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    AToms

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    aadiv2012006
    1. Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments showed that the positive charge and mass of an atom is concentrated in a small nucleus at the center. 2. Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells or orbits, absorbing or emitting photons when changing orbits. 3. The mass defect of a nucleus is the difference between the total mass of its protons and neutrons and the actual mass of the nucleus. This defect arises from the binding energy that holds the nucleons together.

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    AToms

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    aadiv2012006
    8 views4 pages
    1. Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments showed that the positive charge and mass of an atom is concentrated in a small nucleus at the center. 2. Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells or orbits, absorbing or emitting photons when changing orbits. 3. The mass defect of a nucleus is the difference between the total mass of its protons and neutrons and the actual mass of the nucleus. This defect arises from the binding energy that holds the nucleons together.

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    1. Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments showed that the positive charge and mass of an atom is concentrated in a small nucleus at the center. 2. Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells or orbits, absorbing or emitting photons when changing orbits. 3. The mass defect of a nucleus is the difference between the total mass of its protons and neutrons and the actual mass of the nucleus. This defect arises from the binding energy that holds the nucleons together.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    8 views4 pages

    AToms

    Uploaded by

    aadiv2012006
    1. Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments showed that the positive charge and mass of an atom is concentrated in a small nucleus at the center. 2. Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells or orbits, absorbing or emitting photons when changing orbits. 3. The mass defect of a nucleus is the difference between the total mass of its protons and neutrons and the actual mass of the nucleus. This defect arises from the binding energy that holds the nucleons together.

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    Atom and Nuclei Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering Experiment

    Distance of Closest Approach

    Atom Impact Parameter

    “Plum-Pudding model”
    Thomson Electrons in positive
    sphere charge

    Positively charged
    nucleus Electrons Rutherford’s Atom Model
    Rutherford
    randomly move around On the basis of the results of ⍺-scattering experiments, Rutherford
    suggested the following picture of the atom:
    1. Atom may be regarded as a sphere of diameter 10-10 m but whole of
    the positive charge and almost the entire mass of the atom is
    concentrated in a small central core called nucleus having diameter
    Electrons move
    of about 10-14m.
    Bohr spherical orbits at fix 2. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. In other words, the
    distance electrons are spread over the remaining part of the atom leaving
    plenty of empty space in the atom.
    Atom and Nuclei

    BOHR ATOMIC MODEL


    Postulates
    (i) The electron in a stable orbit does not radiate
    Radius of the Orbit - energy i.e.

    (ii) A stable orbit is that in which the angular momentum


    Velocity of the electron - of the electron about nucleus is an integral (n)
    multiple of

    (iii) The electron can absorb or radiate energy only if the


    electron jumps from a lower to a higher orbit or falls
    Total energy of the electron - from a higher to a lower orbit.
    (iv) The energy emitted or absorbed is a light photon of
    frequency v and of energy E = hv.
    Atom and Nuclei

    Spectral Series
    Atom and Nuclei

    Mass Defect and Binding Energy of the Nucleus


    The difference between the sum of the masses of the nucleons
    constituting a nucleus and the rest mass of the nucleus is known as
    mass defect. It is denoted by Δm.
    CONSTITUENTS OF NUCLEUS
    Mass Defect = Δm = (m1 + m2) - m3
    ● Protons and neutrons collectively known as Nucleons.
    ● Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons Binding Energy = (Δm)c2
    ● Mass Number (A) = number of nucleons
    ● Number of neutrons (N) = A - Z The binding energy per nucleon is the average energy required to extract
    one nucleon from the nucleus.

    Binding energy per nucleon =

    R = R0A1/3

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