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    Rules of Inference

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    mondaladaitya2000
    The document discusses rules of inference in propositional logic. It introduces 11 common rules of inference such as modus ponens, modus tollens, disjunctive syllogism, conjunction, simplification, and addition. These rules provide a systematic way to derive logical conclusions from given premises and are essential tools in discrete mathematics, artificial intelligence, and formal reasoning. Examples are given to demonstrate how the rules are applied, while challenges and limitations are also acknowledged.

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    Rules of Inference

    Uploaded by

    mondaladaitya2000
    17 views4 pages
    The document discusses rules of inference in propositional logic. It introduces 11 common rules of inference such as modus ponens, modus tollens, disjunctive syllogism, conjunction, simplification, and addition. These rules provide a systematic way to derive logical conclusions from given premises and are essential tools in discrete mathematics, artificial intelligence, and formal reasoning. Examples are given to demonstrate how the rules are applied, while challenges and limitations are also acknowledged.

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    The document discusses rules of inference in propositional logic. It introduces 11 common rules of inference such as modus ponens, modus tollens, disjunctive syllogism, conjunction, simplification, and addition. These rules provide a systematic way to derive logical conclusions from given premises and are essential tools in discrete mathematics, artificial intelligence, and formal reasoning. Examples are given to demonstrate how the rules are applied, while challenges and limitations are also acknowledged.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    17 views4 pages

    Rules of Inference

    Uploaded by

    mondaladaitya2000
    The document discusses rules of inference in propositional logic. It introduces 11 common rules of inference such as modus ponens, modus tollens, disjunctive syllogism, conjunction, simplification, and addition. These rules provide a systematic way to derive logical conclusions from given premises and are essential tools in discrete mathematics, artificial intelligence, and formal reasoning. Examples are given to demonstrate how the rules are applied, while challenges and limitations are also acknowledged.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Rules of inference

    Table of Contents

    1. Introduction
    2. Propositional Logic
    3. Rules of Inference
    3.1 Modus Ponens
    3.2 Modus Tollens
    3.3 Hypothetical Syllogism
    3.4 Disjunctive Syllogism
    3.5 Constructive Dilemma
    3.6 Simplification
    3.7 Conjunction
    3.8 Addition
    4. Examples and Applications
    5. Challenges and Limitations
    6. Conclusion

    Introduction

    Rules of inference are fundamental logical rules that allow us to make valid deductions in
    propositional logic. These rules help us to derive new statements (propositions) from existing
    ones. Here are some common rules of inference in discrete mathematics:
    Propositional Logic

    Before diving into rules of inference, it's crucial to understand the basics of
    propositional logic. Propositions are statements that are either true or false. Logical
    connectives such as AND, OR, NOT, IMPLIES, and BI-IMPLIES are used to combine or
    manipulate these propositions.

    1. Modus Ponens (MP): If �P is true, and �→�P→Q is true, then �Q is


    true.
    �, �→��QP,P→Q
    2. Modus Tollens (MT): If �→�P→Q is true, and ¬�¬Q is true, then
    ¬�¬P is true.
    �→�, ¬�¬�¬PP→Q,¬Q
    3. Disjunctive Syllogism (DS): If �∨�P∨Q is true, and ¬�¬P is true, then
    �Q is true.
    �∨�, ¬��QP∨Q,¬P
    4. Conjunction (Conj): If �P is true and �Q is true, then �∧�P∧Q is true.
    �, ��∧�P∧QP,Q
    5. Simplification (Simp): If �∧�P∧Q is true, then �P is true.
    �∧��PP∧Q
    6. Addition (Add): If �P is true, then �∨�P∨Q is true.
    ��∨�P∨QP
    7. Resolution (Res): If �∨�P∨Q and ¬�∨�¬P∨R are true, then
    �∨�Q∨R is true.
    �∨�, ¬�∨��∨�Q∨RP∨Q,¬P∨R
    8. Universal Instantiation (UI): If ∀� �(�)∀xP(x) is true, then �(�)P(a)
    is true for any specific �a.
    ∀� �(�)�(�)P(a)∀xP(x)
    9. Universal Generalization (UG): If �(�)P(a) is true for an arbitrary �a,
    then ∀� �(�)∀xP(x) is true.
    �(�)∀� �(�)∀xP(x)P(a)
    10. Existential Instantiation (EI): If ∃� �(�)∃xP(x) is true, then �(�)P(a)
    is true for some specific �a.
    ∃� �(�)�(�)P(a)∃xP(x)
    11. Existential Generalization (EG): If �(�)P(a) is true for some specific �a,
    then ∃� �(�)∃xP(x) is true.
    �(�)∃� �(�)∃xP(x)P(a)

    These rules provide a systematic way to draw logical conclusions from given
    premises in propositional logic. They are essential tools in the field of discrete
    mathematics and are used in various applications, including computer science,
    artificial intelligence, and formal reasoning.

    Examples and Applications

    Let's explore practical examples to understand how these rules are applied
    in various situations, both in mathematical proofs and real-world scenarios.

    Challenges and Limitations

    While rules of inference provide a systematic approach to reasoning, it's


    essential to acknowledge their limitations and potential challenges, such as
    dealing with ambiguous premises or complex logical structures.

    Conclusion
    In conclusion, rules of inference are powerful tools in discrete mathematics,
    allowing us to draw valid conclusions from given propositions. Mastering
    these rules is fundamental for logical reasoning and problem-solving in
    various domains.

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