively long distance migrations (CSA, 1992:145; Markos and
Seyoum (eds), 1998:164). Urbanward migration studies on Shashemene (Bejeren, 1985:53),
Nazareth (Kebede, 1991:70), Awassa (Berhane, 1993:72) and Abraminch (Birru, 1997:50)
indicate the predominance of rural-born migrants in the stream. This is not only an indication of
the high propensity of rural population to migrate but also the low level of urbanization in the
country.

The other concept related to migration is the push-pull which concerned with reasons for
migration. It explains that, for any individual the decision to migrate results from the interplay of
'push' and 'pull' factors. The 'push' factors are pressures which encourage individuals or families
to leave one place (the rural home land). Most of the literatures reveal that people are forced to
leave their living environment (original places) because of different unfavorable socio-economic,
cultural, natural and political conditions, which are referred as ‘push factors’. Some of the push
factors are negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate, eg. lack of job
opportunities, lack of resources, unfavorable climatic condition, low crop yield, land shortage,
poor employment prospects etc. The 'pull' factors are attractions of the destination (attractions of
the city). For example high wages, employment opportunities, wide range of amenities etc.
(Gmelch and Zenner, 1996:190; Broadly and Cunningham, 1994:22). In some cases only 'push'
factors will be of major importance and in other situations, 'pull' factors will be of overwhelming
importance which include those positive attributes perceived to exist at the new location, such as
job opportunity, better climate, educational opportunity. (Witherick , 1994:79 and Hornby and
Jones, 1993:102).

2.3. FACTORS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN ETHIOPIA

Migration is a strategy for moving out of poverty that is accessible to the poor in rural Ethiopia.
It is often a risky investment, it has low short term returns, has the potential to end in disaster,
exposes migrants to exploitation, hard work and abuse. However, in many cases it is the only
investment opportunity available, and the only opportunity some of the rural poor have to change
their lives. Many of the participants in this research linked migration to education, and the
comparison illustrates the nature of migration as an investment in human capital. The poverty
and lack of opportunity that accessing and completing education is extremely difficult and has
high opportunity costs for rural households. It is a major investment for a poor household to send

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all their children to school, which requires considerable sacrifice. It is also an investment that
often does not pay off. …

Despite levels of decisions, studies conducted on migration agree that there are important factors
that would lead to migration decisions. The type of people migrating and levels of decisions
made, the reviewed literatures so far showed that ruralurban migration has push and pull factors
although the extent could differ contextually. The Ethiopian rural areas have been experiencing a
lot of problems pushing their residents towards migration. Although population pressure and
food insecurity have been increasingly becoming obvious push factors, lack of access to farm
land is the major problem, which force most people to leave their areas (Abate, 1989, cited in
Ezra and Kirso, 2001:750).

Environmental degradation, lower agricultural productivity, inadequate social services,

demographic pressure, land shortages in rural areas were identified as the major push factors of
migration (Kebede, 1991; Sileshi, 1978; Befekadu, 1978). Similarly Markos and Gebre-
Egziabher (2001) state that, population pressure, famine, poverty, land scarcity and lack of
agricultural resources push the rural people to the urban areas of Ethiopia. …

2.4 Empirical Studies on Causes and Consequences of Rural Urban Migration in Ethiopia
2.4.1 Causes of Rural-Urban Migration in Ethiopia
Available studies indicated that rural-urban migration in Ethiopia is a suitable mechanism to
improve own and families’ living standards and to relax land constraints in the rural areas
(Brauw and Mueller, 2011:3). Most of the studies agree that the Ethiopian rural areas are
characterized by weak socio-economic conditions, unreliable weather for agricultural activities,
poor infrastructure and environmental degradation (Demeke and Regassa, 1996, cited in Ezra
and Kiros, 2001:752 and Brauw and Mueller, 2011:6).

According to Feleke (2005), in the four Kolfe (one of Addis Ababa's sub-cities) migrants in
theses urban neighborhoods have revealed rural poverty as their initial and main reasons for the
migration of male migrants notably from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region
(SNNPR), Amhara, Oromiya, and, to some extent, from Tigray. Like the case of Shashemene,
the main push factors are rural vulnerability and lack of assets expressed in the form of
diminishing farmland sizes in all their rural localities and shortage of landholdings, lack of rain,
recurrent drought, absence of an effective extension system, limited investment in irrigation

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based agriculture, high population pressure, lack of off-farm employment opportunities, and
imposition of heavy taxes. In addition to this, pull factors for their step migration mentioned by
urban male migrants included increasing construction activities, demand for urban domestic
workers, better pay for service work and the presence of social support from the long term
migrants in Kolfe ( Feleke, 2005).

Among these predictors four of them (namely, household size, educational status, sex, and
ethnicity) are found to have significant relationship with the response variable. Households with
4-6 members are 35.1 percent less likely to migrate because of economic reason compared to the
reference category. Similarly, households with 10+ members are 87.6 percent less likely to
migrate because of economic reasons compared to the reference category. It is also evident from
the table that the odds of migration because of economic reason increase steadily as educational
status of household heads increases. The same table indicates that female migrants are 1.6 times
more likely to migrate because of economic reasons compared to their counterpart male. The
relationship between ethnicity and reasons for migration was found to be significant only for
Amhara migrants (Alemante et al., 2006).

Zewdu and Malek (2010) indicated that rural urban migration in Ethiopia could be triggered by
low income generated in the agriculture sector and need to diversify activities in other sectors.
However, the majority of cases in Ethiopia show that the poor have more inclination for
migration than the rich. Unlike experiences in other countries, with diminishing income
opportunities, the poor tend to migrate than the rural rich in Ethiopia (De Haan et al, 2000, cited
in Zewdu and Malek, 2010:15). Hence, the nature of the factors would happen to be more of
problem driven.

A study conducted on seasonal migration in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia (Gete et al., 2008b)
showed that the young and single men tend to migrate seasonally because they do not have land
to work on and means of subsistence to establish their own livelihood. Land policy and other
related political decisions may force subsistent farmers to tie themselves with a piece of land and
avoid being away. Nevertheless, with the new generation remaining landless and land
fragmentation reaching to an unaffordable level, migration to urban areas is something that every
desperate rural residents would like to embark on. In the mentioned study, in the Amhara
Region, 55 percent of the respondents who are young and single migrate seasonally (ibid).

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Similarly, Mesfine (1986) and Betemariam and White (1999) also witnessed that landlessness,
agricultural policy, population pressure, recurrent drought and famine, war and political crisis
were the major factors responsible for mobility and they also stated that the difficulty of locating
all the various factors causing rural exodus.

There is evidence that small plot of farmlands, which are inadequate to support a family, are a
driver of migration (World Bank, 2010). Gibson and Gumru (2012) report that a development
initiative providing water taps in villages in Ethiopia led to lower mortality rates and higher
fertility. The resulting competition between male siblings for land led to higher rates of
migration in the villages that had taps than those that did not. For women and girls, there is
evidence that early marriage and sexual abuse are drivers of migration (World Bank, 2010).
Nevertheless, migration rates in Ethiopia are relatively low. Migration is mainly to nearby towns,
and for the purpose of employment (de Brauw et al. 2013a; World Bank, 2010). Low rates of
migration may be linked to land ownership policies in Ethiopia. All land is owned and allocated
by the government and households maintain the right to farm it through continuous residence and
use of the land, this mitigates against migration (de Brauw and Mueller, 2012).

The review document revealed that the significant cause of migration is lack of land ownership
in rural areas. Therefore, it is an indicator that to develop policies and strategies which include
engaging rural youth in non-farm activities and establish different income generating activities
by providing loan and extension service for the rural people.

Tesfaye (2009) also state that in rural Ethiopia, migration of labor is a common practice by the
rural people during the slack farming season so as to supplement their income. This type of
migration is undertaken even in normal times so as to diversify household livelihood portfolio
and as a copping strategy in poor farming periods.

Zewdu and Malek (2010) argue that improved agricultural productivity could facilitate rural-
urban migration with growing non-farm activities. This assumption seems to show increasing
capacity and opportunity with growing agricultural output per person. Those who are able to
hold adequate farming land could strive towards improved productivity by using their available
labor and investing on agricultural inputs. Again investing on non-farm activities depends on

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available opportunities in rural areas. This idea seems to contradict with a theory revealing that
rural-urban migration improves productivity per person because of increasing or not diminishing
holding sizes. Abdurahaman (1987) in his study indicated that the main reasons for internal
migration in Ethiopia are regional inequality of development and income; existence of
population pressure; low agricultural productivity; attraction of towns; ethnic violence and other
similar reasons. Although “push” factors predominate, there are some significant “pull” factors
that attract rural people to urban areas such as education, health services, security, better job,
advancement opportunities and other urban amenities (Birru, 1997; Befekadu, 1978).The
presence of relatives and friends as well as the flow of information between origin and
destination has been also identified as among the most important factors and key influences on
the pattern of migration (Beyene, 1985; Bjeren 1985; Worku, 1995). Worku (1995) in the case of
Gurage migration states that migrants from some areas migrate not necessarily because they are
among the poorest but groups can develop a tradition of migration, once certain patterns of
migration exist. He argues that Gurage’s engagement in selfemployed occupation such as petty
trade, and settlement on the permanent basis in urban areas provided a strong source of attraction
for further Gurage urban migration. A study conducted in Ethiopia, in selected kebeles of
Shashemene (Juron, 1985) indicated that the major reasons for in-migration are of two types:
Economic reasons:- individuals are migrating to get a job, transferred by the government and
trading; Social reasons:- migrants were brought to town by relatives, divorced, or married
someone in town and the like. Apart from economic reasons, social and cultural factors play an
important role in rural-urban migration. People with better-off in their income could migrate to
urban centers to get a better social infrastructure (education, health) driven by urban amenities,
urban culture and lifestyle. In urban areas, there is a better access to information, modern
technologies and modern way of thinking. The significant outflow of workers and inflow of
remittances, as well as the continuous exchange of goods, ideas and cultural values, have
changed the rural landscape economically, socially and demographically (IFAD, 2007; Mendola,
2006). According to (Alemante et al., 2006) indicated that women are increasingly migrating to
urban areas in search of job opportunities and better life. Some of the women are taking
migrations as the only way out from the marriage arrangement as a result of harmful traditional
practices such as early marriage, abduction and unhealthy relationship in the family. In most
cases the intended pull factor might not actually be reachable due to the poor skills and the

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overall negative attitudes of the community towards women. As a result, women who migrated
from rural areas are forced to be engaged in activities such as housemaid, domestic works and
other low paying and risky activities which ultimately expose them to various abuses such as
sexual harassment, labor exploitation, rape, unwanted pregnancy, physical abuse and the like. On
the other hand, how the prospective migrants perceive living conditions in destination areas may
have a decisive influence on migration. Migrants are attracted to towns by the favorable attitudes
they have regarding city living.

2.4.2 CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN ETHIOPIA

The effects of migration are viewed from two directions. On one hand migration causes
excessive urbanization, unemployment, income inequalities, ecological stress and population
mal-distribution whereas on the other hand migration is a necessary part of economic growth,
equilibrating tendencies, facilitating industrialization, improving income distribution and
introducing technological change in agriculture, and generalize that migration is the human right
ensuring choosing one's destination to improve welfare and economic benefit. The effects of the
movements from an area of origin to areas of final or temporal destination have been well
documented in literature such as Anarfi et al (2003),Nabila (1974), Mahama et al. (2012) to
mention a few. The consequences of migration are numerous in the urban areas among which
overcrowding and congestion, strain on urban social services rising food costs, worsening air and
water quality and increasing violence, prostitution and diseases are important. Alemante et al.,
(2006) found in their study, (42.8 percent) male migrants than female migrants (31.5 percent)
have reported to be suffering from serious food insecurity or insufficiency. The Chi-square result
has also shows significant association between the sex of the migrant and vulnerability to food
insecurity at the place of destination (P-value of 0.002). Migration puts pressure on schools,
health services, and food items prices to rise. As economic conditions of urban centers worsen, a
growing number of people shift from employment in the formal sector to work in the informal
labor market. Employment in the informal sector is less secure, and incomes are lower than
formal sector. Within the informal sectors, the urban poor work in variety of jobs, such as, as
street venders, petty traders, taxi drivers and in other small transport, in personal services such as
shoe shiners, in security services such as night watchmen, car parking attendants, janitorial
services, and also begging and commercial sex workers. These diverse activities share the

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common thread of low status, low wages, long hours, and often dangerous and insecure working
conditions. Homelessness among migrants was reported to be one of the most serious reported
problems. It is observed that 57.4 percent of males and 53.1 percent of females have reported to
face homelessness. Further, 40.9 percent of males and 45.8 percent of females are reported to
feel that they have experienced unequal opportunities in every aspect of life. It is also apparent to
note that some respondents (5.2% of males and 12.1 percent females) have reported to encounter
repeated social crises such as steetism and prostitution at the place of destination (Alemante et
al., 2006). The economic activities of the rural area are mainly agricultural in nature, which are
performed manually with application of traditional technology and labour intensive in nature.
Since rural-urban migration is selective of certain characteristics, it affects the composition of the
population in…..

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction

In this part the researcher tried to mention the research methodology- including the research
design, data collection techniques and tools and analysis methods which have been used to carry
out this research and they are listed and discussed briefly below.

,,,,

3.2 Research Design ,,,,

This was cross sectional community based study comprised of both triangulated quantitative and
qualitative design. This helps to understand the social world through an examination of the
interpretation of that world by its participants and hence, in this study, it is employed to gain a
better understanding about the causes and conseqeunces of rural-urban migration.

3.3 Source of Data

The data for this study was obtained from DebreBerhanTown. The study area was purposively
selected since it is largest proximal city in Southern Ethiopia, where the large rural urban
migration problem is witnessed from drought prone areas. is the one of the 3 Sub-cities in
DebreBerhantown administration. Among 9kebeles those exist in MinilikSubcity; two kebeles

14
namely 09 and 04 were purposively selected depending on secondary information sources from
central statistical agency in DebreBerhantown, where most rural urban migration is evident.

3.4 Sampling techniques ,,,

With a confidence level of 90% the sample size of 95 target respondents were calculated by
using population proportion to size (PPS), among them 26 and 24 migrants were selected from
01 and 02 kebele administrations in respectively. The random sampling was used as an
appropriate technique because it avoids bias of representative and all people in the population
have an equal chance of being selected. The other is within the study population at a time of
study there may be some households who are not present at that area to give response in addition
random sampling is helpful in timely performing the study.

Cochran s formula: N/1+N*(e) 2

Where N= number of target population, e = margin of error at 10%., n = sample size

By using formula: Cochran s Sample size determination formulas

N=1820/1+1820*(10%) 2

1+ (N*e2) = 95. Therefore sample size of the two kebeles is 95, but due to time and budget
constraints the researcher reduced the sample size to 50 from two k respective kebeles.

Table 1. Total migrant and sample size

Kebele Migrant Sample

01 940 26

02 880 24

Total 1820 50

Source: Own Survey 2019

Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected from primary and secondary source
to identify important factors that affect rural-urban migration. Quantitative primary data was
collected by using migrant survey. Qualitative primary data was collected using key informants

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where elderly and knowledgeable people about the area were asked on various issues relevant to
study. On the other hand, secondary data was obtained from published and unpublished sources.

3.5 Method of data collection

The researcher used informal survey to collect background information that was useful for
subsequent survey. Then formal survey was conducted to analyze the cause and effects of rural
urban migration on the study area by using questionnaire, interview and focus group discussion.
Questionnaires were prepared to obtain quantitative data from the respondents. The interview
was also helped to gather necessary information through asking questions and writing down the
response of the respondents which build research purpose. It was proposed to those people that
were selected as a sample. On the other hand, focus group discussion was used by the researcher
to obtain qualitative data. FGD allows for a dialogue among participants and stimulates them to
openly express their views on the issues raised. The researcher personal observation and
experience of the study was helped him to understand the consequences of rural urban in the
study area.
The quantitative data acquired through close-ended questionnaire items was organized and
displayed in tables to be analyzed quantitatively through the application of statistical techniques
of percentage and frequencies. While the qualitative data obtained and elicited through open-
ended questionnaire items were obtained from Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and key
informants were analyzed through narration and qualitative descriptions.

4. ACTION PLAN
Table 1; The activities and the time frame when they are performed in the study.
NO Activities Time frame
_
Mar Apr May June Jul Aus Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 Preliminary survey  

2 Literature review 
3 Proposal preparation   
4 Submission of proposal 
and proposal defense

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 5 Collection of relevant data   

6 Data analysis and 

interpretations of the result
7 First draft report 
submission
8 Editing the thesis 

9 Final research 
submission
10 Presentation & Defense 

5. RESEARCH BUDGET BREAK DOWN

The material and financial requirements of the proposed research work are summarized as follow
in the table below. It would be noted that the monetary unit cost of Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and it
assigned by estimation. Therefore, according to the availability of resources and market, the
grand total cost may be higher or lower than the stated.

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5.1. Cost break-down for purchasing stationary materials
Table 1 List of all necessary stationary materials’ cost
NO_ Items Quantities Measurement Unit cost Sub-total
(ETB) cost( ETB)
1 Note book 1 Number 100 100
2 Pen 1 Baco 400 400
3 Flash memory 1 64GB 500 500
4 RW-CD 2 Number 35 70
5 GPS 1 Number 6000 6000
6 Digital photographic 1 Pieces 4000 4000
Camera
7 GPS 1 Number 400 400

8 Recording tape 3 Number 100 300

9 Paper 1 Ream 500 500
10 Thesis binder 5 Number 40 200
Subtotal=12470
5.2. Cost Break-Down for Printing
Table 2The list of the printing materials’ cost
NO_ Items’ Quantity No. of copies Unit cost(ETB) Sub-total
Needed per page cost(ETB)
1 Draft normal print 100 pages 3 2 600
2 Draft Colored print 20pages 3 10 600
3 Final colored print 20 pages 3 10 600
4 Final normal print 100 pages 3 2 600

Sub total=2400

5.3. Cost Break-Down for Observational Study

Table 3The list of all observational study cost

NO Required Required Number of Unit cost Total price

number days (CBE) (CBE)
Resources

1 Advisor 2 4 300 2400

2 Researcher 1 5 250 1250

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 3 Guidance 1 10 150 1500

4 Discussers 1o 2 30.25 605

Sub total Cost=5755

5.5. Cost Summary

Table 4. The cost Summary of the proposedwork
NO_ Cost type Sub-total cost(ETB)
1 Cost for stationery material purchase 12470
2 Cost of printing materials 2400
3 Observational study cost 5750
Grand total Cost= 12000 birr

General comment

1. In all the process of your research you must follow rules like font size is 12, font times
new roman,
2. Finally you must develop your questioner based on your objective and you will continue
to conduct your research.

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