Centre Candidate

Surname
Number Number
First name(s) 2

GCE AS

B410U20-1 O20-B410U20-1

TUESDAY, 13 OCTOBER 2020 – MORNING

CHEMISTRY – AS component 2
Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds
1 hour 30 minutes
For Examiner’s use only
Maximum Mark
Question
Mark Awarded
Section A 1. to 6. 10

B 41 0 U 2 0 1
Section B 7. 13

01
8. 19
9. 11
10. 13
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
11. 14
In addition to this examination paper, you will need a:
• calculator; Total 80
• Data Booklet supplied by WJEC.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Section A Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Section B Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Candidates are advised to allocate their time appropriately between Section A (10 marks) and
Section B (70 marks).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.
The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
Your answers must be relevant and must make full use of the information given to be awarded full
marks for a question.
The assessment of the quality of extended response (QER) will take place in Q.10(a)(i).
If you run out of space, use the continuation page(s) at the back of the booklet, taking care to
number the question(s) correctly.

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SECTION A

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1. Name the compound whose formula is shown below. [1]

H Br H H

H C C C C H

H OH H H

.........................................................................................................................................

2. Myrcene is a significant component of the essential oils of many plants. It has the structure
shown below.

CH3 CH2

CH3 C CH CH2 CH2 C CH CH2

(a) State the empirical formula of myrcene. [1]

...................................................................

(b) Draw the skeletal formula of myrcene. [1]

(c) Describe a test to show that myrcene contains C C double bonds. [2]

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3. Name an element that contaminates many hydrocarbon fuels and that burns to form an oxide
that contributes to acid rain. [1]

...............................................................................................................

4. The polymer PMMA which is used in aeroplane windows and skylights is formed from the
monomer methyl methacrylate.

CH2 C(CH3)CO2CH3

Draw the repeat unit of this polymer. [1]

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5. Complete the equation for the reaction between propanoic acid and sodium carbonate. [1]

2C2H5COOH + Na2CO3 ...................................................................................................................................

6. Collagen has the formula C57H91N19O16. Analysis of a sample showed that it contained
0.0204 mol of carbon.

Calculate the simplest ratio of carbon atoms to nitrogen atoms in the formula and use this to
calculate the mass of nitrogen present in the sample. [2]

Mass of nitrogen = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

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SECTION B

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

7. (a) Biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter
in the absence of oxygen. Its main component is methane.

Suggest why burning biogas is considered to be more environmentally friendly than

burning natural gas. [2]

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(b) Ethanol is widely used as a biofuel in some countries.

(i) Write the equation to represent the standard molar enthalpy change of formation of
ethanol. [2]

(ii) The equation for its combustion is given below.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

I. A student calculated the enthalpy change for this reaction as –1031 kJ mol–1
using the average bond enthalpy values given in the table.

Calculate the average bond enthalpy for the C ― O bond. [3]

Bond Average bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

C C 348
C H 412
O H 463

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O O 496

05
C O 743

Average bond enthalpy of C ― O = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1

II. The literature value for the enthalpy change of this reaction is –1370 kJ mol–1.

State why the values are different. [1]

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(c) Ethanol is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks. When driving in England, the legal
limit for alcohol in the blood is 80 mg per 100 cm3 of blood.

Calculate the concentration of ethanol in blood at this level in mol dm–3. [2]

Concentration = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol dm–3

(d) A fluorocarbon has a relative molecular mass which is twice that of its empirical formula.
9.56 g of this compound contains 6.73 g of fluorine.

Find its molecular formula. [3]

Molecular formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8. (a) A student wanted to form a halogenoalkane from an alcohol. He added hydrochloric acid to
the alcohol and a mixture of organic and inorganic products formed. The halogenoalkane
is the only substance in the mixture that does not dissolve in the inorganic aqueous
solution.

(i) Suggest how the student could separate the halogenoalkane from the other
compounds. [1]

(ii) The student wants to purify the halogenoalkane by distillation. He sets up the
apparatus as shown in the diagram. You may assume that all the equipment is
suitably clamped.

water in

anti-bumping granules

water out
heat

I. Anti-bumping granules were placed in the flask.

Suggest why these granules prevent bumping. [1]

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II. State two changes that must be made to the apparatus for safe and effective
use. Give your reason in each case. [4]

(b) Another student wanted to make 1-chloropentane.

She started with pentan-1-ol and obtained 1.62 g of 1-chloropentane. The percentage
yield of 1-chloropentane was 67 %.

A fellow student told her that since 67 % is about two-thirds, she must have started with
about 2.43 g of pentan-1-ol.

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Is the student correct? Justify your answer. [3]

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(c) Halogenoalkanes can also be formed from alkenes.

The alkene 2-methylbut-2-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide to form a mixture of

2-bromo-2-methylbutane and 2-bromo-3-methylbutane.

H CH3 H H

H C C C C H

H H

(i) Classify the reaction mechanism. [1]

.......................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why 2-bromo-2-methylbutane is the major product of this reaction. [2]

(iii) Draw the mechanism for the formation of 2-bromo-2-methylbutane. [3]

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(d) When 2-bromobutane is heated with potassium hydroxide dissolved in ethanol, two
structural isomers are formed.

(i) State the meaning of the term structural isomers. [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of both isomers. [2]

(iii) Circle the isomer which exhibits E-Z isomerism. Explain your choice. [1]

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9. (a) Compound X is an alcohol. When compound X is warmed with acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) there is a colour change.

In the mass spectrum of compound X

• the molecular ion peak is at m/z 74

• the peak with the greatest relative intensity is at m/z 43 and is due to a secondary
carbocation

Compound X has the following 13C NMR spectrum.

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

δ / ppm

Explain what can be deduced from each piece of information and identify the structure of

compound X. [7]

Structure of compound X

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1H
(b) Complete the sketches of the low resolution NMR spectra for propan-1-ol and
propan-2-ol.

Identify which protons are responsible for each peak giving the approximate chemical
shift (ppm) and the relative area of each peak. [4]

Propan-1-ol, CH3CH2CH2OH

OH
area 1

5 4 3 2 1 0
δ / ppm

Propan-2-ol, CH3CH(OH)CH3

OH
area 1

5 4 3 2 1 0
δ / ppm

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10. (a) (i) Describe how you would carry out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change
of the reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid.

Your answer should include details of the apparatus to be used, the measurements
to be taken and the way in which you would use your results to determine the
enthalpy change. [6 QER]

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(ii) A student carried out this experiment and calculated the enthalpy change of reaction
to be –115 kJ mol–1.

He used 0.900 g of magnesium oxide and 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm –3 hydrochloric
acid.

Show that the acid is in excess and hence calculate the maximum temperature rise
the student recorded. [4]

Maximum temperature rise = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(b) The graph below shows the maximum temperature rise as different masses of zinc react
with separate samples of 50.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acid.

Maximum
temperature
rise

Mass of zinc

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Calculate the mass of zinc at the position labelled X.

[3]

Mass of zinc = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
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11. (a) The decomposition of gaseous hydrogen iodide, HI, is represented by the following
equation.

2Hl(g) H2(g) + l2(g) ∆H = – 53 kJ mol –1

(i) Its energy distribution curve at a certain temperature is shown below.

On the same axes, draw another curve to show the distribution at a higher
temperature. [1]

Fraction of
molecules with
energy E

Energy E

(ii) The energy profile for this reaction is shown below.

Energy

Reaction pathway

I. Label the position that represents the transition state of the reaction. [1]

II. On the same axes, draw the energy profile for the same reaction if it were
catalysed. [1]

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(iii) The activation energy of the forward reaction (Ef ) is 195 kJ mol–1.

Calculate the activation energy of the reverse reaction (Eb ). [1]

Eb = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1

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(b) Bromine oxidises methanoic acid according to the following equation. only

Br2(aq) + HCOOH(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2Br –(aq) + CO2(g)

The graph below shows how the concentration of bromine changes in the initial stages of

the reaction.

0.010

0.009

0.008

[Br2]
0.007
/ mol dm –3

0.006

0.005

0 40 80 120 160 200 240

Time / s

(i) Calculate the initial rate of the reaction from the graph and give its unit. Show your
working. [4]

Initial rate = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Suggest two ways in which the rate of this reaction could be measured. [2]

(iii) I. State how the graph shows that the rate decreases as the reaction proceeds.
[1]

II. Use collision theory to explain why the rate of the reaction decreases as the
reaction proceeds. [2]

(iv) State why it is necessary to keep the temperature constant during this experiment.
[1]

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For continuation only.

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