Parul University

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities
B.Tech. Programme [Semester-1] (All Branches)
Mathematics – 1(303191101)
Unit 5: Fourier Series (Lecture Notes)

Fourier Series is an infinite series representation of periodic function in terms of the trigonometric
sine and cosine functions.
➢ Most of the single valued functions which occur in applied mathematics can be expressed
in the form of Fourier series, which is in terms of sines and cosines.
➢ Fourier series is a very powerful method to solve ordinary and partial differential
equations, particularly with periodic functions appearing as non-homogeneous terms.
➢ Taylor’s series expansion is valid only for functions which are continuous and
differentiable. Fourier series is possible not only for continuous functions but also for
periodic functions, functions which are discontinuous in their values and derivatives.
➢ Further, because of the periodic nature, Fourier series constructed for one period is valid
for all values.

Prerequisites:

Even Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even, if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥.
• Even Function is always symmetric about 𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Eg: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 2 , etc

Odd Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥.
• Odd function is always symmetric about 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Eg: 𝑥, 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 , etc

Properties of Definite Integrals:

 𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑏 𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
3. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ,if f(x) is even function
= 0 , if f(x) is odd function
𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

Basic Trigonometry
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋 = 0
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛 + 1) 𝜋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 = (−1)𝑛+1
4. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 − 𝐵)
5. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) – 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 + 𝐵)
6. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Periodic Functions:
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is called periodic if it is defined for all real x and if there is some positive number
𝑝 such that 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑝) = 𝑓(𝑥) where p is known as period of 𝑓(𝑥). If a periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) has
a smallest period p is called fundamental period of 𝑓(𝑥). eg 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 has fundamental period
of 2π. If l is a fixed number, then 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2𝜋𝑥/ 𝑙 ) and 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2𝜋𝑥 /𝑙) have period 𝑙.

Convergence of the Fourier Series (Dirichlet’s Conditions)

A function 𝑓(𝑥) can be represented by a complete set of orthogonal functions within the
interval (𝑐, 𝑐 + 2𝑙). The Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) exists only if the following conditions
are satisfied:
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic, 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝑙), where 2𝑙 is the period of the function 𝑓(𝑥).
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) and its integrals are finite and single-valued.
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) has a finite number of discontinuities, 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓(𝑥) is piecewise continuous in the interval
(𝑐, 𝑐 + 2𝑙).
(iv) 𝑓(𝑥) has a finite number of maxima and minima.

These conditions are known as Dirichlet’s conditions.

➢ Fourier series: Fourier series of periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) defined in interval (𝑐, 𝑐 + 2𝑙) with
fundamental period 2𝑙 is given by
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥)
2 𝑙 𝑙

1 𝑐+2𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑐

1 𝑐+2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2, …
𝑙 𝑐 𝑙
 1 𝑐+2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 1,2, …
𝑙 𝑐 𝑙

Example:1 Find the Fourier Series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in the interval (0,2𝜋)

Solution: Here 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 + 2𝑙 = 2𝜋
∴𝑙=𝜋
The Fourier Series of given function is given by
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ (𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1

Now, find
𝑐+2𝑙 2𝜋 2 2𝜋
1 1 1 𝑥
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = 2𝜋
𝜋 𝑐 𝜋 0 𝜋 2 0

Also,
1 𝑐+2𝑙
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑐

1 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
𝜋 0

1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= [𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0

1 cos 2𝑛𝜋 1 1
= [0 + − 0 − ] = (0) = 0
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝜋
1 𝑐+2𝑙
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑐

1 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0

1 2𝜋 2
= [− ] = −
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
Sub. The value of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 in 𝑓(𝑥)
We get
 ∞
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 − 2 ∑ sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛
𝑛=1

Example:2 Find the Fourier Series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in the interval (0,2𝜋)

Solution: Here 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 + 2𝑙 = 2𝜋
∴𝑙=𝜋
The Fourier Series of given function is given by
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ (𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1

Now, find
2𝜋
1
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

8𝜋 3
=
3
Also,
1 𝑐+2𝑙
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑐

1 2𝜋 2
= ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
4
=
𝑛2
1 𝑐+2𝑙
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑐

1 2𝜋 2
= ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
4𝜋
=−
𝑛
Hence,
∞
4𝜋 2 1 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + 4 ∑ ( 2 cos 𝑛 𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥)
3 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

Example:3 Obtain the Fourier series to represent f(x)= 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝒂 ≠ 𝟎)in the interval 𝟎 < 𝑥 <
2𝝅
Solution: Given function 𝑓(𝑥) may be expanded in Fourier series as
∞ ∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 … … … … . (𝑖)
2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
1 2𝜋
Where , 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
Now, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋 𝑎𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑎 0
1
= [𝑒 2𝑎𝜋 − 1]
𝑎𝜋

𝑎0 𝑒 2𝑎𝜋 −1
=
2 2𝑎𝜋
2𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
1 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
Using ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥} + 𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
2𝜋
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= [ 2 {𝑎 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥}]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 0

1
= [𝑒 2𝜋𝑎 {𝑎 cos 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑛 sin 2𝑛𝜋} − 𝑒 0 {𝑎 cos 0 + 𝑛 sin 0}]
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
As cos 2 𝑛𝜋 = 1 , sin 2𝑛𝜋 = 0 , cos 0 = 1 , sin 0 = 0
𝑎
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒 2𝑎𝜋 − 1
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
2𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
2𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
Using ∫0 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥} + 𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
 2𝜋
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= [ 2 {𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥}]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 0

1
= [𝑒 2𝑎𝜋 {𝑎 sin 2𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛 cos 2𝑛𝜋} − {𝑎 sin 0 − 𝑛 cos 0}]
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
But, cos 2 𝑛𝜋 = 1 , sin 2𝑛𝜋 = 0 , cos 0 = 0 , sin 0 = 0
𝑎
= (−𝑛𝑒 2𝑎𝜋 + 𝑛)
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2 2
(1 − 𝑒 2𝑎𝜋 )
𝜋(𝑎 + 𝑛 )
Substituting the values of 𝑎0 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖), 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
∞ ∞
𝑒 2𝑎𝜋 − 1 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 n sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = [ +𝑎 ∑ 2 2
−∑ 2 ]
𝜋 2𝑎 𝑎 +𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

Example:4 Find the Fourier series representation of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + |𝑥| in the interval −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
Solution:
Given function 𝑓(𝑥) may be expanded in Fourier series as
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑[𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥]
2
𝑛=1

Now,
𝜋
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑥 + |𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
1
= [ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
−𝜋 −𝜋
𝜋
1
= [0 + 2 ∫|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
0

1 2
= [𝜋 ] = 𝜋
𝜋
𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
 𝜋
1
= ∫[𝑥 + |𝑥|] cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
1
= [ ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫|𝑥| cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
−𝜋 −𝜋
𝜋
2
= ∫|𝑥| cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑥 − (−1) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 0

2
= [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝜋𝑛2
2𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
2𝜋
1 2
= ∫ [𝑥 + |𝑥|] sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (−1)𝑛
𝜋 𝑛
0

Substituting the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 in 𝑓(𝑥), we have

∞
𝜋 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ 2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1] cos 𝑛𝑥 − (−1)𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥]
2 𝜋𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

Example:5 Find a Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 , −𝝅 <𝑥 < 𝜋

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
Also deduce that, 𝟏𝟐 + + + ⋯……… =
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟔

Solution:
𝑎0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1[𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥]
2

be the required Fourier Series.

1 𝜋
Where, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
Now, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
As 𝑥 is an odd function, ∫−𝜋 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 and
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 2 is an even function, therefore 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋 2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝜋
2 𝑥3
=𝜋(3)
0

2𝜋 2
𝑎0 =
3
𝑎0 𝜋2
=
2 3
𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
1 𝜋
= ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
As 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 is an odd function ∫−𝜋 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 is an even function,
therefore
𝜋 𝜋

∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋 0
𝜋
2
= ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2 2)
sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥 ( ) − (2𝑥) (− )+ (2) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝜋
2 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥
= 𝜋 [( )+( )−( )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝜋
2 2 sin 𝑛𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋
= [𝜋 + 2𝜋 − 2 − 0]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0

But sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0 , cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛

4 (−1)𝑛
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
 1 𝜋
= ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
As 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 is an even function,
therefore
𝜋 𝜋

∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋 0

𝜋
2
= ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥) (− ) − (1) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0

2 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(− )+( )]
𝑛 𝑛2 0

2 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋
= [− + − 0]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2
But cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0
2 (−1)𝑛
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −
𝑛
Substituting above value in 𝑓(𝑥), we get
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 (−1)𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 − 2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 … … … … … … … . . (𝑖)
3 𝑛2 𝑛

As a required Fourier Series,

At, 𝑥 = 𝜋,
The sum of the series is
𝑓(𝜋 + 0) + 𝑓 (𝜋 − 0)
𝑓(𝜋) =
2
𝜋2 + 𝜋 + 𝜋2 − 𝜋
=
2
𝑓(𝜋) = 𝜋 2
Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋 in series (ii), we have
∞ ∞
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜋 (−1)𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + 4∑ −2 ∑
3 𝑛2 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

But cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0

 2
𝜋2 1 1 1 1
𝜋 = + 4 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2…………]
3 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 𝜋2
∴ + + + + ⋯ … … … = … … … … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖)
12 22 32 42 6
∞
1 𝜋2
∴ ∑ 2=
𝑛 6
𝑛=1

Example:6 Expand 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝟐𝝅 as Fourier series

𝑎0
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1[𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥]
2
1 2𝜋
Where, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
Now, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

Integrating by parts
1
= [(𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) − (1)(− cos 𝑥)]2𝜋
0
𝜋
1
= [𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ]2𝜋
0 -4
𝜋
1
= 𝜋 [2𝜋 sin 2𝜋 + cos 2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑜𝑛 0 − cos 0]

cos 2𝜋 = 1 , sin 2𝜋 = 0 , cos 0 = 1 , sin 0 = 0

1
= 𝜋 [1 − 1]

𝑎0 = 0
1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

But 2CC= C+C

1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥{cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 + cos(𝑛 − 1)𝑥}𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= ∫ [cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥{cos(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥}]
2𝜋 0
Integrating both terms by parts,
1 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) (− (𝑛+1)2
)+ (𝑥) ( ) − (1) (− (𝑛−1)2
)]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0

Where 𝑛 ≠ 1
1 xsin(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 xsin(𝑛−1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 [ + (𝑛+1)2
+ + ]
(𝑛−1)2 0
𝑛+1 𝑛−1

As sin(𝑛 ± 1)𝜋 = 0 , cos(𝑛 ± 1)𝜋 = 1

1 1 1 1 1
= 2𝜋 [(𝑛+1)2 + (𝑛−1)2 − (𝑛+1)2 − (𝑛−1)2]

∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 0
1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥{sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 + sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥}𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 0

But, 2SC=S+S,
1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= [∫0 𝑥 sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
2𝜋

Integrating both terms by parts,

1 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥
= 2𝜋 [(𝑥) (− ) − (1) (− (𝑛+1)2
)+ (𝑥) (− )−
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 2𝜋
(1) (− )]
(𝑛−1)2 0

Where 𝑛 ≠ 1
1 xcos(𝑛+1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 xcos(𝑛−1)𝑥 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 [− + (𝑛+1)2
− + ]
(𝑛−1)2 0
𝑛+1 𝑛−1

As cos2(𝑛 ± 1)𝜋 = 1 , sin2(𝑛 ± 1)𝜋 = 0

1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= [− 𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1]
2𝜋
2𝑛
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑛2 −1

Here 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 cannot be calculated for 𝑛 = 1.

1 2𝜋
Again, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Putting 𝑛 = 1
 1 2𝜋
𝑎1 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 [∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 )]
2𝜋
1 𝑥2 sin 2𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= 2𝜋 [ 2 + (𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
2 4 0
2𝜋
1 𝑥2 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= 2𝜋 [ 2 + + ]
2 4 0

As sin 4𝜋 = 0 , cos 4𝜋 = 1
1 1 1
= 2𝜋 [2𝜋 2 + − 4]
4

𝑎1 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋
And, 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Putting 𝑛 = 1
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
2𝜋 0
𝑑𝑥

Integrating by Parts,
1 cos 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝜋
= [(𝑥) (− ) − (1) (− )]
2𝜋 2 4 0

1 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 2𝜋
= [− + ]
2𝜋 2 4 0

As sin 4𝜋 = 0 , cos 4𝜋 = 1
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 [− ]
2
1
𝑏1 = − 2
𝑎0
Now, 𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=2 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + ∑𝑛=2 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2

Substituting the above values, we get

1 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 − 2 ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑛2 −1 sin 𝑛𝑥

sin 𝑥 2 3 4
∴ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 𝜋 cos 𝑥 − − 2 [3 sin 2𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + 15 sin 4𝑥 + ⋯ .]
2 8

Which is desired Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Example:7 Find the Fourier Series of the function
𝑥 −1 < 𝑥 < 0
𝒇(𝒙) = {
2 0<𝑥<1
Solution: Here 𝑙 = 1
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑[𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥]
2
𝑛=1
𝑐+2𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
𝑐
1

= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−1
0 1

= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
−1 0

1
= − + 2 = 3/2
2
𝑐+2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
𝑐
0 1

= ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−1 0

sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

= [𝑥 ( ) − (1) ( 2 2 )] + ( )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 −1 𝑛𝜋 0

1
= [1 − (1)𝑛 ]
𝑛2 𝜋 2

𝑐+2𝑙
1 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑐

cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

= [𝑥 (− )− (1) (− 2 2 )] + ( )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 −1 𝑛𝜋 0

1
= [2 − 3(−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛𝜋
Hence,
∞
3 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ 2 2 [1 − (1)𝑛 ] cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + [2 − 3(−1)𝑛 ] sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥]
4 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑛=1

Exercise:
 1. Find the Fourier series of the periodic functions 𝒇(𝒙) with period 𝟐𝝅 defined as
0 −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
follows: f(x) ={
𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝜋 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
Answer: 𝒇(𝑥) = + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1[(−1) − 1] 2
− ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
4 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
𝟐
2. Find the Fourier Series of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝒙 in the interval (𝟎, 𝟐)
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
Answer: 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟑 , 𝒂𝒏 = − 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 , 𝒃𝒏 = 𝒏𝝅
𝟏
3. Find the Fourier Series of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 (𝝅 − 𝒙) in the interval (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅).
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Hence deduced that 𝟒 = 𝟏 − 𝟑 + 𝟓 − 𝟕 + ⋯
𝟏
Answer: 𝒂𝟎 = 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝒃𝒏 = 𝒏
4. Find the Fourier series of periodic functions with period 2, which are given below:
 ; for0  x  1
f ( x) = 
 (2 − x); for1  x  2
3π 1 1−2(−1)𝑛
Answer∶ [𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = π𝑛2 ((−1)𝑛 − 1) , 𝑏𝑛 = ]
4 n

Fourier Series for even and odd Function.

𝑎 𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑓(𝑥) is even function

=0 , if 𝑓(𝑥) is odd function

Example:8 Find the Fourier Series of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| in the interval (−𝝅, 𝝅).
Solution:
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is even function, therefore for the given interval (−𝜋, 𝜋), 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝐿
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
2 𝜋
= ∫ |𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝜋
2 𝑥2
= ( ) =𝜋
𝜋 2 0

2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙
2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ |𝑥| cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑥 ( )+ ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 0
= ( 2 − 2 )
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
2
= [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝑛2 𝜋
Hence
∞
𝜋 2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| = + ∑ cos 𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1

Example:9 Expand 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙|, −𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅 as Fourier series.

Solution:
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = |sin 𝑥|is an even function
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
For even function the required Fourier Series is given by
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 … … … … … … … . . (𝑖)
2

Where,
1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋

𝑓(𝑥) = |sin 𝑥| = sin 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

1 𝜋
Now, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋

As 𝑓(𝑥) is even function

2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ |sin 𝑥|𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝜋
= ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2
= [− cos 𝑥]𝜋0
𝜋
2
𝑎0 = (2)
𝜋
𝑎0 2
∴ =
2 𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋

Since 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 is even function

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

But 2CS= S-S

 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 [sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 = sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥

1 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋[ − ] , (Where, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑛−1 𝑛+1 0

Since cos(𝑛 ± 1)𝜋 = (−1)𝑛+1

1 (−1)𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛+1 1 1
= 𝜋[ − − 𝑛−1 + 𝑛+1] … … … … … … . . (1)
𝑛−1 𝑛+1

Where n is even, (−1)𝑛+1 = −1

2 1 1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 [𝑛+1 + 𝑛−1]
4
𝑎𝑛 = − 𝜋(𝑛2 −1)

Where n is odd, (−1)𝑛+1 = 1, from (1)

1 1 1 1 1
= [ − 𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1 + 𝑛+1]
𝜋 𝑛−1

∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 0
Thus ,𝑎𝑛 = 0 ,if 𝑛 is odd
4
= − 𝜋(𝑛2−1), if 𝑛is even

When 𝑛 = 1
1 𝜋
𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
2 𝜋
= ∫ |sin 𝑥|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋 0
𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
= ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

2 cos 2𝑥 𝜋
= [− ]
𝜋 2 0

𝑎1 = 0
∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠,
2 4 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝜋 ∑∞𝑛=2 2
𝑛−𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛 −1

Half Range Cosine – Sine Series

The Fourier series of an even function of period of 2l is a “Fourier cosine series” (−𝒍, 𝒍)

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥
2 𝑙
𝑛=1
 2 𝐿 2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 0 𝑙

The Fourier series of an odd function of period of 2L is a “Fourier sine series” (−𝒍, 𝒍)

∞
𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥
𝑙
𝑛=1

2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙

The length of the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) is 𝑙 = 𝑏 − 𝑎.

Example:10 Find the Fourier sine series of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅 − 𝒙, 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
Solution: let the required half range sine series be,
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 … … … … … … … . (𝑖)
2 𝜋
Where, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
Integrating by parts
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (− ) − (−1) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= − 𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) + ]
𝑛 𝑛2 0
2 𝜋
= − 𝜋 (− 𝑛)
2
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛
Substituting above values in (i), we get
sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛
sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 [ + + + ⋯……..]
1 2 3

𝝅
𝒙, 𝟎<𝑥< 𝟐
Example:11. Find the half range of cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝝅
𝝅 − 𝒙, <𝑥<𝜋
𝟐
𝑎0
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 … … … … … … … . (𝑖)
2
2 𝜋
Where, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
 𝜋
2 𝜋
Now, 𝑎0 = [∫ 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 0 2

𝜋
𝜋
2 𝑥2 2 𝑥2
= 𝜋 [( 2 ) + (𝜋𝑥 − ) 2]
0 2 𝑥
2

𝜋
1
= [(𝑥 2 )02 + (2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝜋𝑥2 ]
𝜋
2

1 𝜋2 3𝜋 2
= [ 4 + 𝜋2 − ]
𝜋 4

1 𝜋2
= 𝜋[2]
𝜋
= 2
𝑎0 𝜋
∴ =
2 4
2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝜋
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫02 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
2

𝜋
𝜋
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
= 𝜋 [((𝑥) ( ) − (1) (− ))] + [((𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− ))]𝜋
𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2
0
2

𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2
= [( + 2
)] + [((𝜋 − 𝑥) − )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 0 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋
2

2 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 1 (−1)𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
= [ sin + cos − 𝑛2 − − 2𝑛 sin + 𝑛2 cos ]
𝜋 2𝑛 2 𝑛2 2 𝑛2 2 2

2 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = [2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛2 𝜋 2

Where 𝑛 is odd
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = cos = 0 (cos = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑)
𝑛2 𝜋 2 2

When 𝑛 is even from (ii)

2 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = [cos − 1]
𝑛2 𝜋 2
1 2
For 𝑛 = 2, 𝑎2 = [−2] = −
𝜋 𝜋
1
For 𝑛 = 4, 𝑎4 = [0] = 0
4𝜋
1 2
For 𝑛 = 6, 𝑎6 = [−2] = −
9𝜋 9𝜋

Substituting above values in (i), we have

𝜋 2 cos 2𝑥 cos 6𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝜋[ + + ⋯……….]
4 12 32
 𝝅
𝒎𝒙 ,𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
Example:12. If 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝝅 , then show that,
𝒎(𝝅 − 𝒙), ≤𝒙≤𝝅
𝟐

𝟒𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒙

𝒇(𝒙) = { − + − ⋯…….}
𝝅 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐

Solution:
Here we have to find half range sine series in (0, 𝜋)
Let the required half range sine series be
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 … … … … … … … . (𝑖)
2 𝜋
Where, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝜋
2 2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫02 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫𝜋 𝑚(𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

Integrating by parts
𝜋
2𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2 2𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥) (− ) − (1) (− )] + [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (− ) − (−1) (− )]𝜋
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2
2
𝜋
2𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2 2𝑚 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= − [𝑥 − ] − [(𝜋 − 𝑥) + ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋
2

2𝑚 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 2𝑚 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
=− [ cos ( ) − 2 sin ( )] + [ cos ( ) + 2 sin ( )]
𝜋 2𝑛 2 𝑛 2 𝜋 2𝑛 2 𝑛 2
4𝑚 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = sin ( )
𝑛2 𝜋 2
Substituting above value in (i), it takes the form
4𝑚 1 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 sin ( 2 ) sin 𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑛2

4𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = { − + − + ⋯…….}
𝜋 12 32 52 72

Example:13. Obtain half range sine series to represent 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 in the range (𝟎, 𝒍)
𝑛𝜋𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Where, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙
𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙3 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= [(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (− 𝑛𝜋 cos ) − (𝑙 − 2𝑥) (− 𝑛2𝜋2 sin ) + (−2) 𝑛3 𝜋3 cos ]
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 0
 −4𝑙2
= [cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1]
𝑛3 𝜋 3

−4𝑙2
= 𝑛3 𝜋3 [(−1)𝑛 −1]

= 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
8𝑙2
= 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛3 𝜋 3

Hence, half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) is

8𝑙2 1 𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥 1 5𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛3 𝜋3 [13 sin + 33 sin + 53 sin + ⋯…..]
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

Example:14 Find Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑐

Solution:
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos … … … … … … … . . (𝑖)
2 𝑙

Comparing 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑙 = 𝑐

2 𝑐
Now, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑐 0
2 𝑐
= 𝑐 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐
2 𝑥3
= 𝑐[3]
0

2 𝑐3
= 𝑐[3]

2𝑐 2
𝑎0 = 3

𝑎0 𝑐2
=
2 3

2 𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( 𝑐 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 0

2 𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 𝑐 ∫0 𝑥 2 cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐

𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐

2 sin( ) cos( ) sin( )
2) 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
= 𝑐 [(𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (2𝑥) (− 𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (2) (− 𝑛3 𝜋3
)]
𝑐 𝑐2 𝑐3 0
𝑐
2 2𝑐 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= [ 𝑥 cos ( )]
𝑐 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑐 0

4𝑐 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐
= [𝑥 cos ( )]
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑐 0
4𝑐
= [𝑐 cos 𝑛𝜋]
𝑛2 𝜋 2

4𝑐 2 (−1)𝑛
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝜋 2

Substituting above values in (i), we get

 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑐2 4𝑐 2 cos( )
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ (−1)𝑛 𝑐
3 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛=1 𝑛2

• EXERCISE:

1. Find a Fourier sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 in 0 < x < 𝜋.

4𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
[ANS: 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ]
𝜋 𝑛

2. Find half range cosine series for

l
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 , 0 x
2

l
= 𝑘 (𝑙 − 𝑥) ,  xl
2

 8 
2n sin 2nx
[ANS: f ( x) = sin x −  ]
  (4n 2 − 1)
2
2 n =1

3. Find the Fourier sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 in the interval (0, 𝜋) [Summer 2023]