THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,

ONDO STATE, NIGERIA.

A PRE PRACTICAL REPORT

ON

POWER SYSTEMS IN NIGERIA

BY

OLUWAFEMI OMOTOSO PAUL

EEE/18/6769

SUBMITTED TO

DR. ENGR. OGUNBOYO P.

JUNE 2023
Name: Omotoso Oluwafemi Paul

Matric Number: EEE/18/6769

Department: Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Title: Power Sytems in Nigeria

Aim: To Understand how Power is generated, transmitted, and distributed in Nigeria.

Date: 22nd of June, 2023.

1. EXPLAIN THE GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

IN NIGERIA EXTENSIVELY.

ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN NIGERIA.

The electricity generation system in Nigeria is a crucial component of the country's

infrastructure, aiming to meet the growing demand for electrical power. With a diverse mix of
energy sources and technologies, Nigeria strives to ensure a reliable and sustainable supply of
electricity to its population.
One of the primary sources of electricity generation in Nigeria is gas-fired power plants.
Nigeria boasts abundant natural gas reserves, making it a cost-effective and readily available fuel
for power generation. Natural gas extracted from domestic gas fields is transported through
pipelines to power plants across the country. In these gas-fired power plants, the gas is burned in
gas turbines, which are connected to generators. Through the process of combustion, the
high-pressure and high-temperature gases expand, driving the gas turbines and generating
electricity through electromagnetic induction. Gas-fired power plants play a significant role in
meeting Nigeria's electricity demand due to the country's extensive natural gas reserves.
Thermal power plants also contribute to electricity generation in Nigeria. While gas-fired
power plants dominate the thermal sector, Nigeria has a limited number of coal and oil-fired
plants. In these plants, coal or oil is burned in a boiler, producing heat. This heat is then used to
generate steam by heating water, and the high-pressure steam drives a steam turbine. The steam
turbine is connected to a generator, converting the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine into
electrical energy. Thermal power plants provide a continuous and reliable power supply and are
typically utilized for base load generation.
Hydropower plants harness the power of flowing or falling water to generate electricity.
Nigeria benefits from several hydropower plants strategically located near major rivers and
dams, such as the Kainji, Jebba, and Shiroro dams. Water is stored in reservoirs behind these
dams and released through turbines. The force of the flowing water drives the turbines, which are
connected to generators, producing electricity. Hydropower plants offer a renewable and
environmentally friendly source of electricity, utilizing the country's natural water resources.
In recent years, Nigeria has begun exploring renewable energy sources for electricity
generation. Solar power plants have gained prominence, leveraging Nigeria's abundant sunlight.
Solar power plants employ photovoltaic (PV) technology, which converts sunlight directly into
electricity. Solar panels, comprised of solar cells, capture sunlight and generate a direct current
(DC) when exposed to sunlight. Inverters then convert the DC power into alternating current
(AC), which can be fed into the grid for distribution. Solar power plants are being developed
across the country, tapping into Nigeria's solar potential and contributing to a cleaner and more
sustainable energy mix.
Wind power is another renewable energy source with potential in Nigeria. Although still
in the early stages of development, plans are underway to establish wind farms, particularly in
coastal regions with favorable wind conditions. Wind power plants utilize wind turbines to
convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. As the wind blows, it causes the
turbine blades to rotate, which, in turn, spins a generator, producing electricity. Wind power has
the advantage of being a clean and abundant source of energy, contributing to Nigeria's efforts to
diversify its electricity generation sources.
Biomass power plants are also part of Nigeria's energy generation portfolio. These plants
generate electricity by burning organic materials, such as agricultural waste, wood chips, or
dedicated energy crops. The combustion of biomass releases heat, which is used to produce
steam. The steam drives a turbine connected to a generator, converting the thermal energy into
electrical energy. Biomass power plants offer the opportunity to utilize agricultural waste and
reduce environmental pollution, making them a sustainable option for electricity generation.
 While still in the early stages of exploration, geothermal energy holds potential for
electricity generation in Nigeria. Geothermal power plants harness the heat energy from the
Earth's geothermal resources, typically found in regions with volcanic activity or hot subsurface
temperatures. In a geothermal power plant, hot water or steam is extracted from underground
reservoirs and used to drive turbines. The turbines, in turn, are connected to generators,
converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Geothermal power presents a renewable
and reliable source of electricity, although its development in Nigeria is at a nascent stage.
In conclusion, the electricity generation system in Nigeria encompasses a diverse mix of
energy sources and technologies. From gas-fired and thermal power plants to hydropower, solar,
wind, biomass, and the potential of geothermal energy, Nigeria is working towards a sustainable
and reliable supply of electricity. The utilization of these various sources contributes to the
country's energy security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. As Nigeria
continues to develop its electricity generation system, the focus on diversifying the energy mix
and expanding renewable energy sources will play a crucial role in meeting the country's
increasing electricity demand while reducing its carbon footprint.
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION IN NIGERIA

The transmission system in Nigeria is a vital component of the country's electricity

infrastructure, serving as the backbone for the efficient and reliable transfer of electrical power.
This extensive network consists of high-voltage transmission lines, substations, transformers,
and associated equipment, working together to transmit electricity from the generating stations to
the distribution networks.
At the heart of the transmission system are the transmission lines. These lines serve as the
conduits for carrying electricity over long distances. They are designed to transport electricity at
high voltages, typically ranging from 132 kilovolts (kV) to 330 kV. The transmission lines can be
overhead lines supported by tall towers or underground cables, depending on factors such as
cost, terrain, and technical feasibility. These lines are constructed using robust materials such as
steel or aluminum conductors to withstand the electrical and environmental stresses they
encounter.
Transmission substations play a critical role in the transmission system. These substations
serve as the interface between the generating stations and the distribution networks. They receive
high-voltage electricity from the generating stations and step it down to lower voltages for
distribution. Transmission substations are equipped with transformers, circuit breakers, and other
protective devices to ensure the safe and efficient transfer of electricity. They also facilitate the
monitoring and control of the transmission system, enabling operators to manage the flow of
electricity and maintain system stability.
Transformers are critical components of the transmission system. They are used to step
up or step down the voltage of electricity at different stages of the transmission process. Step-up
transformers increase the voltage of electricity generated at power plants for efficient
transmission over long distances, minimizing power losses. Step-down transformers, on the other
hand, lower the voltage to a level suitable for distribution to consumers. Transformers are
installed at both the generating stations and the substations, ensuring voltage compatibility
throughout the transmission network.
Protection and control equipment is integral to the transmission system. These devices
are installed at various points along the transmission lines and substations to ensure the safety
and reliability of the system. Circuit breakers, relays, and other protective devices are employed
to detect and isolate faults, such as short circuits or overloads, to prevent damage to equipment
and maintain the integrity of the transmission network. Monitoring and control systems allow
operators to monitor the performance of the system, detect abnormalities, and make necessary
adjustments to ensure smooth and efficient transmission of electricity.
The transmission system in Nigeria is operated and managed by the Transmission
Company of Nigeria (TCN). TCN manages the electricity transmission network in the country. It
is one of the 18 companies that was unbundled from the defunct Power Holding Company of
Nigeria (PHCN) in April 2004 and is a product of a merger of the transmission and system
operations parts of PHCN. It was incorporated in November 2005 and issued a transmission
license on July 1, 2006. TCN is presently fully owned and operated by the government and as
part of the reform program of the government, it is to be reorganized and restructured to improve
its reliability and expand its capacity.
TCN’s licensed activities include electricity transmission, system operation, and
electricity trading. It is responsible for evacuating electric power generated by the electricity
generating companies (GenCos) and wheeling it to distribution companies (DisCos). It provides
the vital transmission infrastructure between the GenCos and the DisCos’ Feeder Substations.

Nigeria’s transmission network consists of high-voltage substations with a total (theoretical)

transmission wheeling capacity of 7,500MW and over 20,000km of transmission lines.
Currently, the transmission wheeling capacity (5,300MW) is higher than the average operational
generation capacity of 3,879MW but it is far below the total installed generation capacity of
12,522MW. The entire infrastructure is essentially radial, without redundancies thus creating
inherent reliability issues. At an average of approx. 7.4%, the transmission losses across the
network are high compared to emerging countries’ benchmarks of 2-6%. The number of system
collapses has fallen over the past years from a peak of 42 in 2010 to a few last year. All these
reflect the critical infrastructure and operational challenges in the transmission subsector of the
industry.

In conclusion, the transmission system in Nigeria is a complex and extensive network

that forms the backbone of the country's electricity infrastructure. Through high-voltage
transmission lines, substations, transformers, and protection/control equipment, electricity is
efficiently transmitted from the generating stations to the distribution networks. The transmission
system plays a critical role in ensuring a reliable and stable supply of electricity, enabling
economic growth, and improving the quality of life for the people of Nigeria.

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION IN NIGERIA

Electricity distribution in Nigeria is a crucial process involving efficient and reliable

delivery of electrical energy from power generation sources to end consumers. The distribution
system consists of a complex network of infrastructure, equipment, and operational processes.
Let's explore the extensive process of how electricity is distributed in Nigeria.

At the heart of the distribution system is the transmission line network that carries
electricity from power generation plants to distribution substations. These transmission lines are
designed to transport electricity at high voltages, typically ranging from 132 kilovolts (kV) to
330 kV, to minimize power losses over long distances. The transmission lines may be overhead
lines supported by tall towers or underground cables, depending on the terrain and local
infrastructure.
Upon reaching the distribution substations, the high-voltage electricity is lowered to
lower voltages suitable for local distribution. Distribution substations are equipped with
transformers that facilitate this voltage reduction. These transformers play a critical role in
ensuring that electricity is supplied to consumers at safe and usable voltage levels.
From the distribution substations, the electricity is further distributed through primary
distribution lines, also known as feeder lines. These lines carry the stepped-down electricity at
medium voltages, typically ranging from 11 kV to 33 kV, to various areas and neighborhoods
within the distribution network. Primary distribution lines are typically overhead lines supported
by utility poles or sometimes underground cables, depending on the local infrastructure and
requirements.
At strategic points along the distribution network, distribution transformers are installed.
These transformers are located on utility poles or in pad-mounted enclosures and are responsible
for further stepping down the voltage to a level suitable for direct use by consumers. Distribution
transformers are designed to meet the specific voltage requirements of different areas and
consumer types. They play a crucial role in providing the right voltage supply to consumers and
ensuring efficient and safe distribution of electricity.
The transformed electricity is then distributed through secondary distribution lines, also
known as service lines or branch lines. These lines carry the electricity from the distribution
transformers to individual consumers. Secondary distribution lines operate at lower voltages,
typically 230/400 volts for residential areas and 400 volts for commercial and industrial areas.
These lines can be overhead lines supported by utility poles or underground cables, depending on
the local infrastructure and aesthetic considerations.
Service connections, which refer to the electrical connections provided to individual
consumers, are made from the secondary distribution lines. Consumers receive electrical power
through their service connections, enabling them to utilize electricity for various purposes such
as lighting, appliances, machinery, and other electrical devices. The service connections are
typically made through electrical meters, which measure the amount of electricity consumed by
each consumer. These meters record energy usage and are periodically read by distribution
companies for billing purposes and monitoring of electricity consumption.
 Distribution companies are responsible for the operation and maintenance of the
distribution infrastructure. They carry out routine inspections, maintenance of transformers and
equipment, fault identification and repairs, and upgrading and expanding the distribution
network as required. These activities are crucial to ensuring the reliability and quality of
electricity supply to consumers.

The electricity distribution and generation companies in Nigeria became privatized in

2013, with the federal government retaining the ownership of the transmission company.
The country has twenty-three (23) power-generating plants connected to the national grid, with
the capacity to generate electricity. These plants are managed by generation companies
(GenCos), independent power providers, and Niger Delta Holding companies.
Today, Nigeria has about eleven distribution companies that ensure power is brought directly to
your home across all states of the country.

● These distribution companies, which are known as ‘Discos’ are 11 in number and they
are like privately-run companies with a board of directors and management team.
● Depending on which state you reside in, you are expected to pay your electricity bills to a
distribution company.
● Except for Lagos State, all states have a single distribution company that serves them.
This excludes remote areas that share borders with neighboring states.

Here are details of each Electricity Disco across states, and each franchise covered:

Abuja Electricity Distribution Plc (AEDC)

Abuja Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC) has a franchise for the distribution and sale of
electricity across the Federal Capital Territory, Niger State, Kogi State, and Nassarawa State.

● KANN Utility Limited (KANN) is the 60% equity holder in AEDC while the Federal
Government of Nigeria holds 40% equity. The Disco is located at Ziquinchor Street, Off
IBB Way, Wuse Zone 4, Abuja.
● Victor Osadolor is the chairman while Adeoye Fadeyibi is the MD/ CEO.
Benin Electricity Distribution Company
BEDC is in charge of retail electricity distribution in Delta, Edo, Ekiti, and Ondo States, with a
geographical coverage of 55,770 square kilometers.

● The company operates from twenty-five (25) business districts with approximately 350
offices spread across four (4) states with a population of approximately 13 million people
and approximately 4 million households. Henry Ajagbawa is the CEO

Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDC)

Eko Disco’s head office is located at 24/25 Marina Street, Lagos Island, and covers one part of
Lagos State.

● The Disco covers Lagos South (Ojo, Festac, Ijora, Mushin (also Orile areas), Apapa,
Lekki (also Ibeju areas), Lagos Island (also Ajele areas) and parts of Ogun State
(Agbara).

Tinuade Sanda is the MD/CEO.

Enugu Electricity Distribution Plc (EEDC)

This Disco’s head office is located at 62 Okpara Avenue, Enugu, Enugu State, and covers Abia,
Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo.

● Sir Emeka Offor is the chairman while Mr. Praveen Chorghade is the MD/CEO who
previously worked in Tata Power.

Ibadan Electricity Distribution Plc (IBEDC)

Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC) is among the Discos with the highest number
of customers, according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in June 2022.

● The Disco’s head office is located in the Capital Building, 115 MKO Abiola Way, Ibadan,
Oyo State, covering Oyo, Ogun, Osun, Kwara, and parts of Niger, Ekiti, and Kogi states.
Dr. Henry Ajagbawa is the MD/CEO.
Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company (IKEDC)
It is the largest power distribution company in Sub-Saharan Africa with its head office located on
Secretariat Road, Obafemi Awolowo Way, Alausa-Ikeja.

● The Disco operates 6 business unit (BU) which includes: Abule Egba BU, Ikeja BU,
Shomolu BU, Ikorodu BU, Oshodi BU, and Akowonjo BU.
● Ikeja Electric services the northern part of Lagos state, servicing over one million
customers.
● Mr. Kola Adesina is the chairman while Folake Soetan is the Chief Executive Officer of
Ikeja Electric.

Jos Electricity Distribution Plc (JEDC)

JEDC is located at 9 Ahmadu Bello Way, Jos, Plateau State, and covers Bauchi, Benue, Gombe,
and Plateau State.

● It was one of the first DisCos re-taken by the government from its core investors.
● The chairman is Alhaji Babangida Inuwa while Engr. Abdu Mohammed is the MD/CEO.

Kaduna Electricity Distribution Plc (KAEDCO)

Kaduna Electric currently has 8 Area offices and 147 customer service centers across the four
states with a customer population of about 490,000.

● Kaduna Electric is the 7th largest DisCo in distribution capacity and the 6th largest in the
number of households among the 11 Distribution Companies (DisCos).
● The office is located in Ahmadu Bello Way, Kaduna, Kaduna State, and covers Kaduna,
Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara states.
● Engr.Yusuf Usman Yahaya is the MD/CEO of the Kaduna Disco.
Kano Electricity Distribution Plc (KEDC)
KEDC head office is located at 1 Niger Street, Kano State covering Kano, Katsina, and Jigawa
states.

● KEDC gets its bulk power supply from the following: Kumbotso, Zaria Town, and Jos
Transmission Stations.

Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Plc (PHEDC)

PHEDC is at Moscow Road, Port-Harcourt, and Rivers State and delivers power for a total of 14
million people across Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, and Rivers state.

● The chairman is Ransome Owan, while Dr. Henry Ajagbawa is the MD/CEO.

Yola Electricity Distribution Company Plc (YEDC)

YEDC is located at No 2 Atiku Abubakar Road, Jimeta-Yola, Adamawa State, and is the
distribution company responsible for the distribution of energy to Adamawa, Taraba, Borno, and
Yobe states of Nigeria.

● YEDC is located at No 2 Atiku Abubakar Road, Jimeta-Yola, Adamawa State. It was

formally taken over by Quest Electricity Nigeria Limited on 1st January 2022.

The chairman is Omatseyin Ayida, while Umar Abubakar Hashidu is the MD/CEO.

Metering and billing systems are an integral part of the distribution process. Meters are
installed at consumers' premises to accurately measure the amount of electricity consumed.
These meters record the energy usage, which is used for billing purposes. Distribution companies
collect the meter readings and calculate the electricity consumption for each consumer based on
their tariff structure and billing rates. The billing system ensures that consumers are billed
accurately for the electricity they have consumed.
In conclusion, the distribution of electricity in Nigeria involves a complex and extensive
process. It encompasses the transmission of electricity from power generation sources to
distribution substations, voltage transformation through transformers, distribution through
primary and secondary distribution lines, service connections to consumers, metering, and
billing, and the operation and maintenance of the distribution infrastructure.
2. MENTION AND EXPLAIN ON ALL TYPES OF GENERATING STATIONS IN
NIGERIA

In Nigeria, various types of generating stations are used to produce electricity. These
stations utilize different energy sources and technologies to generate power. Here is an extensive
explanation of the different types of generating stations in Nigeria:

1. Gas-fired Power Plants:

Gas-fired power plants are the most prevalent type of generating station in Nigeria. These
plants utilize natural gas as their primary fuel source. Natural gas is extracted from
domestic gas fields and transported to the power plants through pipelines. The gas is then
burned in gas turbines, which drive generators to produce electricity. Gas-fired power
plants are known for their high efficiency, quick start-up times, and flexibility in
responding to changes in electricity demand.

Example of Gad-Fired Power Plant in Nigeria:

1. Sapele Power Station

2. Omoku Power Station
3. Okpai Power Station
4. Aba Power Station
5. TransCorp Power Station

2. Thermal Power Plants:

Thermal power plants in Nigeria predominantly use fossil fuels, including coal and oil, as
their energy sources. However, the utilization of coal in thermal power plants is limited.
These plants operate by burning fuel to produce heat. The heat is then used to generate
steam, which drives steam turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.
 Thermal power plants are typically used for base load generation due to their continuous
and reliable power output.

Example of Thermal Power Plant in Nigeria:

1. Egbin Power Station.

2. Alaoji Power Station.

3. Afam Power Station I-V.

4. Ughelli Delta Power Plant.

5. Olorunsogo II Power Plant.

3. Hydro PowerPlants:

Hydropower plants in Nigeria harness the energy of flowing or falling water to generate
electricity. The country has several major hydropower plants, including the Kainji, Jebba,
and Shiroro dams. These plants rely on the flow of water from reservoirs. The kinetic
energy of the water is converted into mechanical energy by turbines, which are connected
to generators to produce electricity. Hydropower plants are a renewable and
environmentally friendly source of electricity.

Example of Hydro Power Plant in Nigeria:

1. Kainji Power Station

2. Jebba Power Station
3. Shiroro Power Station
4. Zamfara Power Station
 5. Mambilla Power Station

4. Solar Power Plants:

Solar power plants utilize photovoltaic (PV) technology to convert sunlight directly into
electricity. Nigeria has abundant solar resources, making solar power an attractive option
for electricity generation. Solar panels, consisting of solar cells, capture sunlight and
convert it into electricity. Solar power plants can be deployed on rooftops or as
large-scale installations in open spaces, providing clean and sustainable energy.

Example of Solar Power Plant in Nigeria:

1. Ashama Solar Power Station

5. Wind Power Plants:

Wind power plants harness the kinetic energy of the wind to generate electricity. While
wind power is still in the early stages of development in Nigeria, there are plans to
establish wind farms in areas with favorable wind conditions, particularly along the
coastal regions. Wind turbines capture the energy of the wind and convert it into
rotational motion. The rotational motion drives a generator, producing electricity.

It's important to note that while Nigeria currently relies heavily on gas-fired power plants and
thermal power plants, there is a growing emphasis on renewable energy sources such as solar,
wind, biomass, and geothermal. The country is actively exploring and investing in these
renewable energy technologies to diversify its energy mix, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance
energy sustainability.
3. MENTION DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS USED IN THE
GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN NIGERIA.

In the generation, transmission, and distribution of power in Nigeria, various types of

transformers are used. Here is a list of the different types of transformers along with a short note
on each:

1. Step-Up Transformers:
● These transformers are used in power generation stations to increase the voltage
of electricity generated before it is transmitted through high-voltage transmission
lines.
● Step-up transformers play a crucial role in stepping up the voltage from generator
outputs to match the transmission system's voltage level, reducing transmission
losses over long distances.

2. Step-Down Transformers:
● Step-down transformers are utilized in substations to decrease the voltage of
electricity before it is distributed to consumers.
● These transformers are responsible for stepping down the high transmission
voltages to safer and usable voltage levels for residential, commercial, and
industrial purposes.
3. Auto Transformers:
 ● Autotransformers are special types of transformers that have a single winding
with multiple taps, serving both step-up and step-down functions.
● They are more compact and cost-effective compared to conventional two-winding
transformers.
● Autotransformers are commonly used in power transmission systems to regulate
voltage levels and provide voltage control.

4. Distribution Transformers:
● Distribution transformers are used in distribution networks to further step down
the voltage of electricity for utilization by end consumers.
● They are typically mounted on utility poles or placed in pad-mounted enclosures
in residential areas, commercial zones, and industrial estates.
● Distribution transformers provide a lower voltage output suitable for direct use by
consumers, ensuring safe and efficient power delivery.
5. Power Transformers:
● Power transformers are large and heavy-duty transformers used in power
generation stations, substations, and transmission networks.
● These transformers are designed to handle high power capacities and voltage
levels.
● Power transformers are essential for stepping up or stepping down voltages in the
transmission and distribution of electricity.
6. Instrument Transformers:
● Instrument transformers include current transformers (CTs) and voltage
transformers (VTs) used for measurement and protection.
● Current transformers are used to measure high current values, converting them
into manageable levels for measurement instruments.
● Voltage transformers, also known as potential transformers (PTs), step down high
voltage levels to safe and measurable values.
7. Isolation Transformers:
● Isolation transformers provide electrical isolation between the input and output
sides of a system.
● They help protect sensitive electronic equipment by isolating them from the main
power supply, eliminating the risk of voltage spikes and electrical noise.

8. Converter Transformers:
● Converter transformers are specialized transformers used in high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) transmission systems.
● HVDC systems are used for long-distance power transmission and
interconnecting different power grids.
● Converter transformers facilitate the conversion of AC power to DC power or
vice versa in HVDC transmission systems.
Each type of transformer plays a crucial role in the efficient generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity in Nigeria. They enable voltage transformation, power regulation, and
protection to ensure the safe and reliable supply of electrical energy to consumers.

4. MENTION AND EXPLAIN ELEMENTS OF THE POWER SYSTEM

In a power system, various elements work together to generate, transmit, and distribute
electrical energy. These elements include:

1. Generation Plants:

Generation plants produce electrical energy by converting various energy sources into
electricity. These sources include fossil fuels (such as coal, natural gas, and oil),
renewable sources (such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass), and in some cases, nuclear
energy. Generation plants consist of turbines, generators, control systems, and fuel
storage facilities.

2. Transformers:
 Transformers are crucial components in power systems. They facilitate voltage
transformation, both step-up and step-down, to match the voltage levels required for
efficient transmission and distribution of electricity. Transformers help regulate voltage,
reduce losses, and ensure safe and reliable power transfer.

3. Transmission Lines:

Transmission lines transport high-voltage electricity over long distances from power
generation plants to distribution substations. These lines are typically made of overhead
conductors or underground cables. They are designed to minimize power losses and
maintain voltage levels within acceptable limits during transmission.

4. Substations:

Substations are key elements in power systems where voltage levels are transformed,
controlled, and distributed. They receive high-voltage electricity from transmission lines
 and step it down to lower voltages suitable for distribution. Substations include
transformers, circuit breakers, switches, protective devices, and control equipment.

5. Distribution Networks:

Distribution networks distribute electricity from substations to end-users, such as

residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. These networks consist of overhead
and underground distribution lines, transformers, switches, and protective devices. They
ensure the safe and reliable delivery of electricity to consumers at appropriate voltage
levels.

6. Control and Protection Systems:

 Control and protection systems are vital for monitoring, controlling, and securing power
system operations. These systems include supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems, relays, circuit breakers, and protective devices. They help maintain
system stability, detect faults, and isolate sections of the network in case of disturbances
or emergencies.

7. Metering and Billing Systems:

Metering and billing systems are used to measure and record the amount of electricity
consumed by individual consumers. They include energy meters, data collection systems,
and billing software. These systems enable accurate measurement of energy usage,
facilitate billing processes, and support demand-side management initiatives.

8. Load Centers:

Load centers represent the areas or regions where significant electricity demand exists.
They include cities, industrial zones, and densely populated areas. Load centers require
robust distribution networks, adequate capacity, and efficient load management to meet
the electricity demand of consumers.

9. Control Centers and Grid Management:

 Control centers are centralized facilities that monitor, control, and coordinate power
system operations. They collect real-time data, analyze system performance, and make
decisions to maintain grid stability, balance supply, and demand, and manage
emergencies. Control centers play a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and security of
the power system.

These elements work together to form an integrated power system, enabling the efficient
generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. They ensure a reliable supply of
electricity to meet the demands of consumers while maintaining system stability, safety, and
operational efficiency.

REFERENCES

1. https://www.scirp.org/html/8-1560103_48902.html

2.https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/electricity-power-systems-and-renewable-e
nergy

3. https://nerc.gov.ng/index.php/home/nesi/404-transmission

4.https://energypedia.info/wiki/Nigeria_Electricity_Sector

5.https://nairametrics.com/2022/12/04/electricity-distribution-companies-in-nigeria-and-the-state
s-they-cover/