Chemical Coordination and Integration

Chemical Coordination and
Integration
INTRODUCTION ○○ Amino acid derivatives: These are relatively
yy For control and coordination in higher animals, Definition small molecules that are derived from Rack Your Brain
besides nervous system, there is Endocrine amino acids, tyrosine and tryptophan.
Gland: A cell or an aggregation Hormones may be …………,
System. When a hormone is derived from an amino
of cells specialized to secrete or ………… and ………… derivatives.
yy Endocrine system consists of endocrine glands acid its name ends with ‘-ine’. For example,
excrete materials.
which secrete their secretions directly in the epinephrine and norepinephrine.
blood stream, unlike exocrine glands which have ○○ Lipid derived hormones: These are derived
ducts to deliver their secretion. from cholesterol. Chemically the hormones are Gray Matter Alert!!!
yy Thus, endocrine glands are ductless glands which either ketones or alcohols and their chemical
secrete hormones. Hormones are informational names end with ‘-ol’ for alcohols or ‘-one’ for Secretin was the first hormone
molecules which are secreted in response to ketones. For example, estradiol (estrogen), discovered by Bayliss and
changes in the environment inside or outside the testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol, etc. Starling in 1903.
body. Rack Your Brain
yy There is a considerable coordination between
Note: Steroids are lipid soluble hormones so
nerves and hormones. Synthesis and release of Who called hormones as Previous Year’s Question
can easily pass through the plasma membrane
hormones are regulated by nerves, hormones chemical messengers? while peptide or amino acid hormones are
may also influence nerve activities. Which pair is tryrosine
water soluble so cannot pass through the
derivatives?
plasma membrane therefore, their receptors
HORMONES (1) Calcitonin and insulin
are found on the cell membranes.
yy These are the non-nutrient chemicals (chemical (2) FSH and GH
messengers) produced by the endocrine glands, (3) Thyroxine and adrenaline
transported via blood to the distantly located (4) Insulin and glucagon
target organs. Difference between Hormones and Enzymes
Definition
yy These are messengers, required for regulating
Hormones Enzymes
different metabolic and physiological functions Hormones: These are chemicals
which help in maintaining homeostasis in the which act as intercellular
body. messengers and are produced Hormones may or may not contain
Enzymes invariably contain proteins
yy Some of the hormones also control the production in minute amounts by the proteins. These are either amino
(few exceptions are there i.e
of other hormones by the various endocrine endocrine glands. acids, peptides, proteins, phenolic
ribozyme).
compounds or steroids.
glands (like hormones secreted by hypothalamus
Chemical Coordination and Integration

and pituitary body).
These have low molecular weight. These have high molecular weight.
Types of Hormones
yy On the basis of chemical nature hormones are of
three types- These are carried via blood to the These are used either locally or reach
○○ Peptide or proteins hormones: These are target tissues. the target organ by ducts of the glands.
made up of short polypeptide chain, small
Gray Matter Alert!!!
proteins or large glycoproteins. For example,
antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, growth These are diffusible through cell These are non-diffusible through the
The term hormone was
hormone, insulin and follicle stimulating membrane. cell membrane.
introduced by Starling in 1905.
hormone.
1. 2.
The Cell Nucleus
Hormones Enzymes yy Certain hormones are able to control the activity Definition
of specific genes and thus regulate the enzyme
Endocrine glands: The glands
These are synthesised by the endocrine These are produced by exocrine content.
which do not have ducts and
glands. glands. pour their secretions directly
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
into the blood for transport to
yy The following endocrine glands are present in the
the target tissues or organs.
These are not catalysts and after human body:
These are catalysts so at the end of
participating in specific biochemical ○○ Hypothalamus
the biochemical reaction remains
reactions their chemical composition ○○ Pituitary
unchanged.
changes. ○○ The pineal body
Definition
○○ The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
○○ The adrenal glands Endocrine system: All hormone
These are used up during the These are not used up during the
○○ The thyroid secreting endocrine glands and
biochemical reactions. biochemical reactions.
○○ The thymus cells constitute endocrine system.
○○ Certain cells near the glomerular region
These are either excitatory or inhibitory These accelerate the rate of
in their actions. biochemical reaction.
Biochemical reactions controlled by Biochemical reactions controlled by

hormones are irreversible. enzymes are irreversible.
SITES FOR HORMONE ACTION

Three sites of action for hormones can be
postulated. Previous Year’s Question
The Cell Membrane A molecule acting as ‘second

yy By altering permeability or active transport messenger’ in biological system

mechanisms for a particular molecule. For is
example, increase in glucose uptake by the target (1) c- RNA
organs of TSH and LH. (2) c-AMP
yy By activation of some membrane bound enzyme (3) t-RNA
system which can then produce an intra-cellular (4) hn- RNA
metabolic controller.
Pre-Existing Intracellular Enzyme System Gray Matter Alert!!!

yy Hormones may activate or inhibit specific
enzyme or enzyme systems within the cell. For Father of endocrinology is
example, insulin secreted by pancreatic cells Thomas Addison.
forms complex with hexokinase.
3. 4.
HYPOTHALAMUS (MASTER ENDOCRINE GLAND) yy Some hypothalamic neurons send their axons
yy The hypothalamus is the part of diencephalon through the pituitary stalks to posterior pituitary. Gray Matter Alert!!!
Rack Your Brain
which is found at the base of the brain (floor of These neurons synthesize two hormones called
The posterior pituitary is
the third cerebral ventricle). It is attached with vasopressin and oxytocin which remain stored
Name two hormones that connected with hypothalamus
brain by many nerve tracts. at their axon terminals inside the posterior lobe
are secreted with the help of by neurosecretory neurone with
yy The hypothalamus contains many nuclear of pituitary. These hormones are released when
neurosecretory axons? their terminal called Herring
masses. These masses of grey matter are neurons are properly stimulated.
body.
called Hypothalamic Nuclei. Neurons of the yy Hypothalamus also secretes the hormone
hypothalamic nuclei control pituitary gland. They somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of the
secrete several hormones called neurohormones growth hormone by the anterior pituitary. Rack Your Brain
into the blood called releasing hormones. yy The hypothalamus releasing hormones as
follows: The chemical mediator of nerve
○○ TSH-RH (Thyroid stimulating hormone- impulse on effectral organs are
releasing hormone)- It controls the secretion called _____________.
of thyroid stimulating hormone from the
pituitary gland.
Previous Year’s Question
○○ ACTH-RH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone-
releasing hormone)-It regulates the release What is true about
of adrenocorticotropic hormone. neurohypophysis?
○○ FSH-RH (Follicle stimulating hormone- (1) Stores hormones produced
releasing hormones)- It controls the release by adenohypophysis
of follicle stimulating hormone. (2) Functionless in humans
○○ LH-RH (Luteinising hormone-releasing (3) Stores and releases
hormone)- It controls the release of luteinising neurohormones secreted by
hormone. hypothalamus
○○ GH-RH (Growth hormone-releasing (4) Secretes its own hormone
hormone)- It regulates the secretion of growth
hormone of anterior pituitary.
○○ PIF-RH (Prolactin inhibitory factor-releasing
hormone)- It inhibits the secretion of prolactin

from anterior pituitary. Hypothalamus controls the
Hormones Secreted by Hypothalamus production of pituitary hormones
yy The hypothalamus secretes six different releasing Note: Thermoregulatory centre of the body is (1) ACTH (corticotropin), GH
hormones (RH), chemically which are small in hypothalamus. (growth hormone) and ADH
peptide molecules and two more hormones. Which of the following secretes with (vasopressin)
yy These releasing hormones are translocated by the the help of neurosecretory axons? yy Precise signals of hypothalamus are delivered (2) FSH and progesterone
portal vessels to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. (1) Pineal gland to the pituitary gland which in turn releases (3) TSH (thyrotropin) and cortisol
Releasing hormones regulate the synthesis the (2) Adrenal cortex hormones that trigger the other endocrine glands (4) LH (lutenising hormone),
release of six hormones by the anterior pituitary (3) Anterior pituitary to function accordingly. ACTH (corticotropin) and TSH
lobe. (4) Posterior pituitary (thyrotropin)
5. 6.
PITUITARY GLAND yy The hormones of the anterior lobe of pituitary
yy It is a small gland, weighing less than a gram. control all the endocrine glands of the human Pituitary gland is present in a
The pituitary is attached with hypothalamus by a body. saddle-like depression called
stalk called infundibulum. sella turcica (hypophyseal fossa
Note: The anterior lobe consists of two types or Turkish saddle) of sphenoid
of cells- bone of the cranium.
Chromophobes, small cells without affinity for
dyes. Rack Your Brain
Chromophils, large cells which stain readily.
Which gland acts as
accumulation and release centre
Parts of Adenohypophysis of neurohormones?
yy Pars distalis (largest part)
yy Pars tuberalis (smaller than pars distalis)
yy Pars intermedia (poorly developed) Gray Matter Alert!!!
The FSH stimulates both male and

Hormones of the Anterior Lobe
female gametes during puberty so
yy This part of pituitary secretes six hormones which
is also called gametokinetic factor.
are protein hormones.
Hormone Function
Adrenocorticotrophic It acts on the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to produce

hormone (ACTH) cortisol, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones.
Follicle-stimulating It stimulates the development of Graafian follicles in the
hormone (FSH) ovary and the formation of spermatozoa in the testes.
Luteinising Hormone
(LH) or interstitial cell It regulates the secretion of the estrogen and progesterone
yy The pituitary has three lobes viz., anterior lobe stimulating hormone in the ovary and testosterone in the testes.
or adenohypophysis or epithelial hypophysis, the (ICSH)

intermediate lobe and the posterior lobe. It controls the secretion of milk after pregnancy and
yy All lobes of pituitary are derived from ectoderm. Previous Year’s Question
Prolactin maintains the existence of the corpus luteum during
Nonfunctional part of pituitary is pregnancy.
The Anterior Pituitary Lobe or Adenohypophysis
(1) anterior pituitary Thyroid stimulating It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
yy It is compact and highly vascular part of pituitary
(2) pars intermedia hormone (TSH) hormone.
which is 75 per cent of the total pituitary gland.
(3) neurohypophysis
yy It is connected with the hypothalamus by the Growth hormone
(4) pars nervosa It acts directly on the tissues (bones, muscles and viscera,
portal blood vessels called hypophyseal portal (GH) or somatotropic
etc.) of the body and controls the growth of the body.
vessels. hormone (STH)
7. 8.
Note: The FSH and LH hormones are called gonadotrophins (gonadotrophic hormones) as
they influence the gonads (ovaries and testes).
LH causes ovulation in females and maintains corpus luteum if fertilisation occurs.
In males it stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone hormone. In males, LH
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called androgens from testis.
Intermediate lobe
yy Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) is a
polypeptide hormone secreted by intermediate MSH is also known as intermedin
lobe of the pituitary. and is functional on the in cold
yy This hormone controls the colouration of the skin blooded animal to make the skin
in many animals such as fishes and amphibians darker or lighter during camouflage.
e.g., frog MSH stimulates the synthesis of the
black pigment melanin in the skin and also a
dispersal of melanin granules to the processes of
skin cells. In man, it has no such role.
The Posterior Pituitary Lobe or Neurohypophysis Previous Year’s Question

yy It consists of non-medullated nerve fibres,
neuroglia (pituicytes), blood vessels and non- Oxytocin helps in
secretory supporting cells. The nerve fibres come (1) Ovulation
from the hypothalamus. (2) Implantation
yy The secretion of posterior lobe hormone is (3) Lactation
entirely under nervous control. (4) Child birth
yy This part stores the hormones which are released
Abnormal Secretion of Growth Hormone when required.
yy Gigantism: The excessive secretion of GH during
the growth period leads to enormous growth of Parts of Posterior Pituitary

the body. yy Pars nervosa (neural lobe)
yy Infundibular stem
yy Dwarfism (Pituitary Nanism or Ateliosis): Gigantism and acromegaly are
Deficiency of GH during the growth period causes two defects produced due to yy Median eminence
Endocrine glands like anterior and
retarded growth. improper functioning of- middle lobes of pituitary, thyroid,
yy Acromegaly: Hypersecretion of GH during (1) Thyroid, pituitary and thymus Posterior lobe hormones and their Functions
parathyroid, thymus and pancreas
adulthood, body parts start growing (2) Pituitary yy It secretes two protein hormones viz.-Antidiuretic
are endodermal in origin.
disproportionately like hands and feet become (3) Thyroid hormone (ADH), and oxytocin.
large, over-growth of ear lobes, etc. Uncured (4) Thyroid and pituitary
acromegaly can be fatal.
9. 10.
THE THYMUS
Hormone Function yy The thymus is the major lymphoid organ at birth Rack Your Brain
and is endodermal in origin.
Antidiuretic hormone It controls the secretion of urine by the kidney and thus yy It is bilobed in structure. What will happen if thymus remains
(ADH) or Vasopressin regulates the water and electrolyte balance of the body yy It is situated in the chest near to heart. non-functional in an infant?
or Pitressin fluid. yy The thymus is thought to be concerned with the
It helps in the expulsion or ejection of milk from the production of antibodies. It starts shrinking after
Oxytocin hormone puberty and atropies at old age.
breast during lactation. Previous Year’s Question
(Pitocin or birth
It also effects the contraction of the uterus during the
hormone) Hormones of Thymus Function of thymus is-
birth of the child.
yy Thymopoietin (formerly called thymin) and (1) Immunity
thymosin and are the two hormones secreted by (2) Emergency hormone
Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormones (ADH) thymus. (3) Growth
yy Diabetes insipidus, a disorder which is yy Thymopoietin (4) Formation of RBCs
characterised by excretion of large volume of ○○ It helps in the differentiation of thymocytes
hypotonic urine. Diabetes insipidus is caused by
to lymphocytes inside the thymus.
the hyposecretion of-
yy Thymosin Previous Year’s Question
THE PINEAL GLAND (EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI) (1) Thymosin
○○ It stimulates precursor T-lymphocytes to
yy The pineal gland is situated in the mid brain. (2) Vasopressin If thymus gland is removed from
develop into mature T-lymphocytes.
yy Its shape resembles with a pine cone giving it the (3) Insulin the newborn baby, the cells
○○ It helps in the development of sex glands but
name pineal. (4) Oxytocin which will not be formed are
inhibits sexual maturity in early young age.
yy It secretes hormones which contain amino group (1) Monocytes
(not protein) in their molecules and are called THYROID GLAND (2) T-lymphocytes
biogenic amines. yy The thyroid gland is found in the neck region at (3) B-lymphocytes
Gray Matter Alert!!! the base of the larynx (voice box) on the ventral (4) Eosinophils
Hormones of Pineal Gland side.
Endocrine glands like pineal,
yy It secretes the two most important hormones- yy It consists of two lobes, placed one on each side
adrenal medulla (adrenal gland) Rack Your Brain
melatonin and serotonin. of the trachea.
and posterior lobe of pituitary are
yy Melatonin yy The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected
ectodermal origin. Name the bony cavity in which
○○ It is secreted at night. together by a strip of thyroid tissue, known as pituitary gland is lodged?

○○ It modulates sleep patterns (in both circadian isthmus of the thyroid, which lies across the
and seasonal cycles). trachea.
○○ It has an antigonadotropic effect as it reduces
the quantity of follicle-stimulating hormone Previous Year’s Question Structure of Thyroid Gland Previous Year’s Question
(FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH). yy The thyroid gland is composed of number
Which of the following is due to
yy Serotonin Pineal gland produces- of vesicles lined with cuboidal epithelium,
abnormal secretion of thyroxine?
○○ It is a vasoconstrictor (decrease the diameter (1) Cortisone abundantly supplied with blood vessels, and held
(1) Addison’s disease
of the blood vessels). (2) Glucagon together by connective tissues.
(2) Goitre
(3) Aldosterone (3) Acromegaly
(4) Melatonin (4) Cretinism
11. 12.
Calcitonin
yy The C-cells are situated outside the follicles in
the thyroid gland. Its secretion is under feedback
mechanism.
yy Calcitonin regulates the calcium phosphorus
levels of the blood.
yy Unlike parathormone, calcitonin is secreted
when the concentration of Ca2+ rises in the blood
plasma.
yy The secreted calcitonin lowers the concentration
of both Calcium and Phosphate ions in the plasma
by reducing their mobilization from bones. It
keeps the normal concentration of these ions in
the blood.
Note: The plasma calcium level is very

effectively maintained by a balance between
the activities of parathormone and calcitonin.
Abnormal Functioning of the Thyroid Gland

yy Hyperactivity or hypoactivity reflects abnormal Previous Year’s Question
functioning of thyroid gland. In both the situations
health is adversely affected. Parathormone deficiency produces
muscle cramp or tetany as a result
Hormones of Thyroid Gland
Hyperactivity of the Thyroid Gland of
yy Thyroid gland produces two hormones thyroxine
yy It causes increased secretion of thyroxine due to (1) Enchanced blood glucose level
and calcitonin.
over activity of the thyroid cells or enlargement (2) Enchanced blood calcium level
yy A protein hormone called thyroxin. Thyroxine
of the thyroid gland. This condition is called (3) Lowered blood calcium level
contains an iodine compound. Previous Year’s Question
hyperthyroidism. (4) Enchanced blood sodium level

yy Another hormone, calcitonin, is produced by the
○○ Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
C-cells of the thyroid gland. Which of the following glands is (Thyrotoxicosis)
associated with the consumption The basic metabolic rate is raised
Thyroxine of iodised salts? (hypermetabolism) and the body
yy Hormone thyroxine is concerned with the (1) Ovary Rack Your Brain
temperature may be higher than normal.
metabolic activities and oxidation processes in (2) Thymus The patient loses weight. The food material
the tissues. (3) Thyroid Statement I: Iodine deficiency
is oxidized too rapidly.
yy It controls the rate of cellular oxidation, (4) Pituitary causes goitre.
The pulse rate is raised, the heart beats
the breakdown of sugar to produce energy, Statement II: Goitre is curable.
faster. The patient feels restlessness,
consumption of oxygen and consequently the Which of the above statement is
nervousness, dizziness and difficulty in
output of carbon dioxide. correct?
sleeping.
13. 14.
The eyeballs protrude out giving an angry Iodine Deficiency in Children –
look. This condition is called exophthalmic Rack Your Brain yy The deficiency causes Cretinism in infants and Rack Your Brain
goitre. the symptoms are–
Statement I: TSH is smallest A pregnant woman is suffering
○○ Retarded physical and mental growth.
peptide hormone. from hypothyroidism. Which
Graves’ Disease ○○ Thick and dry skin.
Statement II: It has feedback disease is likely to occur in the
yy it is an autoimmune disease that affects ○○ Gaping mouth with thick lips and protruding
regulation. newborn baby?
the thyroid. It is also known as Basedow’s tongue.
Which of the above statement is
disease or toxic diffuse goitre. It frequently
correct?
results in hyperthyroidism which often results in Note:
an enlarged thyroid. Simple Goitre
yy Signs and symptoms of Graves’ disease may Goitre results due to the deficiency of iodine in one’s diet. Iodine is rich constituent of
include- thyroxine. The thyroid gland enlarges to produce required amount of thyroxine hormone.
○○ irritability This disease is more common in the people residing in hilly areas where the soil and
○○ muscle weakness natural water is deficient in iodine.
○○ sleeping problems The addition of iodine to the table salt or to the water supply prevents this disease.
○○ a fast heartbeat
○○ poor tolerance of heat Previous Year’s Question
○○ diarrhoea and unintentional weight loss. Differences between simple goitre and exophthalmic goitre
○○ Other symptoms may include thickening Which of the following disease is
of the skin on the shins, known as pretibial Simple Goitre Exophthalmic Goitre
not related to thyroid gland?
myxoedema, and eye bulging. (1) Myxoedema
Reason is hyposecretion of thyroxine due
(2) Acromegaly Reason is hypersecretion of thyroxine.
to iodine deficiency.
Hypoactivity (Hyposecretion) (3) Cretinism
yy Less secretion of the thyroxine hormone than (4) Goitre
the required amount. Thyroid gland enlarges to secrete required Thyroid gland enlarges due to
amount of thyroxine. hyperactivity of the gland.
Symptoms for hypothyroidism (Deficiency of the
secretion): Eyes remain normal. Eyes bulge out.
Iodine Deficiency in Adults –
yy The deficiency of thyroid hormone causes Reduced basic metabolic rate, low body High metabolic rate, weight loss, rise in

myxoedema in adults and the symptoms are- temperature, low blood pressure and body temperature, high blood pressure
lethargy. and nervousness.
○○ Slowdown of the general metabolic processes; Rack Your Brain
the body cells do not oxidise the food as fast
as required. Statement I: A tadpole kept in
Previous Year’s Question Previous Year’s Question
○○ A tendency to gain weight. water containing a weak solution
○○ Slowness of mind and speech; skin becomes undergoes rapid metamorphosis. Which gland plays a key role in
Calcitonin is a thyroid hormone
thickened and dry. Statement II: Metamorphosis is metamorphosis of frog’s tadpole
which-
○○ Subnormal body temperature and slow pulse controlled by thyroxine hormone. (1) Pancreas
(1) has no effect on calcium
rate. Which of the above statement is (2) Adrenal
(2) elevates potassium
○○ Enlarged thyroid gland (Goitre) in order to false? (3) Thymus
(3)
produce more thyroxin. (4) Thyroid
(4)
15. 16.
Functions
Note: yy Parathormone (PTH) controls calcium metabolism. Previous Year’s Question
Role of Thyroxine in Metamorphosis yy It promotes absorption and reabsorption of
Thyroxine plays very vital role in the metamorphosis of tadpoles. If young tadpoles are calcium from food in the intestine and nephrons Blood calcium level can be
supplied, thyroxine from outside, they metamorphose into frogs prematurely, before their respectively. increased by the administration of-
body growth is complete. They are smaller than the normal metamorp hosed tadpole. yy It also regulates the amount of calcium in blood (1) calcitonin (2) parathormone
If tadpoles are administered antithyroid substances such as thiourea, their metamorphosis and bones and thereby affects the growth of bones, (3) glucagon (4) progesterone
get delayed. Because they continue to grow without metamorphosis and become giant muscular contraction and activity of the nerves.
tadpoles.
Mexican Axolotl larva are amphibians which ordinarily exist and even reproduce in the Hypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism
aquatic larval form without undergoing metamorphosis. It happens because they are born
deficient in thyroid hormones. If they are fed on thyroid hormones, they metamorphosis Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone
Over secretion of the parathormone
into the terrestrial adult form. causes deficiency of blood calcium content
causes rise of calcium level in blood.
and rise in phosphate level.
THE PARATHYROID GLANDS

Lack of calcium characterized by muscular
yy These are four small glands placed two on each Decalcification of bones lead to bone
twitching and convulsions, particularly of
side of the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland in Previous Year’s Question deformities which are fracture prone.
the hands and feet.
the neck.
yy Chief cells of parathyroid glands synthesise If parathyroid gland degenerate
parathormone (PTH) or Collip’s hormone. which activity will be disturbed? Formation of bone cysts and deposition
(1) Sodium concentration Sustained contraction of muscles is called of calcium in kidney (may result in
(2) Calcium concentration parathyroid tetany. formation of renal stones and kidney
(3) Growth failure) take place.
(4) Potassium concentration
Note: The administration of calcium quickly Rack Your Brain

cure the patient.
What stimulates the secretion of
parathormone?
THE PANCREAS

yy The pancreas is a heterocrine gland and is also
the second largest gland of the human body.
yy It is endodermal in origin.
Parts of Pancreas
yy Exocrine part: It consists of acini cells with Which hormone possesses anti-
central lumen. These cells secretes digestive insulin effect?
Rack Your Brain enzymes. (1) Cortisol
yy Endocrine part: It consists of small groups (2) Calcitonin
Note: Parathyroids are under the direct Name the hormone which
of epithelial cells, found scattered between (3) Oxytocin
feed-back regulation of blood-calcium level. maintains calcium level in blood
the alveoli of the pancreas, called islets of (4) Aldosterone
plasma.
Langerhans.
17. 18.
○○ Somatostatin
 The delta cells of islets of Langerhans secrete
Rack Your Brain
somatostatin hormone.
Why insulin and glucagon are
 Somatostatin inhibits secretion of insulin and
known as antagonistic hormones.
glucagon.
yy Islets of Langerhans consists of three types of

cells-
○○ α cells
○○ b cells
Glucagon produced by α cells of
○○ d cells
islets of Langerhans-
(1)
Decrease concentration of
Functions
glucose in blood
yy Pancreas secretes three hormones: Insulin,
(2) Converts glycogen to glucose
glucagon and somatostatin.
(3) Converts glucose to glycogen
yy All these hormones are proteinaceous.
(4) None of these
○○ Insulin

 Secreted by β cells Hypoactivity of the β cells
 It regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. yy It results in hyperglycaemia (deficiency of insulin), Previous Year’s Question
 It enables the body cells to absorb and use- Previous Year’s Question
glucose and fat. Symptoms Pancreatic secretion is stimulated
○○ Glucagon yy High blood sugar, loss of weight, fatigue and by
Find out the correct matching
 Secreted by α cells polyuria, presence of sugar in urine. (1) enterogastrone
pair from the following-
 It helps to convert glycogen into glucose yy In the deficiency of insulin, the liver and muscles (2) cholicystokin-pancreozymin
(1) Hyperglycemia – glucagon
(glycogenolysis). are unable to convert the excess of glucose into (3) secretin
(2) Calcitonin – parathyroid
glycogen (glycogenesis). As a result, amount of (4) duocrinin
(4) Vitamin D - Cretinism
Note: Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic in glucose in the blood stream increases.
(4) Thyroxine – rickets
action.
19. 20.
yy Kidney filters excess of the glucose along with yy Renin-hormone stimulates liver to produce a
urine. This disease is called diabetes mellitus. Previous Year’s Question hormone angiotensin.
yy The hormone angiotensin, in its turn, stimulates
Corrective Measures Diabetes is due to adrenal cortex to secrete another hormone
yy Diabetes patients are given insulin injection. (1) Hormonal deficiency aldosterone (mineralocorticoid).
Insulin is obtained from the pancreas of (2) Sodium deficiency yy Aldosterone regulates the excretion of sodium
slaughtered animals. (3) Iodine deficiency ions by the kidney tubules.
yy Human insulin is produced by recombinant (4) Enzyme deficiency
technology using Escherichia coli and THE ADRENAL GLAND
Saccharomyces cerevisiae for therapeutic use. yy The adrenal glands are also known as suprarenal
glands because of their location. There are two
Previous Year’s Question adrenal glands, each one lies on the top of the
Caution: Insulin is never given orally because
either side of kidney.
insulin is hormone and it will be converted into Diabetes is a disease in which yy Each adrenal gland consists of an outer yellowish
amino acids in the digestive tract. urine contains? part known as cortex and an inner portion called
(1) Protein (2) Sugar medulla.
Comparision between Hyperglycemia and (3) Salt (4) Fat yy The adrenal cortex secretes several steroid Previous Year’s Question
Hypoglycemia hormones such as–
○○ Hydrocortisone, Blood pressure is controlled by
Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia ○○ Aldosterone (1) Hormones secreted by
○○ Corticosterone anterior pituitary gland
Blood glucose level rises above the Blood glucose level falls below the (2) Hormones secreted by mid
normal level. normal. Hormones of Adrenal Cortex pituitary gland
yy Cortical hormones can be classified into three (3) Hormones secreted by
groups: posterior pituitary gland
It is caused by oversecretion of (4) Adrenaline
It is caused by deficiency of insulin.
insulin. Mineralocorticoids
○○ They are secreted by zona glomerulosa (outer
layer). Rack Your Brain
Glucose is excreted in urine. Glucose is not found in urine. ○○ Regulate electrolyte or mineral and water

balance in the body fluids e.g., aldosterone. A sample of urine was diagnosed to
○○ Aldosterone contain a high content of glucose
Excessive urination and dehydration is Weakness, sweating, irritability, and ketone bodies. Based on this
Its secretion is under the control of
frequent. convulsions, etc. are predominant. observation, answer the following:
renin-angiotensin system.
Production of the hormone is stimulated (a) Which endocrine gland and
by fall in plasma Na+, rise in plasma K+ or hormone is related to this
More intake of water is required. Intake of glucose or sugar is required.
fall in blood volume. condition?
Aldosterone reduces the elimination of Na+ (b) Name the cells on which this
and Cl– through their active reabsorption hormone acts.
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
from glomerular filtrate and other (c) What is the condition called and
yy Certain cells near the glomerular region of the
excretory fluids. In exchange of reabsorbed how can it be rectified?
kidney secrete a hormone renin under the
influence of nervous stimuli.
21. 22.
Na+, aldosterone promotes the elimination yy Excess secretion sex corticoids cause adrenal
of K+. Reabsorbed Na also brings out a lot Previous Year’s Question virilism or male type of external characteristics Previous Year’s Question
of water from glomerular filtrate due to in females.
osmotic effect. This concentrate urine
Which of the following glands Water reabsorption in kidney is
and increases the volume of blood.
secrete life saving hormones? Note: In adrenal cortex inefficiency, kidney controlled by
○○ Deficiency of aldosterone causes Addison’s (1) Thyroid fails to conserve sodium, which therefore, (1) Oxytocin
disease. (2) Adrenal is excreted in large amount. This disease is (2) Aldosterone
○○ Over secretion of aldosterone causes Conn’s (3) Pituitary treated with cortisone hormone. (3) ADH
syndrome (aldosteronism). (4) Hypothalamus (4) GH
Glucocorticoids Hormones of Adrenal Medulla

yy They are secreted by the middle layer or zona yy The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones Rack Your Brain
fasciculata (middle layer) of adrenal cortex under Previous Year’s Question commonly called as catecholamines. viz
adrenalin (epinephrine) and noradrenaline Name the salt balancing hormone
the stimulation of corticotropin (corticotrophin)
(norepinephrine). in human body.
hormone of anterior pituitary. Androgens are secreted by
yy Glucocorticoids include cortisol, cortisone and yy These hormones are biogenic amines.
(1) Thyroid
corticosterone. yy The adrenal medulla produces these hormones
(2) Parathyroids Rack Your Brain
yy Cortisone, which is converted to cortisol is the under the influence of sympathetic nervous
(3) Pituitary
main glucocorticoid. system. Name a steroid hormone which
(4) Adrenals
Functions of Glucocorticoids Comparison between Adrenalin and regulates glucose metabolism.
yy Regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and Noradrenaline
protein.
Previous Year’s Question Adrenalin Noradrenaline
yy Increase blood glucose by conversion of proteins
into amino acids and deamination of amino acids,
breakdown of fats and hydrolysis of glycogen. Hormone having stimulatory It is the hormone which acts during It also operates during emergency
yy Cortisol has powerful anti-inflammatory effect on heart is- emergency situation and contributes to situations but bring all body activities
properties. (1) Glucagon fright, fight and flight (triple F) reactions. to normal level after the excited state.
(2) Thyroxine
Note: Excess production of glucocorticoids (3) Gastrin
(4) Adrenaline It is a vasoconstrictor (decreases the

give rise to Cushing’s syndrome. It is a vasodilator (increase the diameter
diameter of the blood vessels). Thus,
of blood vessels). Thus, increases cardiac
reduces cardiac output as well as
Sex Corticoids output as well as heart rate.
heart rate.
yy They are hormones secreted by middle layer (zona Previous Year’s Question
fasciculata) and inner layer (zona reticularis) of
adrenal cortex probably under the stimulation It has hyperglycemic effect by increasing
Which hormone controls water It has hypoglycemic effect and thus
of corticotrophin (–corticotropin) hormone of in the output of glucose from the liver in reduces conversion of glycogen to
and mineral metabolism?
anterior pituitary. order to combat the shock produced by glucose at the end of emergency
(1) Glucagon
yy Sex corticoids are connected with the the emotional stress. situations.
(2) Insulin
development and maintenance of external sex
(3) Progesterone
characteristics, especially of the male type, e.g.,
(4) Deoxycorticosterone
androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone.
23. 24.
Virilism (Hirsutism)
yy It is caused due to over secretion of androgens Previous Year’s Question
by adrenal cortex.
yy It is a tendency to develop male characters in
Which hormone causes anti-insulin In emergency, blood pressure is
a female like masculine in appearance, growth
effect? controlled by-
of beard, deep voice, baldness, thick neck,
(1) Aldosterone (1) Adrenaline
menstruation becomes irregular and disappears
(2) Calcitonin (2) Prolactin
later on, small uterus and external genitalia
(3) Cortisol (3) ACTH
normal with enlarged clitoris.
(4) Oxytocin (4) Thyroxine
Gynecomastia
yy Excessive secretion of estrogens due to adrenal
cortex. Rack Your Brain
yy It occurs in males where enlarged mammary
Rack Your Brain glands, retards growth of beard, atrophy of testes Inflammatory responses can be
and a feminine distribution of fat is observed. controlled by a certain steroid.
Name two hormones which are Name the steroid, its source
derived from tyrosine? Cushing’s Syndrome (Hypercorticism) and also its other important
yy It is caused by excess of corticosteroids or functions.
adrenocorticoids which may be due to a tumour
of the adrenal cortex.
yy The main symptoms are:
○○ High blood sugar and appearance of sugar in Previous Year’s Question
Note: Adrenalin and noradrenaline increase Previous Year’s Question
urine.
alertness, pupilatory dilation, piloerection Cushing’s disease caused by
○○ Rise in plasma Na+ and fall in plasma K+.
(raising of hair), sweating, etc. Adrenal cortex produces- hyperactivity of
○○ Rise in blood volume and high blood pressure.
(1) Calcitonin ○○ Obesity and fat pads result into Buffalo hump (1) insulin
Adrenal Disorders (2) Adrenalin and impart asymmetrical shape to the body. (2) GH
Adrenogenital Syndrome (3) Aldosterone ○○ Wasting of muscles of thigh, pectoral and (3) thyroxine
yy The term was first used by Gallais in 1912. (4) Ephinephrine pelvic girdles. (4) glucocorticoid

yy It is due to excess secretion of androgenic ○○ Red cheeks and moon face are the main
hormones. clinical symptoms.
yy It is limited to females. The over secretion of ○○ Excessive mobilization of materials from Rack Your Brain
androgens inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins bone renders the bones weak and fragile
from pituitary gland, thus results in failure of Rack Your Brain (osteoporosis). Statement I: Excess of cortisol
follicle development and of ovulation. ○○ Excessive loss of potassium in urine causes causes Cushing’s syndrome.
yy It is characterised by enlarged clitoris and Write on the role of endocrine potassium deficiency (hypokalemia). This Statement II: High BP, sugar in
increased masculinity. glands and hormones leads to muscular weakness and nervous urine, wasting of limb muscles.
responsible for maintaining disorders, and may cause tetany and paralysis, How are these two statements
calcium homeostasis. frequent urination (polyuria) thirst and bed complementing each other?
urination (nocturia), etc.
25. 26.
Addison’s disease (Hypocorticism) Ovaries (Female reproductive organ)
yy Hyposecretion of adrenocorticoids cause Rack Your Brain yy There are two ovaries found in a female in the Previous Year’s Question
Addison’s disease. lower part of the abdomen.
yy This disease was first described by Thomas Hypoactivity of adrenal cortex yy Ovary is composed of ovarian follicles and stroma
alters carbohydrate metabolism Which of the hormone is secreted
Addison (Father of Endocrinology) in 1855. This tissues.
which results into _____________ by Graafian follicle of the ovary?
condition may be caused due to tuberculosis or yy The stroma tissues and the Graafian follicle cells
and Graves’ disease is caused by (1) Relaxin
atrophy of the adrenal cortex. produce hormones known as estrogens the most
_________________________. (2) Progesterone
yy It is characterized by– important of which is estradiol (steroid).
(3) Estrogen
○○ Brownish pigmentation or bronze like skin on
(4) Cortisone
the exposed parts of the body like face and
hands due to deposition of melanin.
○○ Considerable amount of Na+ ions and water is Previous Year’s Question
excreted in urine, leading to dehydration, low Rack Your Brain
blood pressure, hypotension and weakness. Which one does not match with
○○ Due to low cortisol level, glucose level also regard to biological activity? There are many endocrine glands
falls in blood (hypoglycemia). It greatly (1) Creatinine in the human body. Name the
reduces BMR, efficiency of brain, skeletal and (2) Oxytocin glands which are absent in male
cardiac muscles and body temperature also (3) Renin and the one absent in the female.
falls. (4) Gastrin
○○ Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, restlessness
and loss of weight.
Aldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome) Rack Your Brain
yy A syndrome produced by hypersecretion of FSH plays an important role in
aldosterone from an adrenal cortical tumour. Besides growth hormone of (1) Ovulation
yy Its symptoms include: pituitary, hormones of which (2) Spermatogenesis
○○ High plasma Na+ ions other gland act as mild growth (3) Control of blood sugar
○○ Low plasma K+ (hypokalemia) hormone? (4) None
○○ alkaline urine
○○ Sensation of thirst Estrogen Hormone

○○ Hypertension, frequent urination periodic yy It is synthesised mainly by growing ovarian
paralysis (polyuria) Previous Year’s Question follicles. Previous Year’s Question
○○ Periodic paralysis and tetany yy It helps in producing secondary female characters
yy This condition may occur at any age, normally Endocrine gland for combating in female (at puberty): Female sex hormone is-
above twelve and in either sex. emergency is- ○○ Development of breast (1) Insulin
(1) Parathyroid ○○ Development of pubic hair (2) Estrogen
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF GONADS (2) Adrenal medulla ○○ Deposition of fat on the thighs (3) Androgen
yy The gonads-ovaries and testes produce gametes (3) Adrenal cortex ○○ Enlargement of uterus and vagina (4) Adrenalin
eggs and sperms respectively and also produce (4) Pancreas ○○ Periodic bleeding (menstruation)
sex hormones.
27. 28.
yy It is produced in great quantity before ovulation Testosterone
so as to prepare the uterine wall for the possible Previous Year’s Question yy This hormone brings about the secondary Previous Year’s Question
reception of the fertilised egg. masculine (male) sex characters such as–
The temporary endocrine ○○ Enlargement of the scrotum and penis
Which of the following hormones
Progesterone structure after ovulation is ○○ Broadening of the shoulders
is not a secretion of human
yy It is secreted by corpus luteum (leftover follicular (1) Corpus callosum ○○ Deepening of the voice
placenta?
cells after ovulation). (2) Corpus albicans ○○ Growth of the pubic hair, growth of moustache
(1) Prolactin (2) Estrogen
yy Progesterone avoids the menstruation. (3) Corpus luteum and beard etc.
(3) Progesterone (4) HCG
yy The mammary glands enlarge (formation of (4) Corpus uteri
alveoli) and other necessary changes associated PLACENTAL HORMONES
with pregnancy and milk secretion. yy The human placenta acts as a temporary
yy Medical Value of Progesterone. It is injected to endocrine gland.
Rack Your Brain
prevent threatened abortion. yy Placental hormones: Estrogen, progesterone,
human placental lactogen (hPL) and human Testicular hormones are usually
Note: chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). __________ hormones.
Functions
Corpus luteum (Temporary Endocrine Gland)
yy Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) enlarges
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle shrinks and becomes a small body, the corpus luteum
the corpus luteum in the ovary and stimulates
(yellow in colour). It secretes another female hormone, progesterone which continues to
it to secrete progesterone to support necessary
prepare the uterus to receive the egg. Previous Year’s Question
changes during pregnancy.
If the egg is not fertilised, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate and monthly bleeding
(menstruation) occurs.
HORMONES SECRETED FROM NON-ENDOCRINE Uterine contraction at child birth
GLAND (TISSUES) is stimulated by-
Testes (Male Reproductive Organ) (1) Adrenaline
yy The testes are two oval glandular organs Hormones from Heart (2) Prolactin
suspended in a cutaneous pouch called the Previous Year’s Question Antinatriuretic Factor (ANF) (3) Progesterone
scrotal sac (outside abdomen). yy ANF is a peptide hormone. (4) Oxytocin
yy Testes perform dual functions as a primary sex If ovaries of a lady are removed in yy It is secreted from the atrial wall of heart
organ as well as an endocrine gland. the fourth month of pregnancy, the when the blood volume or pressure in the atria
yy The temperature of the scrotal sac remains 2°C result will be increases. It dilates the blood vessels and helps

lower than the body temperature. This lower (1) Embryo will develop normally in reducing the blood pressure.
Rack Your Brain
temperature is necessary for testicular functions till birth
i.e., production of sperms and male androgens (2) Abortion will occur after some Hormones from Kidneys
Alcohol inhibits secretion of
hormone. time yy Erythropoietin (EPO) is a peptide hormone
which of the following hormones?
yy The interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of the testis (3) Development of embryo secreted from the cells of juxtaglomerular
(a) ADH
produce the male hormones androgens (steroids) becomes abnormal apparatus.
(b) Insulin
the most important of which is testosterone. (4) None of these yy It stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of
(c) Mineralocorticoids
erythrocytes in the bone marrow).
29. 30.
Gastrointestinal Hormones INTEGRATED ROLE OF HORMONES IN
Previous Year’s Question Definition
yy These are peptide hormones, secreted by the HOMEOSTASIS
gastrointestinal mucosa. yy Hormones set up a communication between one
The hormone that stimulates the
yy They mainly regulate the secretions and part of the body and another. Though different Homeostasis: It refers to steady
stomach to secrete gastric juice is
movement of the alimentary system. hormones regulate or carry out a number internal state of a living organism
(1) Gastrin (2) Enterogastrone
of metabolic functions yet all the hormones by self-regulating life processes
(3) Enterokinase (4) Renin
Examples of Gastrointestinal Hormones work together in order to achieve metabolic best suited for its survival and
harmony or maintenance of steady state control hormones play important role.
Hormone Description (homeostasis) of the body.
yy Feedback mechanism of the endocrine glands is
It is secreted from near the junction of the stomach and an effective mechanism in maintenance of steady
Gastrin duodenum. Its function is to stimulate the secretion of gastric state control (homeostasis) of the body.
juice and movement of the stomach.
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF THE ENDOCRINE Gray Matter Alert!!!
yy The secretion of all the anterior pituitary
Enterogastrone It retards the secretion of gastric juice. hormones is governed by the different releasing The term homeostasis is coined
hormones (RH), produced by the hypothalamus. by Walter D. Cannon in 1930.
In turn, anterior pituitary hormones govern
It is secreted by the intestinal mucosa. It stimulates the the production of hormones by the respective
Secretin secretion of water and bicarbonates in the pancreas and bile endocrine glands.
juice. It inhibits the secretion and movements of the stomach. yy The release of hormone less or more than normal
required amount by the endocrine glands affect
the hypothalamus and pituitary gland so that Rack Your Brain
It is also secreted by the small intestinal mucosa. It stimulates they produce less or more endocrine regulating
Cholecystokinin
the secretion of enzymes in the pancreatic juice and the hormone to maintain the balance of hormone
(CCK) What is erythropoiesis? Which
contraction of gall bladder to release bile into duodenum. level in the blood. hormone stimulates it?
yy This mechanism is known as feedback control.
Gastric Inhibitory It is secreted by the mucosa of duodenum. It inhibits gastric

Peptide (GIP) secretion and mobility.

Note: Previous Year’s Question
Growth Factors
Which of the following is a
Hormones secreted from non-endocrine
gastro-intestinal hormone? Testosterone is produced by-
tissues which are essential for normal growth
(1) Cholinesterase (2) Enterokinase (1) Pituitary gland
of tissues and their repairing or regeneration.
(3) Secretin (4) Prolactin (2) Leydig cells
(3) Sertoli cells
(4) Oxyntic cells
31. 32.
*This type of feedback mechanism is called
positive feedback effect.
Feedback Control by Metabolites

yy The level of certain metabolites also effects the
secretion of certain hormones bound to act on
these metabolites.
yy For example, after a meal, glucose level of the
blood rises which evokes the secretion of insulin
to act on it. Within the fall in glucose level in blood
a decrease in release of the insulin is signalled.
Feedback Control by Nerves

yy The secretion of adrenal medullary hormones
(adrenaline and noradrenaline) is controlled by
the nerves of the sympathetic nervous system is
well known.
yy An emotional stress stimulates the sympathetic
nervous system. In turn, sympathetic nerves
of adrenal gland stimulate adrenal medulla to
produce adrenalin hormone.
yy Consequently, there is increase in blood pressure,
heartbeat, rate of respiration etc.
yy When the emotional stress is over, sympathetic
nerve signals shutting off the release of adrenaline.
The Pheromones
yy Pheromones are the chemical substances which
act as chemical signals. Pheromones or chemical
signals are produced by exocrine glands and

released in the external environment. Pheromones
Note: Suppose, level of thyroxine in the blood are used between members of the same species.
is high. This will affect the hypothalamus to Previous Year’s Question yy For example, honey bees in a food-rich area
release less TSH-RH. As a result, anterior secrete pheromones that attract other bees to
pituitary lobe will produce less TSH. the locations.
Which hormone promotes cell
Consequently, production of thyroxine by the yy Similarly, under stress conditions many types of
division, protein synthesis and Rack Your Brain
thyroid gland will be reduced to maintain the ants release alarming pheromones that induce
bone growth?
normal level of thyroxine in the blood. This fellow ants to become aggressive. Which is the most essential unit
(1) GH (2) ADH
type of feedback control is known as negative yy Juvenile Hormone is the hormone produce by for a living cell to sustain limited
(3) ACTH (4) PTH
feedback effect. corpus allatum (pl.corpora allata), a type of gland life span?
in the insects. Its presence prevents imaginal
33. 34.
moult (the stage in which an insect attains The hormone-receptor complex acts as
maturity). first messenger and the cAMP as second Gray Matter Alert!!!
messenger.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is destroyed
MECHANISM OF HORMONE This mechanism is also known as
Secretin stimulates secretion of by phosphodiesterases enzymes
Mechanism of a Steroid Hormone second messenger hypothesis which was
(1) Stomach once it has served its function.
yy The hormones when released into the blood described by Earl W. Sutherland in 1950.
(2) Liver
enters into the specific cells which make up that The formation of cyclic AMP occurs
(3) Pancreas
hormone’s target tissue. in certain hormones like epinephrine,
(4) Gall Bladder
yy The hormones form two major groups like steroid norepinephrine, glucagon, vasopressin,
and proteinous. They effect the cell in two thyroxine, etc. These hormones show their
different ways: effect on target tissues immediately after
○○ The steroid hormones act within the cell. Their Previous Year’s Question their release, as such called quick-acting
small, lipid-soluble molecules pass through hormones.
the cell membrane and bind to specific The hormone that stimulates the ○○ Permeability of Membrane
receptor molecules present in the cytoplasm stomach to secrete gastric juice The hormone-receptor complex modifies
forming a complex. is the molecular structure of the membrane
○○ The complex moves to the nucleus of the (1) Gastrin and changes its permeability to inorganic
cell where hormone molecule binds to the (2) Renin ions, sugars, amino acids and water. For Rack Your Brain
chromosome (DNA) and activates the gene. (3) Enterokinase example, excess of glucose causes the
○○ The activated gene results in the production release of insulin from the pancreas. Which gland atrophies with
(4) Enterogastrone
of specific protein inside the cell. Insulin increases the permeability of the advancing age?
plasma membrane for the transfer of
Mechanism of Proteinous Hormone Action Rack Your Brain blood glucose into the muscle cells.
yy The proteinous hormone molecules are large
and cannot enter the cell. Therefore, they bind The ___________ gland gradually
with specific receptor molecules on the cell atrophies at the age of 14 – 16
membrane and form complex. years due to the activity of sex
yy The hormone-receptor complex enters into the glands.
cell and acts in two different ways:
○○ Formation of cAMP

The hormone receptor complex releases Previous Year’s Question Previous Year’s Question
an enzyme adenyl cyclase from the inner
surface of the membrane.
Which of the following is not a Receptors for protein hormones
This enzyme combines with ATP and forms
secondary messenger in hormone are located
cyclic adenosine monophate (cAMP).
action? (1) In cytoplasm
The cAMP activates the intracellular
(1) CAMP (2) On cell surface
enzymes which control the metabolic
(2) cGMP (3) In the nucleus
activities of the cell.
(3) Calcium (4) On the endoplasmic reticulum
The conversion of glycogen to glucose
(4) Sodium
occurs in the liver by this mechanism.
35. 36.
The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or
vasopressin hormone produced by the Summary
posterior pituitary gland increases the
permeability of the walls of the renal
collecting tubules to water.
Those hormones which form complex on
the cell membrane often produce their
effect faster than those hormones which
form complex in the cytoplasm.
Surface-acting hormones (proteinous
hormones) are called quick-acting
hormones and those which act in the
cytoplasm like steroid hormones take
some time for the appearance of their
effect and thus, called slow-acting
hormones or hormones acting with a lag
period.
Choose the correct combination of labelling

the hormonal control of female reproductive
system.
Hypothalamus
A
Positive Anterior Negative
feedback pituitary feedback
B
Ovary

C
D
(1) A-GnRH, B-TSH, C-LTH, D-uterus
(2) A-GnRH, B-LH/FSH, C-estrogen or
progesterone, D-uterus
(3) A-GnRH, B-STH, C-LH, D-uterus
(4) A-GnRH, B-ACTH, C-LH, D-uterus
(5) A-GnRH, B-LTH, C-estrogen, D-uterus
37. 38.
Summary Summary
Source, chemical nature and functions of various hormones
39. 40.
Solved Exercise and depth of breathing to prepare the body for ‘fright, flight, or fight’. At the
same time it inhibits digestion and excretion. Similar effects are produced by
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Q1 Which one of the following pair of organs includes only the endocrine glands?
(1) Thymus and testes
(2) Adrenal and ovary Q4 Which hormone causes dilation of blood vessels, increased oxygen consump-
(3) Parathyroid and adrenal tion and glucogenesis?
(4) Pancreas and parathyroid (1) Glucagon
(2) ACTH
(3) Insulin
A2 (3)
(4) Adrenaline
Parathyroid and adrenal glands are the endocrine glands because they
manufacture hormones and secrete them directly into the blood stream to act
at distant sites in the body. Thyroid and pituitary are its other examples. A4 (4)
Adrenaline is the hormone secreted by adrenal medulla. It prepares the animal
to face special conditions created by physical stress. All these conditions
Q2 The blood calcium level is lowered by the deficiency of require more energy which is provided by increasing heart beat, blood pressure,
(1) parathormone respiratory rate, sugar level of blood, blood supply of heart and skeletal muscles
(2) calcitonin and brain through dilation of their small arteries, and oxidative metabolism. It
(3) both calcitonin and parathormone also stimulates the breakdown of liver and muscle glycogen (glucogenesis) to
(4) thyroxine provide glucose for respiration.
A2 (1)
Q5 Which of the following is an accumulation and release centre of neurohor-
Parathormone is secreted by chief cells of the parathyroid that regulates the
mones?
metabolism of calcium and phosphate. It increases calcium absorption from
(1) Anterior pituitary lobe
the intestine and also increases calcium resorption from the nephrons of the
(2) Posterior pituitary lobe
kidneys. So its deficiency leads to low blood calcium level.
(3) Intermediate lobe of the pituitary
(4) Hypothalamus
Q3 Feeling the tremors of an earthquake a scared resident of seventh floor of a

multistoryed building starts climbing down the stairs rapidly. Which hormone
A5 (4)

initiated this action? Releasing and inhibiting factors are released by hypothalamus. The
(1) Adrenaline hypothalamus is connected to adenohypophysis by hypophysial portal vein and
(2) Glucagon is connected to the neurohypophysis by axons of neurosecretory cells. Hence,
(3) Gastrin neurohypophysis is directly under the neural control. The cardiocytes of atria
(4) Thyroxine of the heart secrete peptide hormone, called atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in
response to an increased return of the deoxygenated (venous) blood. The liver
A3 (1) produces angiotensinogen which is changed to angiotensin II by an enzyme renin

secreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Adrenaline (epinephrine), also called emergency hormone, is a hormone,
produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands, that increases heart activity,
improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate
41. 42.
Q6 Which one of the following is not a secondary messenger in hormone action? Q8 Which one of the following hormones is modified amino acid?
(1) cAMP (1) Epinephrine
(2) cGMP (2) Progesterone
(3) Calcium (3) Prostaglandin
(4) Sodium (4) Estrogen
A6 (4) A8 (1)
Secondary messengers are low-weight diffusible molecules that are used Epinephrine is synthesized from tyrosine which is a non-essential amino acid
to relay signals within a cell. They are synthesized or released by specific possessing cyclic structure with a straight side chain bearing carboxylic and
enzymatic reactions, usually as a result of an external signal that is received by amino group. The conversion of tyrosine to epinephrine involves 4 steps –
a transmembrane receptor. cAMP, cGMP and Ca2+ act as secondary messengers (i) ring hydroxylation (ii) decarboxylation, (iii) side¬-chain hydroxylation (iv)
and are located within the cytoplasm. Sodium is an essential nutrient which N-¬methylation.
helps to maintain blood volume and keeps nerves functioning.
Q9 Which one of the following endocrine glands stores its secretion in the extra-
Q7 Which one of the following statements is correct? cellular space before discharging it into the blood?
(1) Endocrine glands regulate neural activity, but not vice versa. (1) Testis
(2) Neurons regulate endocrine activity, but not vice versa. (2) Thyroid
(3) Endocrine glands regulate neural activity, and nervous system regulates (3) Pancreas
endocrine glands. (4) Adrenal
(4) Neither hormones control neural activity nor the neurons control endo-
crine activity.
A9 (2)
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4),
A7 (3) triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin. Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine are iodinated
The endocrine system links the brain to the organs that control body forms of the amino acid tyrosine. They are stored in the colloid that fills the
metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction. The endocrine system follicles, and are released to the blood when needed. The storage occurs in an
is regulated by feedback. For example, the hormones that are regulated by the unusual place, the extracellular colloid.
pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in

the form of a “releasing hormone,” which stimulates the pituitary to secrete a
“stimulating hormone” into the circulation. The stimulating hormone then signals Q10 Low Ca+ + in the body fluid may be the cause of -
the target gland to secrete its hormone. As the level of this hormone rises in (1) tetany
the circulation, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut down secretion (2) anaemia
of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone, which in turn slows the (3) angina pectoris
secretion by the target gland. This system results in stable blood concentrations (4) gout
of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland.
A10 (1)
Tetany is a spasm and twitching of the muscles, particularly those of the face,
hands, and feet. Tetany is usually caused by a reduction in the blood calcium
level, which may be due to underactive parathyroid glands, rickets, or alkalosis.
43. 44.
45. 46.

47.

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