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D-Block in One Page

1. Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states due to their ability to gain or lose electrons from their incompletely filled d orbitals. Manganese has the largest range of possible oxidation states from +2 to +7. 2. Chromium forms more stable d3 configuration when reduced from Cr2+ to Cr3+, making Cr2+ a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+ which forms less stable d5 configuration. 3. Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid contraction because the 5f electrons in actinoids provide poorer shielding between elements compared to 4f electrons in lanthanoids.

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34 views

D-Block in One Page

1. Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states due to their ability to gain or lose electrons from their incompletely filled d orbitals. Manganese has the largest range of possible oxidation states from +2 to +7. 2. Chromium forms more stable d3 configuration when reduced from Cr2+ to Cr3+, making Cr2+ a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+ which forms less stable d5 configuration. 3. Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid contraction because the 5f electrons in actinoids provide poorer shielding between elements compared to 4f electrons in lanthanoids.

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shankaranand200517
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© © All Rights Reserved
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The d & f-Block Elements

Scandium (Z = 21) is a transition Incompletely filled 3d orbitals in case of scandium


element but Zinc (Z = 30) is not? Zn & Zn2+ have completely filled d orbitals (3d10)
Ag (4d10) but it is a transition Ag has +2 oxidation state having incompletely filled d-
element? orbital
Transition elements exhibit higher Because of large number of unpaired electrons in their
enthalpies of atomisation? atoms they have stronger interatomic interaction
Enthalpy of atomization of zinc is In the formation of metallic bonds, no electrons from
low 3d-orbitals are involved in case of zinc(3d10)
Having no variable oxidation states. Scandium (Z = 21)
Largest number of oxidation states. Mn(+2 to +7) Because it has largest number of unpaired
electrons
Why is Cr2+ reducing and Mn3+ Cr2+ changes from d4 to d3(stable).On the other hand, the
oxidising when both have d4 change from Mn2+ to Mn3+ results in the half-filled (d5)
configuration.
The E0(M2+/M) value for copper is Due to its high ΔaH0 and low ΔhydH0)
+ve
Oxidising power:VO2+ < Cr2O72– < This is due to the increasing stability of the lower
MnO4– species
Account for the irregular variation of Due to varying degree of stability of different 3d-
IE configurations
The E0 (M2+/M) values are not Due to the irregular variation of IE , sublimation
regular enthalpies
E0 of Mn3+/Mn2+ is more positive Much larger third IE of Mn (where the required change
than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ or Fe3+/Fe2+? is d5 to d4) is mainly responsible for this.
Explain.
Highest oxidation state of a metal Small size and high electronegativity O or F can oxidise
exhibited in its oxide or fluoride the metal to its highest oxidation state.
Which is a stronger reducing agent Cr2+ is stronger reducing agent than Fe2+
Cr2+ or Fe2+ and why ? Reason: d4 → d3 occurs in case of Cr2+ to Cr3+, d3 is
stable
But d6 → d5 occurs in case of Fe2+ to Fe3+
Magnetic moment of a divalent ion d5 Configuration (five unpaired electrons). The magnetic
in aqueous solution if its atomic moment, μ is μ = √5(5+2) = 5.92BM
number is 25.
Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic M2+ (aq) ion (Z = 27)  d7  3 unpaired electrons
moment of M2+ (aq) ion (Z = 27). μ = √3(3+2) = 3.87BM
What is meant by When a particular oxidation state becomes less stable
‘disproportionation’ of an oxidation relative to other oxidation states, one lower, one higher,
state? Give an example. it is said to undergo disproportionation. For example,
Mn (VI) becomes unstable relative to Mn(VII) and Mn
(IV) in acidic solution.
3 MnO4 2– + 4 H+ → 2 MnO4- + MnO2 + 2H2O
Explain why Cu+ ion is not stable in Cu+ in aqueous solution undergoes disproportionation,
aqueous solutions? 2Cu+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) The E0 is favourable for
this
Lanthanoids to exhibit +4 oxidation Cerium (Z = 58)
state.
Actinoid contraction is greater than 5f electrons themselves provide poor shielding from
lanthanoid contraction. Why? element to
element in the actinoid series.
Mn2+ more stable than Fe2+ It is because Mn2+ has 3d5 configuration which is
stability.
Stable oxidation state for : 3d3, 3d5, 3d3 (V): (+2), +3, +4, and +5 ; 3d5 (Cr): +3, +4, +6
3d8 and 3d4? 3d5 (Mn): +2, +4, +6, +7 ; 3d8 (Co): +2, +3 (in
complexes)
3d4 There is no d4 configuration in the ground state.
Oxometal anions in which the metal Vanadate VO3−, Chromate Cr2O4− ,
exhibits the oxidation state equal to Permanganate MnO4−
its group number.
What is lanthanoid contraction? Gradual decrease of atomic radii form La to Lu
What are the consequences of Consequences : similar properties of 2nd and 3rd rows
lanthanoid contraction? transition elements

In what way is the electronic In transition elements the last electron goes into
configuration of the transition penultimate shell
elements different
from that of the non transition
elements?

Oxidation states of the lanthanoids? +3 is the common oxidation lso +3, oxidation states +2
and +4
Transition metals are paramagnetic For having unpaired electrons
Enthalpies of atomisation of the Due to strong metallic bonding
transition metals are high.

Transition metal form coloured Due to incompletely filled d-orbital there is d-d electron
compounds transition
Transition metals and their many Because they can adopt variable oxidation states to form
compounds act as good catalyst. different intermediate
How is the variability in oxidation In transition elements the oxidation states vary by one
states of transition metals different For example, for Mn it may vary as +2, +3, +4, +5, +6,
from +7.
that of the non transition metals? In the nontransition elements the variation is selective,
Illustrate with examples. always differing by 2, e.g. +2, +4, or +3, +5 or +4, +6
etc.
Which of the following will be Except Sc3+, all others will be coloured due to
coloured Ti3+,V3+,Cu+,Sc3+,Mn2+, Fe3+ incompletely filled 3d-orbitals, will give rise to d-d
& Co2+. transitions.
Of the d4 species, Cr2+ is reducing Cr2+ is reducing as it change from d4 to d3, the latter is
while Mn(III) is strongly oxidising. more stable Mn(III) to Mn(II) is from 3d4 to 3d5 again
3d5 is stable
Co(II) is stable in aq sol but in the Due to CFSE, which more than compensates the 3rd IE.
presence of complexing reagents it
easily oxidised.
The d1 configuration is unstable in The hydration or lattice energy more than compensates
ions. the ionisation enthalpy involved in removing electron
from d1.
Which transition metal has +1 Cu, because with +1 oxidation state an stable
oxidation state most frequently and configuration, 3d10
why?
Calculate the number of unpaired Unpaired electrons Mn3+ = 4, Cr3+ = 3, V3+ = 2, Ti3+ = 1.
electrons in the following gaseous Most stable Cr3+
ions: Mn3+,
Cr3+, V3+ and Ti3+. Which one of these
is the most stable in aqueous
solution?
The lowest oxide of transition metal In lowest oxidation state ionic bond is formed but in
is basic, the highest is highest oxidation state covalent bond is formed
amphoteric/acidic.

A transition metal exhibits highest O and F are strong oxidizing agents and can excite
oxidation state in oxides electrons
and fluorides.

The highest oxidation state is Oxygen is strong oxidizing agent


exhibited in oxoanions of a metal.

Which is the last element in the Lawrencium(103)


series of the actinoids? Write the
electronic 5f 146d17s2
configuration of this element.
Comment on the possible oxidation +3
state of
this element.

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