The graph shows how many people were employed in the Australian mining industry

from 1900 to 1990.

Introduction:
This line graph illustrates the number of employees in thousands in the mining industry in
Australia between 1900 and 1990.
Body:
At the beginning of the century more than 60,000 people were employed in this sector, but by
the end of the first decade this fell to only 40,000.
The number of employees continued to decline throughout the 1920’s and 1930’s, but at a
much lower rate than previously, reaching a low of 30,000 in 1940. This was followed by a
dramatic growth to 50,000 in the next 10 years. However, from 1950 onwards the decline
began again and was marked by a sharp drop at the beginning of the 1960’s after which the
rate of decline slowed. By 1990, only 15,000 people were working in this sector.
Overview:
Overall, it is clear that employment in the Australian mining industry declined significantly
throughout this century, although there was a peak in the number of employees in 1950.

Note that the use of time markers here is very important. They make your answer cohesive,
and they signal each new trend. Remember to vary the time markers you use. For example in
the sample answer for Australian mining industry employees the time markers used are: at the
beginning of the century, by the end of the first decade, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, this
was followed by, from 1950 onwards, at the beginning of the 1960s, by 1990.
The table shows total enrolments of students in language schools in Australia in 1996, 1997 and
1998.

Throughout this period, by far the largest number of students came from Asia. However, the
number of Asian students declined from 64 841 in 1996 to 43,220 in 1998, a decrease of
around 30%. Similarly, there was a fall in the number of European students from 6,695 in
1996 to 4 378 in 1998. It is, however, interesting to note that this number peaked at 8
012 in 1997 before almost halving the next year.
In contrast, the number of Central and South American and African students rose, although
they still made up an insignificant proportion of the overall total.
The pie charts illustrate the energy use and corresponding greenhouse gas emissions in
Australia. Units are measured in per cent.

Overall, there is a significant difference between percentage of energy use and gas emission, as
each sector except for heating shows that energy consumption is less than gas emission./
produces more gas emission

In terms of heating, this segment consumes 42% of energy that triples the amount of gas
emission it produces. In contrast, other appliances use energy almost two times less than they
produce gas (15% for use and 28% for produce). Refrigeration (7% to 14%) and lighting (4% to
8%) sectors follow the same pattern.

Analysing energy consumption, it is notable that the heating sectors occupy around two thirds
of overall amount of energy (72% in sum). Whereas, lightening and cooling number the minor
per cent (4% and 2%, correspondingly). Looking closer at the gas emission chart, these sectors
remain the smallest producing 8% and 3%, respectively. Being the largest sectors on this chart,
water heating and other appliances both number 60% exactly of gas emission.
This bar graph indicates the percentage of people in a city in Europe who took four different
kinds of transport, to get to and from their job in 1950, 1970 and 1990.
Overall, by 1990 the use of cars to travel to and from work increased dramatically, while the
popularity of other forms of transport declined.
In 1950, only about 5% of travelers used a car going to and from work, to over 35% in 40
years, which means that the car usage level increased by 7 times, in total. On the other hand,
there was a dramatic decrease in the number of people travelling on foot. In 1950, it was the
most common mean of transport with more than one in three people walking to and from work,
but this fell to around 20% in 1970 and to a very low 5% in 1990. Therefore, the popularity of
this mode of transport introduced a sevenfold change, as well, but in the opposite direction.
Similarly, travelling by bike declined dramatically in this period from approximately 26% in
1950 to around 4% in 1990. Regarding bus travel, the trend was quite different. The popularity
of the bus first increased from around 20% to 25%, and then declined to about the same level
in 1990 as in 1950 (about 18%).
These two pie charts compare how the percentage of the labour force was distributed in 1932
and 1992 in Great Britain.

Overall, despite the decline in several sectors, unemployment decreased significantly

throughout the period of 60 years. The major changes in the workforce distribution were
introduced by Services and Industry segments.
In 1932, 25% of the workforce were unemployed, which declined by 2,5 in 60 years,
accounting for 10%. Hence, the percentage of workers increased in several sectors, such as
Government with fivefold growth (from 3% to 15%) and Services which introduced the greatest
rise from 15% in 1932 to 52% in 1992.
On the other hand, the industrial sector being a job with the largest percentage of workers in
1932 (45%) showed a dramatic decline with only 15% share in 1992 equaling to the
Government sectors, which once was 15 times less. Agriculture and fishing also went down in
the total workforce distribution in that time period (from 12% to 8%), becoming the smallest
labour force sector by 1992.
The table and graph below give information about the amount of money spent on
political campaigns in Australia.

The table indicates how much money was spent in AUS$ billions on political campaigns in 4
different States in Australia from 1999 to 2002, while the bar graph shows the amount spent in
all of Australia in this period.

New South Wales and Victoria spent more on campaigns than Queensland or Tasmania. In New
South Wales, this amount increased each year from 18 billion in 1999 to 27 billion in 2002.
Similarly, Victorian spending rose, but not as dramatically, from 16 to 21 billion. Spending in
Queensland and Tasmania increased also, but only slightly, from 11 to 14 billion for the former,
and 5 to 7 billion for the latter.

With regard to all of Australia, there was a slight increase in spending between 1999 and 2000
from approximately 58 billion dollars to about 62 billion dollars. This amount jumped to nearly
82 billion in 2001 and finished at a high of almost 84 billion in 2002.

In summary, it is clear that although there was only a slight increase in spending on political
campaigns in some Australian States during this period, there was a significant increase in
Australia overall.
Below is a map of the town of Bellingham whose population increased considerably between
1950 and 1990.

The map illustrates the development of the town of Bellingham between 1950 and 1990. This
expansion occurred because of a steady increase in population during that time.
Overall, forty years of reconstruction of Bellingham had led to a massive extension of the town
and brought variety to its infrastructure with different kinds of facilities and accommodation
development.
Between 1950 and 1965, the town of Bellingham was comparatively small, and at this time,
was accessible only by major roads. After 1965 however, a railway line was introduced and
the town doubled in size. In the late 1960s a school was established close to the railway
station.
Further development occurred alongside the railway line and one of the major roads between
1975 and 1984. In 1985, a freeway was built and between 1985 and 1990 the town of
Bellingham grew dramatically due to government assisted housing development alongside the
freeway, railway line and major roads. By 1990, the size of Bellingham had increased
considerably and included medical, educational and recreational facilities, as well as more
transport facilities.
The piture of a cassette player illustrates how it should be used to play or record sound such
as music or speech.
Overall, a cassette player consists of several parts: a cassette deck, various types of control
buttons, a counter, a built-in microphone, and a plug.
In order to use a cassette player, first insert the plug into the power point and switch it on.
Next, press the eject button to open the cassette deck. Insert the cassette and close the
cover. To play the cassette, use the control buttons located at the front of the cassette player.
These buttons can be used to play, fast forward, rewind or stop the cassette. Also, the volume
can be varied using the volume control, located at the right-hand side of the cassette player.
To record speech or music onto the cassette, press the record button. For the best result,
speak or direct the sound towards the built-in microphone. When you have finished playing or
recording, press the stop button. Then push the eject button and remove the cassette from
the cassette deck.
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be
good news for individuals but it may have negative consequences for our world as a whole.
What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?

Plan

Benefits
2. benefits to jobs and careers
o have more time to achieve success e.g. business people
o gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work e.g. scientists,
doctors, musicians

1. personal benefits
o experience more, see more things
o have more time with the people we love e.g. watch our children grow up

Risks
4. risks to society
o social welfare system may break down e.g. Japan
o not enough natural resources e.g. water

3. health risks
o later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable to deal with extreme
age
o diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis

To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of science
and technology, it might be possible for people to live for one hundred and fifty years in the
near future. However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to do so.
(Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for living a longer life. Firstly, people could
enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles.
They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age.
(Personal benefits) In addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer lives,
especially scientists and other valuable members of society. For example, if Edison had lived
longer, he might have invented more things for us or Mozart might have produced more
wonderful music. (Benefits to jobs and careers)
Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived for one hundred and fifty
years. Firstly, people might be unhealthy in their later years because their body organs are
unable to deal with extreme age. Additionally, more people may suffer from painful diseases
such as arthritis. (Health risks) Another factor is that an increasing older population would
cause many problems for society. For example, it would place a lot of pressure on the social
welfare system, a situation already developing in countries. (Risks to society)
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty
years far outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative
one for our society. (Conclusion)
Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Do you agree?

Plan

Defending teenage criminals

 negative influences e.g. drugs, alcohol, computer games

 under pressure e.g. parents, school
 don’t think about their actions/consequences.

Alternative punishment

 jail harms their future e.g. return to crime after jail

 lesser punishment e.g. community service
 help them understand wrong behaviour e.g. rehabilitation

The teenage years can be a wonderful yet difficult time in the lives of young people. Those
teenagers who break the law during their teenage years need to be treated differently due to
their age. This essay will argue for special treatment of teenage offenders. Some teenagers act
impulsively and commit offences which they later regret. (Introduction)

The most important consideration is that teenagers are young people with their entire lives
before them. Therefore, they need to be treated differently to adult offenders, who may have
been criminals for some time. Crimes committed by teenagers may not have been intentional
and may have resulted from negative influences, such as poor parenting, drugs and alcohol or
even from playing violent video games. Additionally, young people may be under enormous
pressure to do well at school. As a result, many teenagers are stressed and may commit crimes
without thinking fully about their actions or the consequences. (Defending teenage criminals)

Finally, any harsh punishment such as sending teenage criminals to jail, could damage their
future opportunities. For example, if they are unable to find work once they have left jail, they
may return to a life of crime to survive. Therefore, we should give them the chance to
understand the effects of their wrong behaviour by treating them with lesser punishment such as
community service or rehabilitation classes to learn more about right and wrong
behaviour. (Alternative punishment)

In conclusion, I strongly believe that we should treat teenage offenders differently from adult
criminals. By doing this we can ensure that they do not remain criminals for life. (Conclusion)
The benefits of computers in modern society far outweigh the disadvantages.
Discuss.

Plan

Advantages

 machines can do difficult and dangerous work e.g. car assembly factories
 can help scientists by processing data very quickly
 help to develop modern technology e.g. people can now go to the moon
 make our lives easier e.g. people can go shopping/book tickets without leaving
their house

Disadvantages

 computers used to steal personal information e.g. bank account details

 material can’t be controlled on the Internet e.g. pornography
 less jobs available - more computers used in factories, therefore less workers needed

Our brainstormed ideas have been ranked in order of importance. However, remember that
ranking depends on your personal choice.

Below is a basic outline of this plan.

Advantages

 can do difficult and dangerous work e.g. build cars

 processing data quickly
 assist modern technology e.g. travel to the moon
 easier life e.g. internet for shopping, buying tickets

Disadvantages

 easy to steal personal information e.g. bank account numbers

 no control e.g. pornography
 take jobs away from people
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some
countries. Those who practise traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in
maintaining and improving health.
To what extent do you agree with this viewpoint?
Plan

AGREE

 traditional medicine uses natural products e.g. herbs and other plants - modern
medicine uses artificial drugs
 traditional medicine looks at mind and body e.g. lifestyle and overall health - modern
medicine only cures diseases
 traditional medicine used for thousands of years e.g. in China - modern medicine still
recent and long-term effects are unknown

Agree

 TM - natural e.g. herbs & other plants

MM - artificial drugs
 TM - treats mind/body e.g. lifestyle, overall health
MM - only cures diseases
 TM - thousands of years e.g. China
MM - recent, long-term effects unknown

Our example plan for DISAGREE.

DISAGREE

 Modern medicine is fast and effective e.g. drugs are designed to treat the problem
immediately - traditional medicine is slow and does not work for everyone
 Modern medicine is constantly being developed and improved e.g. research to find a
cure for cancer or AIDS - traditional medicine only uses old knowledge and techniques
 Modern medicine strictly controlled to ensure high standards/quality - traditional
medicine does not e.g. recent media reports that some herbal medicine is
ineffective

Disagree

 MM - fast, effective e.g. drugs work immediately

TM - slow, unreliable e.g. doesn’t work for everybody
 MM - constant developments, improvements e.g. Cancer/AIDS research
TM - uses only old knowledge
 MM - high standards, quality
TM - doubts about quality e.g. media reports about ineffective herbal medicine