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Development - Notes

This document discusses different perspectives on development and ways to measure development. It begins by explaining that development means different things to different people and can include both material and non-material goals like education, health, and dignity. It then discusses national development in terms of national income and per capita income, noting the limitations of only using income measures. The document introduces the Human Development Index as a more comprehensive measure of development that includes education and health indicators. It provides details on the Human Development Report and ranks various countries according to their HDI values. Finally, it discusses the importance of sustainable development to meet the needs of current and future generations without exhausting resources.

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rashijaimani.7
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109 views

Development - Notes

This document discusses different perspectives on development and ways to measure development. It begins by explaining that development means different things to different people and can include both material and non-material goals like education, health, and dignity. It then discusses national development in terms of national income and per capita income, noting the limitations of only using income measures. The document introduces the Human Development Index as a more comprehensive measure of development that includes education and health indicators. It provides details on the Human Development Report and ranks various countries according to their HDI values. Finally, it discusses the importance of sustainable development to meet the needs of current and future generations without exhausting resources.

Uploaded by

rashijaimani.7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Development

Grade 10
Class Notes
Development

1 Development
1.1 Meaning of development
1.2 Perspectives of development

2 National Development

2.1 National income


2.2 Per capita income
2.3 Limitations of per capita income

3 Human Development

3.1 Human Development Index (HDI)


3.2 Human Development Report (HDR)
3.3 Health parameters and public facilities

4 Sustainable Development

3.1 Meaning of sustainable development


3.2 Need for sustainable development
Development

Development
Development is a mix of material and non-material goals. It is
not limited to one's income alone. Individuals may have non-
material goals and aspirations like security, dignity, equal
treatment, freedom, and more.

Different individuals may have


different developmental goals.

Perspectives
What may be development for one may
of not be development for the other.
Development

Development may be a mix of material


and non-material goals.

Development may mean different for different


people. How?

Category of Person Developmental Goals


Employment opportunities, better
wages, quality education and
Landless rural labourers
healthcare, and eradication of
social discrimination
Higher support prices for their
crops and enhanced
Prosperous farmers
opportunities in terms of
education and jobs
Better freedom and better
Rich urban family opportunities in terms of
education and jobs
Measurement of Development

National income
National income refers to the total income of a country
earned by its people and businesses in a year.

Per capita income


Per capita income refers to the average income earned by a
country in a specified year. Per capita income is calculated by
dividing the total income of a country by its total population.

Classification of Countries Based on World Development


Reports (2019)

Per Capita Income (in US


Category of Countries
Dollars)
High-income countries $49,300 per annum and above

Low-income countries $2,500 per annum and less

National income: Does not indicate if it is


enough for all the residents of the country
Limitations of
Income
Measures Per capita income: Does not tell us
about the distribution of income

Did You Know?


India comes in the category of low-middle income countries
because its per capita income in 2019 was just $6700 per
annum (in US dollars).
Other Indicators of Development

• The graph shows the


per capita income of
three states:
Haryana, Bihar, and
Kerala.
• As per this graph,
Haryana has the
highest per capita
income, followed by
Kerala and Bihar.

Comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar

Infant Net
State Mortality Rate Literacy Rate Attendance
(IMR) Ratio
Haryana 30 84 61

Kerala 7 94 83

Bihar 32 62 43

Analysis of the data


• Haryana has the highest per capita income, but its infant
mortality rate is also high.
• Bihar is not only low on per capita income, but also has a
high IMR and a low net attendance ratio.
• Although Haryana has the highest per capita income
compared to Kerala, we see that Kerala scores the highest
in indicators such as infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and
net attendance ratio.
• Therefore, development cannot be measured and studied
comprehensively using income indicators but also needs
other dimensions such as education and health status.
Human Development Index (HDI)

Education and Health Indicators

Infant mortality Literacy rate: Net attendance


rate (IMR): Indicates Measures the ratio: Total number
the number of proportion of of children of age
children that die literate population group 14 and 15
before the age of in the 7 and above years, attending
. as a
one year age group. school as a
proportion of 1000 percentage of total
live children born in number of children
that particular year in the same age
group

Long and healthy life:


• Life expectancy at birth

Human
Development Knowledge:
Index (HDI) • Expected years of schooling
• Mean years of schooling

Standard of living:
• Per capita income

• Life expectancy refers to the average length of life


a person is expected to live at the time of birth.
• Per capita income is calculated in US dollars for all
countries so that it can be compared.
Human Development Report

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)


publishes the Human Development Report that compares
countries based on the educational level of the people, their
health status, and per capita income.

Human Development Report, 2021-22

Countries Rank
Sri Lanka 73
Bangladesh 129
India 132
Nepal 143
Myanmar 149
Pakistan 161

• Countries are ranked as per their HDI value.


• HDI ranks are out of 189 countries overall.
• Development may be a mix of material and
non-material goals.

Important Questions

Question 1: Why do different people have different notions of development?


(3 marks)
Question 2: Define per capita income. What are the limitations of per capita
income? (5 marks)
Sustainable Development

Sustainable development
Sustainable development refers to economic development
of a country without compromising the needs of the future
generations.

Non-renewable resources will get


Need for exhausted over usage.
Sustainable
Development Overconsumption will exhaust the
availability of natural resources for the
future generations.

Did You Know?

• Recent evidence warns about the overuse of groundwater.


• The situation is particularly observed in the agriculturally
prosperous regions such as Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh,
hard rock plateau areas of central and southern India, some
coastal areas, and the rapidly growing urban settlements.

Important Questions

Question 1: What is sustainable development? Why is it important? (5 marks)


Question 2: Write a detailed note on Human Development Index (HDI). (5
marks)

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