西南交通大学学报

第 57 卷 第 2 期 Vol. 57 No. 2
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Apr. 2022
2022 年 4 月

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.2.2

Research article

Education

CHARACTER EDUCATION OF GANDRUNG DANCE IN THE SPIRIT OF

NUSANTARA

以 努桑塔拉 精神进行 甘龙 舞蹈的品格教育

Ida Ayu Trisnawati

Institut Seni Indoensia Denpasara, Pogram Studi Tari
Denpasar, Indonesia, dayutrisnа@gmаil.com

Received: January 11, 2022 ▪ Review: February 9, 2022

▪ Accepted: March 10, 2022 ▪ Published: April 30, 2022

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Abstract
Art is an expression of the soul that is very pure and full of the value of beauty. This pure and
beautiful soul can be realized if everyone can interpret art positively. Various positive characters can be
developed through artistic activities. Mutual respect for differences is a powerful way to strengthen the
spirit of the archipelago. Real goals that can be achieved by describing various types of Gandrung include
Gandrung Banyuwangi, Gandrung Bali, and Gandrung Lombok performances which are harmonious,
aesthetic, and full of character values reflecting multiculturalism. This research uses a qualitative
approach combined with creating works of art. This qualitative approach was carried out in the early
stages of the research to identify the existence of Gandrung arts in Banyuwangi, Bali, and Lombok.
Information about the informants was collected using the purposive method, observation and study of
documentation. Gandrung proves that art can create beauty, harmony, and financial benefits for society.
Finally, a sense of nationalism grew with the spirit of the archipelago, revealing various potentials of this
nation. This study found that the infatuation with performing arts has character values of tolerance,
cooperation, hard work, discipline, creativity, and entrepreneurial spirit, which are obtained formally and
can also be obtained informally (in a community environment).

Keywords: Arts, Characters, Gandrung, Spirit, Values

摘要 艺术是一种心灵的表达，非常纯粹，充满了美的价值。如果每个人都能够积极地诠释艺术，
那么这种纯净而美好的灵魂就可以实现。通过艺术活动可以培养各种积极的性格。相互尊重差异
是加强群岛精神的有力方式。通过描述各种类型的甘龙 可以实现的真正目标包括甘龙外南梦、甘
龙巴厘岛和甘龙龙目岛表演，这些表演和谐、美观且充满反映多元文化的性格价值观。本研究采
 Trisnawati. Character Education of Gandrung Dance in the Spirit of Nusantara, Vol. 57 No. 2 Apr. 2022
15

用定性方法与创作艺术作品相结合。这种定性方法是在研究的早期阶段进行的，以确定在外南梦
、巴厘岛和龙目岛存在的甘德龙艺术。使用有目的的方法，观察和研究文件来收集有关线人的信
息。甘龙 证明艺术可以为社会创造美丽、和谐和经济利益。最后，一种民族主义意识随着群岛的
精神而增长，揭示了这个国家的各种潜力。本研究发现，对表演艺术的迷恋具有宽容、合作、努
力、纪律、创造力和创业精神的性格价值观，这些价值观可以通过正式获得，也可以通过非正式
（在社区环境中）获得.

关键词: 艺术、人物、甘龙、精神、价值观

I. INTRODUCTION dance in Banyuwangi is currently more identified

Indonesia is a country with a very high with a social dance, which is seen as a negative
cultural wealth. This can be proven by the connotation by some people, whereas the
existence of ethnicity, religion, customs, and arts. gandrung dance is the inheritor of the value of
As one of the cultural treasures of this country, character education for the Banyuwangi
art consists of various types, namely fine arts, community. Furthermore, Gandrung was a
dance/performance arts, and musical arts. Talking medium for the colonial struggle because
about performing arts, Indonesia has a particular gandrung acted as a spy for the guerrillas during
characteristic, namely as an art figure who is very the Dutch colonial period, conveying messages
flexible and fluid because the community symbolically to collect logistics for the troops in
environment is always in a condition that the interior, who were eliminated by the Dutch in
continues to change over a certain period of time, the war [4].
is well established, and grows as a “tradition” [1]. Likewise, the gandrung dance that developed
The existence of art is significant in people’s in Lombok also experienced marginalization. The
lives. The function of performing arts in people’s traditional gandrung performance art was born in
lives is very diverse, including fertility rituals, the past as an expression of gratitude to God for
commemorating the life cycle from human birth the rice harvest in the fields [5]. Thus, gandung
to death, repelling disease outbreaks, protecting dance teaches that what is obtained from the
society from various threats of danger, personal earth is not to forget to thank the creator.
entertainment, aesthetic presentations Meanwhile, in Bali, the gandrung dance is a
(spectacles), propaganda media, promoter of sacred dance performed only at certain times and
social solidarity, binder of national solidarity, etc. places and only in certain areas. Its scarce
[2]. The complexity of the function of art makes existence also causes the gandrung dance in Bali
art live and dynamic. This dynamic can be seen to be not as well-known as the gandrung dance in
in the development of the performing arts itself. other areas such as Banyuwangi and Lombok. If
the condition of the Gandrung dance is not
appropriately handled by the community, it can
II. LITERATURE REVIEW impact the loss of the dance, as happened in
The development of art, if understood more
Banyuwangi and Lombok, where it is seen as
deeply, is not a strange thing. That art undergoes
unfavorable, this dance can be abandoned.
changes in line with people’s thinking patterns
Alternatively, this dance is not so widely known
[3]. Whether we realize it or not, the mindset and
as in Bali because of its sacredness. Therefore,
development of the times significantly impact the
revitalization actions in the form of
development of art in society. The impact of
reconstruction and modification are necessary so
these developments led to various adjustments
that this art can still be actual in today’s society
and the creation of various arts. Such
but does not leave its original identity. This
developments occur throughout the arts
revitalization is also essential to develop
community, including in Indonesian society.
alternative tourism products that can attract
One of these changes can be seen in
domestic and foreign tourists who come
developing the Gandrung dance in Banyuwangi,
primarily to Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok, and
Bali, and Lombok. Gandrung dances in
Indonesia as a whole so that the moral and sacred
Banyuwangi, Bali, and Lombok are currently
values of education in this show are known by all
experiencing a shift and being marginalized, so
circles. Through this art revitalization process,
efforts are needed to maintain them. Gandrung
 16

tourists can enjoy the beauty of Indonesian the research is to determine the informants who
culture in more straightforward and more will be interviewed using the purposive method
attractive packaging. according to the informant’s knowledge. Data
In addition, it is also necessary to understand collection was also carried out using the
that apart from having the aesthetic value of art, observation method and documentation study.
that also requires meaning and message. Art has Finally, the collected data will be analyzed using
an important position in the education of the interactive analysis [7]. In the first step, in the
nation’s character because art is very neutral and form of a Gandrung dance performance,
readily accepted in society. Especially in presented three Gandrung types, namely
Indonesia, the people are multicultural and rich in Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok. The second step
various arts and cultures with character education is to determine the dance moves, which are the
values. The value of character education does not main points in the Gandrung dance. Then the
have to be obtained formally but can also be third step is dance accompaniment.
obtained informally in community interactions. Accompaniment significantly affects a work of
Messages of character education can be dance art so that there is a harmonization
developed through the media of art. The values of between dance movements and the
discipline, hard work, love, and tolerance are so accompaniment. Furthermore, the fourth step is
strong in this stunning art performance. Different to prepare supporting facilities such as clothes,
movements and different sounds can be packaged accessories, stage, and others.
in one harmonious performance. Likewise,
today’s artists must be more open so that art can IV. RESULTS
bridge differences in society. One of them is
through staging together several regional arts into
A. The Term Gandrung
a unified whole.
Gandrung is a dance that is synonymous with
Based on the above facts, it is necessary to
fertility dance. In Indonesia, there are 3 regions
innovate/new, which is still based on the
that have Gandrung arts, namely, Gandrung
traditional gandrung philosophy in Banyuwangi,
Banyuwangi, Gandrung Bali, and Gandrung
Bali and Lombok. In addition, this performance
Sasak from Lombok. In line with the meaning
also aims to remind the potential and wealth of
and function of the Gandrung dance as a fertility
the Indonesian nation that can be used to improve
dance that also means prosperity, harmony and
welfare and become capital in facing global
difference can create beauty, meaning that
competition. Thus, future generations will
differences in identity, if understood, can be used
understand the values contained in each art in
as capital to make our nation even better.
their area, especially art that has existed for
Conceptually, the word Gandrung contains
generations and is sacred in the community. This
meanings, including love and fascination, and
Gandrung dance performance is ultimately
substantially contains the understanding of being
expected to be a means of tourism promotion that
loved, which is charming [8]. This feeling of
will be staged sustainably as a tourist attraction
love, fascinated by the community that supports
and a medium for delivering character education
it, is manifested in the form of dance. The dance
values to respect each other’s cultures from other
was then called the Gandrung dance by the
regions. This has been implemented in the city of
community.
Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, entitled Untaian
Gandrung dance in each region has unique
Mutiara Gumi Sasak, which reproduces various
characteristics in each region. For example, there
artistic potentials in the city of Mataram into
is a district in Banyuwangi that makes the
alternative tourism products [6].
regional icon. The Gandrung dance is staged as a
form of gratitude and admiration for the beauty
III. RESEARCH METHOD of Dewi Sri, who provides welfare for the people
This research uses a qualitative approach in this area [9]. Gandrung dance in Banyuwangi
combined with creating works of art. This is currently a cultural icon of the Banyuwangi
qualitative approach was carried out in the early district and lives a vibrant life amid the
stages of research to identify the existence of development of globalism.
Gandrung art in Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok. While in Lombok, Gandrung is a folk dance that
Furthermore, the second and third stages are originally existed among the wetu telu Islamic
carried out to create works of art. The first step community or the native Sasak population before
taken by the researcher was to determine the undergoing Islamization. The origin of this dance
research location, which in this case was is not well known, but oral information states that
Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok. The next step of this dance has existed since the time of Erlangga
 Trisnawati. Character Education of Gandrung Dance in the Spirit of Nusantara, Vol. 57 No. 2 Apr. 2022
17

in East Java. Then when the Karangasem thinking and habits, both in life, society, nation,
kingdom developed, which controlled Bali, this and state [11]. Therefore, undoubtedly, the
dance also developed in this area [5]. This dance dimension of education must be seen not only in
does not follow the pattern of movement and the context of school but education in a broad
song accompaniment according to the usual sense involving formal (school), informal
standards. It begins with an official ceremony, (family), and non-formal (community) education.
where the palace soldiers see a set of Gambelan Education and art are closely related to the
(traditional ensemble music) and get the content of educational values in the form of
opportunity to beat it and have fun without the ethical and aesthetic values. For humans as whole
boundaries of the palace so that the movements persons, ethical values are related to morals and
are still traditional. With time, movement values associated with the right and the wrong
motives changed in the development of motion held by groups or communities [12]. One of the
and hand shape [10]. Gandrung dance in Lombok ways for non-formal education is through the art
is now widely developed to become a profane of Gandrung dance. In the context of the
dance used in traditional and artistic activities for character, the art of Gandrung dance has
tourism promotion. character content. Some of the main character
In contrast to the two areas, in Bali, the values possessed by Gandrung, such as:
Gandrung dance is a sacred dance that developed 1) Multiculture Paradigm
in the old village (Bali Aga), whose existence is Gandrung dance is created from
very sacred. Historically, this dance was only regional/regional differences, namely,
danced by a man dressed as a woman. However, Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok (Sasak). This
this dance was danced by women in subsequent difference can be harmonious; of course, it must
developments, as happened in Cempaga village, be based on an awareness of the difference. This
Buleleng, Bali. Balinese Gandrung dance awareness is currently known as the attitude of
generally has simple movements, uses simple multiculturalism, namely an attitude or
accessories, and can only be performed in certain perspective that accepts differences as a gift and
rituals. must be accepted and used as guidelines in
Look at the characters of the three types of nation-building. Furthermore, an anti-racial
Gandrung. Combining the energetic movements attitude, not discriminating against other people
of the Banyuwangi Gandrung dance, the Lombok based on SARA, is essential to continue to be
Sasak Gandrung dance, and the simple nurtured so that this nation is getting stronger.
movements of the Balinese sacred Gandrung Because actually, this nation is like the slogan
makes the Gandrung dance so unique. Another Bhineka Tunggal Ika, different but still one,
value is the existence of a mission to show the namely Indonesia. These values are the strong
community that these differences can be foundation for the creation of the Gandrung
harmonized and collaborated to produce Tridatu dance, which is based on the awareness
something useful and mutually beneficial. This of the differences that are owned by the
spirit of togetherness is raised in the Gandrung Indonesian people.
dance. Multicultural education denotes a process of
developing attitudes and behavior of a person or
B. Character Values in Gandrung Dance group of people to mature humans through
As alluded to in explaining the background teaching, training, processes, actions, and ways
above, globalization is a necessity. However, the that educate [13]. The owned differences are then
narrowness of regional feelings that are getting made a way out in the gandrung dance, which
stronger along with regional autonomy, which seeks to provide facilities so that everyone has
leads to hyper autonomy, consumerism culture, the same understanding of taking care of each
and the spread of totalitarian ideologies leading other, respecting differences as a mutual gift.
to violence, make the cultural face of the Furthermore, the introduction of regional culture
Indonesian people challenging to recognize the must be expanded with introductions to other
longer it looks blurry. In order to overcome this regional cultures, either in districts or certain
problem, various ideas emerged, including provinces, to become a national culture. Such an
national character education. By adhering to the attitude is undoubtedly instrumental in protecting
label, national character education is essentially a the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia
conscious and planned effort to humanize from various threats of radicalism and intolerance
Indonesian people and result in their typical that are currently developing.
psychological, moral, character traits or 2) Tolerance
personalities, as reflected in their patterns of After realizing a difference with the attitude
 18

of multiculturalism, the realization is with an 5) Discipline

attitude of tolerance. Tolerance is attitudes and Dancers and musicians in the context of art
actions that respect differences in religion, are very disciplined figures. Discipline is an
ethnicity, opinions, attitudes, and actions of other action that shows orderly behavior and obeys
people who are different from themselves [14]. various rules and regulations. This means that
Meanwhile, Tolerance is one of the core dancers and musicians must follow the
teachings of Islam. Moreover, tolerance parallels performance rules regarding movement,
other fundamental teachings, such as compassion expression, clothing, makeup, etc. Likewise, each
(rahmah), wisdom (hikmah), universal benefit, musician has duties and functions under the rules
and justice [15]. The form is that this Gandrung of percussion that have been made. All must obey
dance respects the differences in regional origins, the rules that have been agreed upon. With the
supporting tribes, dance movements, and clothing implementation of a disciplined attitude, the
styles, but the differences are harmonized and performance can run well. This is where we as
accepted wholeheartedly. The whole attitude is Indonesian citizens must organize ourselves
the real tolerance shown by this Gandrung dance. always to obey the rules that have been made.
It is hoped that this value of tolerance can be 6) Creativity
transmitted to everyone who watches this dance Without discipline, we will not develop if it is
to positively impact our nationality’s only like that, so innovation and creativity must
development in the future. be developed. Creativity is thinking and doing
3) Cooperation something to produce a new way or result from
Then after having multicultural awareness and something already owned [16]. Imagination and
tolerance to realize shared goals, we must work extraordinary creativity continue to be developed
together. The value of cooperation is shown by to produce something innovative and
the mutual respect for differences, desire to competitive. This is the starting point for the
collaborate with friends, understanding of the emergence of the Gandrung dance, creative
feelings of others, etc. [14], [16]. This thinking to develop a new dance based on the
cooperative attitude is clearly seen in the three uniqueness of each region, namely Banyuwangi,
types of gandrung dance performances, unity, Bali and Lombok. This high creativity must
beauty, and harmony. If there is cooperation continue to be developed to meet the increasingly
between dancers and musicians, dancers and fierce global competition. Therefore, there needs
dancers, musicians and musicians, the to be higher innovation and creation to meet the
performance will undoubtedly be carried out well. global competition.
Besides that, the character of cooperation can be 7) Entrepreneurship Spirit
seen from the aspect of preparation, After all these values exist and are united to
implementation to the end of the performance, realize the Gandrung dance, there needs to be a
and how all supporting components of this final touch so that it has broad benefits, namely
gandrung dance must work together to realize the the existence of an entrepreneurial character.
planned performance. Entrepreneurship is the attitude or courage that
4) Hard Work people have to mobilize all resources and efforts,
Cooperation alone cannot create a beautiful including the ability to recognize new products,
and monumental suit. Therefore, it requires hard determine production methods, and arrange
work. Hard work is a behavior that shows a operations, marketing, manage capital to produce
genuine effort in overcoming various learning something of high value. This character makes
and task barriers and completing tasks as well as Gandrung beneficial for tourism development in
possible [11]. This hard work character is Indonesia by becoming a promotional media and
undoubtedly the main asset in realizing the a tourist attraction that can be packaged in
Gandrung dance performance. The hard work of various forms such as DVDs, online media shows
dancers, musicians, choreographers, dance (YouTube), brochures, and so on. If this can be
stylists, and other components can be seen from realized, the existence of Gandrung dance can
the initial idea, from practice to performance. provide broad benefits to dancers and musicians
This attitude needs to be implemented in the life and the wider community, and the Indonesian
of the nation and state so that we are given the nation as a whole.
awareness that it is not easy to achieve something
without any effort because the actual results will V. DISCUSSION
not betray the effort and hard work that has been The character values mentioned above comply
done. with Magnis-Suseno’s view on the component of
Indonesian character, which was developed to
 Trisnawati. Character Education of Gandrung Dance in the Spirit of Nusantara, Vol. 57 No. 2 Apr. 2022
19

strengthen Indonesian nationalism. Stated that easy. Therefore, a different approach is needed;
overcoming the problem of the blurry image of this is where the role of art, especially dance, is
the Indonesian nation could be done through needed. Art is usually more widely accepted and
three humanist values of national ethics: first, the seen as neutral and detached from interests.
idea of pluralism, which requires that as an Gandrung dance proves how differences, if
Indonesian with a Pancasila personality, one must managed properly, can produce something
accept plurality as a blessing [17]. This cannot be worthwhile. The benefits provided are not only
separated from the pattern of Indonesian society, for the dance workers but also extend in the
which is multicultural. Acceptance of plurality is context of people’s welfare with its potential in
not only cognitive but also treats other people the tourism sector.
with different religions, ethnicities, cultures, Character values such as multiculturalism can
regions, and other aspects in an equal and fair be a strong fortress in reducing radicalism and
manner or without discrimination. Second, ethnocentrism. The true multiculturalism
democracy is the most appropriate political education, according to [19], has a very noble
system for the multicultural Indonesian nation goal, as shown below. “The goal of multicultural
because “a chaotic country, as diverse as education is an education for freedom.
Indonesia cannot be united by force. Indonesia Multicultural education should help students
will only remain united if all components of the develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to
nation want to unite, and they will only unite if participate in a democratic and free society.
they can take care of it. That is what democracy Multicultural education promotes the freedom,
guarantees” [17]. Third, social justice is reflected abilities, and skills to cross ethnic and cultural
in various aspects of life, especially related to boundaries to participate in other cultures and
creating a social space where Indonesians can groups.
live as fully human beings who can optimally Still, according to James A. Banks, the
actualize themselves as Indonesian people. This substance of multiculturalism is freedom (as
is very important for realizing national solidarity. education for freedom); it disseminates inclusive
Without social justice, the integrity of the Unitary movements to strengthen relations between
State of the Republic of Indonesia or social others (as an inclusive and cementing
integration in society is difficult to realize, even movement). Thus, the value of multiculturalism
turning into conflicts, ranging from latent through the art of Gandrung dance is also a
conflicts to violent conflicts. Through this medium for multicultural education, where
Gandrung dance, our society is expected to be multicultural education is anti-racist,
aware of its pluralism and then respect each fundamental, necessary (beneficial) for all
other’s differences so that they can live students, pervasive, for social justice, and is a
democratically. Then, in the end, it can realize critical process and pedagogy. If described in
social justice to achieve prosperity by developing more detail, multicultural education has at least
tourism entrepreneurs based on regional arts. five objectives. First, it improves self-
Another idea can also be observed; it states understanding and good self-concept. Second, it
that character should rely on nine pillars [18]. increases sensitivity in understanding other
The nine pillars referred to are as follows: (1) people, including various cultural groups in their
Love to Allah, trust, reverence, loyalty, (2) own country and other countries. Third, it
Responsibility, excellence, self-reliance, increases the ability to feel and understand the
discipline, orderliness, (3) Trustworthiness, plurality, sometimes conflicting interpretations of
reliability, honesty, (4) Respect, courtesy, nationality and culture, regarding an event,
obedience, (5) Love, compassion, caring attitude, values, and behavior. Fourth, it opens the mind
empathy, generosity, moderation, cooperation, when responding to issues. Fifth, it helps
(6) Confidence, assertiveness, creativity, understand the background of the emergence of
resourcefulness, courage, determination, and cliché or ancient views, stay away from
enthusiasm, (7) Justice, fairness, mercy, stereotypical views, and respect all people [20].
leadership, (8) Kindness, friendliness, humility, Departing from this, the artists and the
modesty, and (9) Tolerance, flexibility, government must join hands to continue to
peacefulness, unity [18]. promote art that requires a value. People
Based on the various opinions mentioned unconsciously, through artistic activities and
above, deradicalization can be done through art enjoying art such as watching the Gandrung
because true art, especially dance, is full of dance performances build awareness of diversity
positive values and beauty. The development of awareness of differences. With this awareness, it
nationalism, as stated above, is certainly not so will indirectly strengthen nationalism and
 20

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