ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM’S

M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

8, SABOO SIDDIK POLYTECHNIC ROAD, BYCULLA,
MUMBAI-400008

A BOOK REPORT ON
CONSTRUCTION OF MODEL SHOWING
APPLICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE

GUIDE
PROF. DR. SHAGUFTA SAYED.

SUBMITTED IN
MINI PROJECT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

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 2022-2023
ANJUMAN-I-ISAM’S
M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
8, SABOO SIDDIK POLYTECHNIC ROAD, BYCULLA,

MUMBAI-400008

CERTIFICATE
THIS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT ENTITLED “ CONSTRUCTION OF
MODEL SHOWING APPLICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
” IS SUBMITTED BY:

PRN NO NAMES
222159 ANSARI MOHD. AKBAR MERAJ
222163 MD. NASIR HUSSAIN MOMINUR RAHAMAN
222149 SAYYED MOHD. AMAN AYAZ
222161 DARVESH DANISH ASLAM

Who are the bonafied student of M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING, MUMBAI. They have successfully prepared the CONSTRUCTION OF
MODEL SHOWING APPLICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE in partial fulfilment of requirement for T.E. course in CIVIL
ENGINEERING of UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI for the subject MINI PROJECT IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING for the academic year 2022-23.

Date:
Subject in charge HOD(CIVIL)
PROF. DR. SHAGUFTA SAYED PROF. ZAHEER KHAN
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 Approval for Mini project in Civil Engineering

This mini project report by CONSTRUCTION OF MODEL SHOWING

APPLICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE by

222159 ANSARI MOHD. AKBAR MERAJ

222163 MD. NASIR HUSSAIN MOMINUR R.
222149 SAYYED MOHD. AMAN AYAZ
222161 DARVESH DANISH ASLAM.

is approved for the degree of CIVIL ENGINEERING.

Examiners :

Date:

Place:

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 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own
words and where others ideas or words have been included, we have adequately
cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adheres to
all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand
that any violation of the above will cause for disciplinary action by the institute
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which has not been taken when
needed.

PRN NO. NAME SIGNATURE

222159 ANSARI MOHD. AKBAR MERAJ

222163 MD. NASIR HUSSAIN MOMINUR R.

222149 SAYYED MOHD. AMAN AYAZ.

222161 DARVESH DANISH ASLAM.

Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our professor. DR.
SHAGUFTA SAYED. who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic of
“ MODEL SHOWING APPLICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE” which also helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to
know about so many new things. We are really thankful to our professor.
We would like to extend our gratitude to Head of Department Civil
Engineering PROFESSOR. ZAHEER KHAN and Principal Dr. GANESH
KAME who gave us valuable suggestions and all the required facilities in the
college premises to perform our project.
Also, we would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in
finishing this project within the limited time.
We are making this project not only for marks but to also increase our knowledge.

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LIST OF ILLUSTATION :
1. FIGURE 2.1 : TYPES OF FIBRE 16
2. FIGURE 2.2 : FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE 18
3. FIGURE 3.1 : VARIOUS TYPES OF FIBRE 31
4. FIGURE 4.1 : STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE 32
5. FIGURE 4.2 : APPLICATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE 33
6. FIGURE 4.3 : STEEL FIBRE 34
7. FIGURE 4.4 : CRIMBED STEEL FIBRE 35
8. FIGURE 4.5 : HOOKED STEEL FIBRE 35
9. FIGURE 4.6 : PRACTICAL IMAGES 42
10. FIGURE 4.7 : DIGITAL LOAD INDICATOR 43
TABLES ;
11. TABLE 1.1 : RANGE OF PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL WEIGHT OF FIBRE REINFORCED
CONCRETE 37
12. TABLE 1.2 : TYPICAL STEEL FIBRE REINFORCE SHORTCRETE MIXES 37

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 ABSTRACT

Concrete plays a vital role as a construction material in the world. But

the use of concrete as a structural material is limited to certain extent
by deficiencies like brittleness, poor tensile strength and poor
resistance to impact strength, fatigue, low ductility and low
durability.
The helpfulness of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in various civil
engineering applications is Indisputable. Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(FRC) is gaining Consideration as an effective way to improve the
Performance of concrete. Fibers are currently being Specified in
tunneling, bridge decks, pavements, docks, thin Unbounded overlays,
concrete pads, and concretes slabs. These applications of fiber reinforced
concrete are Becoming increasingly popular and are exhibiting Excellent
performance. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is Concrete containing
fibrous material which growths its Structural integrity. It contains short
discrete fibers that Are evenly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers
Contain steel fibers, glass fibers, and Natural fibers.
This study presents thoughtful strength of fiber reinforced Concrete.

Mechanical properties and durability of fiber Reinforced concrete

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 CHAPTER NO: 01

INTRODUCTION OF TOPIC

CONSTRUCTION OF MODEL SHOWING

APPLICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE
___________________________________

1.1 WHAT ARE OBJECIVES OF THIS PROJECT

The main objective is to construct a model of fiber reinforced concrete

and to do test on its specimens to study it’s study the different
Parameters affecting the behavior of concrete Reinforced with fibers.
It also aims to determine its effects on properties of the fiber reinforced
concrete. certain, with particulars Reference to the role of fiber
reinforcement.

1.2 WHAT ARE EFFECTS OF FIBER IN CONCRETE

Fibers are usually used in concrete to control plastic shrinkage cracking and
drying shrinkage cracking. They also lower the permeability of concrete and
thus reduce the bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact,
abrasion and shatter resistance in concrete. Generally, fibers do not increase the

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flexural strength of concrete, so it can not replace moment resisting or structural
steel reinforcement. Some fibers reduce the strength of concrete.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is measured as a percentage of
the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers) termed volume fraction
(Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. Aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by
dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a noncircular cross-
section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio.
If the modulus of elasticity of the fiber is higher than the matrix (concrete or
mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of
the material. An increase in the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the
flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers that are too long
tend to “ball” in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research indicated that using fibers in concrete has a limited effect
on the impact resistance of concrete materials. This finding is very important
since traditionally people think the ductility increases when concrete reinforced
with fibers. The results also pointed out that the microfibres are better in impact
resistance compared with the longer fibers.

1.3 WHAT ARE BEHAVIOUR OF FIBER IN CONCRETE

Fibers contribute towards reducing the bleeding in fresh concrete and renders
Concrete more impermeable in the hardened stage. Contribution of certain
percentage of fibers in concrete towards flexural strength is smaller compared
to the strength given by the rebar’s. Most importantly fiber restricts the growth
of crack under load thereby arresting ultimate cracking. Non metallic fibers like
alkali resistant glass fiber and synthetic fibers provide resistance against
chemicals. Reinforcing capacity of fiber is based on length of fiber, diameter of
Fiber, the percentage of fiber and condition of mixing, orientation of Fibers and
aspect ratio. Aspect ratio is ratio of length of fiber to its diameter which plays
an important role in the process of Reinforcement.

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1.4 WHAT IS NECESSITY OF FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE ( FRC)

The use of concrete as a structural material is limited to certain extent by

deficiencies like brittleness, poor tensile strength and poor Resistance to impact
strength, fatigue, low ductility and low durability. It is also very much limited
to receive dynamic stresses caused due to Explosions.
The following are reason why we used fiber reinforced concrete.
 It increases the tensile strength of the concrete.
 It reduces the air voids and water voids the inherent porosity of gel.
 It increases the durability of the concrete.
 Fibers such as graphite and glass have excellent resistance to creep, while
the same is not true for most resins. Therefore, the orientation and volume
of fibers have a significant influence on the creep performance of
rebars/tendons.
 Reinforced concrete itself is a composite material, where the
reinforcement acts as the strengthening fibre and the concrete as the
matrix. It is therefore imperative that the behavior under thermal stresses
for the two materials be similar so that the differential deformations of
concrete and the reinforcement are minimized.
 It has been recognized that the addition of small, closely spaced and
uniformly dispersed fibers to concrete would act as crack arrester and
would substantially improve its static and dynamic properties.

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 CHAPTER NO: 02

FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

__________________________________
______________

FIG. 2.1: Types Of Fibre

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2.1 WHAT IS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE (FRC)

Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a composite material consisting of fibrous material

which increases its structural integrity. It includes mixtures of cement, mortar
or concrete and discontinuous, discrete, uniformly dispersed suitable fibers.
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which
increases its structural integrity.
Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers each
of which lend varying properties to the concrete. In addition, the character of
fiber-reinforced concrete changes with varying concretes, fiber materials,
geometries, distribution, orientation, and densities.
Now, why would we wish to add such fibers to concrete? Plain, unreinforced
concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength and a low strain
capacity. The role of randomly distributes discontinuous fibers is to bridge
across the cracks that develop provides some post-cracking “ductility”. If the
fibers are sufficiently strong, sufficiently bonded to material, and permit the
FRC to carry significant stresses over a relatively large strain capacity in the
post-cracking stage.
There are, of course, other (and probably cheaper) ways of increasing the
strength of concrete. The real contribution of the fibers is to increase the
toughness of the concrete (defined as some function of the area under the load
vs. deflection curve), under any type of loading.

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 FIG. 2.2 : Fibre Reinforced Concrete

2.2 WHAT IS HISTORY OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

(FRC)

The practice of adding certain fibers to construction material dates Back to the
ancient times. When horse hair, straws were used to Strengthen the bricks. In
1911 Porter found that fiber could be used In concrete. Early 1900 saw the use
of asbestos fiber. In 1950 fiber Reinforced concrete was becoming a field of
interest as asbestos being health risk was discovered. In 1963 Romualdi and
Batson published. Their classic paper on FRC. Since then there was no looking
back, Glass, steel, polypropylene fiber were used in concrete.

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2.3 MATERIAL OTHER THAN FIBER TO BE USED IN
MIXING

2.3.1 Ordinary Portland Cement:

Cement-53 grade have used in investigation. The cement should tested
according to IS 4031:1988. It should confirmed to IS 12269:2004 and cement
properties and Physical characteristics.

2.3.2 Coarse Aggregates:

The aggregate of size greater than 4.75mm is considered as coarse
aggregate. Regarding the characteristics of different types of aggregate,
crushed aggregates tend to improve the strength because of the interlocking of
the angular particles, while rounded aggregates improve the flow because of
lower internal friction. Locally available coarse aggregate should be used.

2.3.3 Aggregates:
Aggregate of size less than 4.75mm is considered as fine aggregate. Both
crushed and rounded sands / Siliceous and calcareous sands can be used.
The fine aggregate content should be in the range of 1/4th to 1/3rd of the
total volume of the mixture. Fine aggregate plays a very important role in
the reduction of segregation. Locally available sand passing through 4.75mm
sieve was used for all of the mixes of concrete.

2.3.4 Water in Concrete:

The amount of water in concrete controls many fresh and hardened properties
in concrete including workability, compressive strengths, permeability and
water tightness, durability and weathering, drying shrinkage and potential for
cracking. quality of water for construction works are same as drinking water.
This is to ensure that the water is reasonably free from such impurities as
suspended solids, organic matter and dissolved salts.

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2.4 PRODUCTION METHODS FOR FRC

Production methods for FRC fall into three main categories: pre-mix, sprayup
and automated processes.

2.4.1 PRE MIX METHOD OF PRODUTION OF FRC

Pre-mix simply uses normal concrete mixing

technology, with pre-chopped fibers added to the
mix in the same way as any other constituent.
This method tends to be used where only low
fiber volumes are required, i.e. for fiber
reinforced concrete. As Vf exceeds about 1±2%
depending on the fiber type, balling of fiber in the
mixture results in poor distribution of fibers; the
mix also tends to become unworkable and difficult to compact.

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2.4.2 SPRAY UP METHOD OF FRC PRODUCTION

For higher fiber contents (and

thus enhanced properties),
spray-up techniques are used.
These tend to use systems
where the concrete or mortar
matrix and fibers are sprayed
separately, either from dual or
concentric nozzles. The fibre
and matrix are mixed as they
impinge on the mould or substrate surface and are often compacted by hand or
automated rollers following the spray head. Varying the rate at which fibers are
delivered controls the volume fraction. The fiber may be delivered as a
continuous roving and chopped at the spray head (as in glass-FRC), or sprayed
prechopped (as in steel-FRC `shotcrete’). Some additional hand lay-up may take
place simultaneously, e.g. to add extra textile to reinforce corners or rebates. The
spraying process may be partly automated.

2.4.3 AUTOMATED METHOD OF PRODUCING FRC

Automated processes tend to produce continuous sheets of FRC. Most are

developed from the Hatschek process. Water-rich slurries of fiber and matrix
are de-watered to form thin layers, which are laminated to achieve the required
thickness. The sheets are formed (e.g., corrugated, curved) on mandrels while
still green. The process depends for its success on the ability of the fiber to
flocculate in such a way as to prevent cement particles from being washed away.
The process was developed from paper-making technology for manufacture of
asbestos-frc, which is ideally suited to this method. Some efforts are being made
to adapt the process for other fibre systems.

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2.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBER REINFORCED
CONCRETE (FRC)

2.5.1 Modulus Of Elasticity:

Modulus of elasticity increases when the fiber content increases. For each 1
percent increase of fiber content, the modulus of elasticity increases by 3
percent.

2.5.2 Compressive Strength:

The presence of fibers effect the compressive strength value of the concrete.
The fibrous material increases the compressive strength of the concrete by 0 to
15 percent.

2.5.3 Flexure:
For using 4 percent fibers, flexural strength increases by 2.5 percent. The use of
fibers in reinforced concrete flexure members increases ductility, tensile
strength, moment capacity, and stiffness. The fibers improve crack control and
preserve post cracking structural integrity of members.

2.5.4 Toughness:
In respect to plain concrete, Fiber reinforcement concrete is about 40 times
tough. The impact strength of fibrous concrete is 5 to 10 times greater than that
of plain concrete. It depends on the volume of the fibers.

2.5.5 Splitting Tensile Strength:

It was reported that the presence of 3 percent fibers increases the splitting tensile
strength by 2.5 times concerning reinforced concrete.

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2.6 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FRC

Fibers combined with reinforcing bars in structural members will be widely

used in the future. The following are some of the structural behaviourI6.8l :

2.6.1 Torsion:
The use of fibers eliminate the sudden failure characteristic of plain concrete
beams. It increases stiffness, torsional strength, ductility, rotational capacity,
and the number of cracks with less crack width.

2.6.2 Shear:
Addition of fibers increases shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams up to
100 percent. Addition of randomly distributed fibers increases shear-friction
strength, the first crack strength, and ultimate strength.

2.6.3 Column:
The increase of fiber content slightly increases the ductility of axially loaded
specimen. The use of fibers helps in reducing the explosive type failure for
columns.

2.6.4 High Strength Concrete:

Fibers increases the ductility of high strength concrete. The use of high strength
concrete and steel produces slender members. Fiber addition will help in
controlling cracks and deflections.

2.6.5 Cracking and Deflection:

Fiber reinforcement effectively controls cracking and deflection, in addition to
strength improvement. In conventionally reinforced concrete beams, fiber
addition increases stiffness, and reduces deflection.

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2.7 FACTOR AFFECTING PROPERTIES OF FIBER
REINFORCED CONCRETE

Fiber reinforced concrete is the composite material containing fibers in the

cement matrix in an orderly manner or randomly distributed manner. Its
properties would obviously, depends upon the efficient transfer of stress
between matrix and the fibers. The factors are briefly discussed below:

2.7.1 Fiber Matrix Stiffness:

The modulus of elasticity of matrix must be much lower than that of fiber for
efficient stress transfer. Low modulus of fiber such as nylons and polypropylene
are, therefore, unlikely to give strength improvement, but the help in the
absorption of large energy and therefore, impart greater degree of toughness
and resistance to impart. High modulus fibers such as steel, glass and carbon
impart strength and stiffness to the composite.
Interfacial bond between the matrix and the fiber also determine the
effectiveness of stress transfer, from the matrix to the fiber. A good bond is
essential for improving tensile strength of the composite.

2.7.2 Volume of Fiber:

The strength of the composite largely depends on the quantity of fibers used in
it. the effect of volume on the toughness and strength. that the increase in the
volume of fibers, increase approximately linearly, the tensile strength and
toughness of the composite. Use of higher percentage of fiber is likely to cause
segregation and harshness of concrete and mortar

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Fig.2.5: Effect of volume of fibers in flexure

Fig.2.6: Effect of volume of fibers in tension

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2.7.3 Aspect Ratio of the Fiber:
Another important factor which influences the properties and behavior of the
composite is the aspect ratio of the fiber. It has been reported that up to aspect
ratio of 75, increase on the aspect ratio increases the ultimate concrete linearly.
Beyond 75, relative strength and toughness is reduced.

2.7.4 Orientation of Fibers:

One of the differences between conventional reinforcement and fiber
reinforcement is that in conventional reinforcement, bars are oriented in the
direction desired while fibers are randomly oriented. To see the effect of
randomness, mortar specimens reinforced with 0.5% volume of fibers were
tested. In one set specimens, fibers were aligned in the direction of the load, in
another in the direction perpendicular to that of the load, and in the third
randomly distributed.
It was observed that the fibers aligned parallel to the applied load offered more
tensile strength and toughness than randomly distributed or perpendicular fibers

2.7.5 Workability and Compaction of Concrete:

Incorporation of steel fiber decreases the workability considerably. This
situation adversely affects the consolidation of fresh mix. Even prolonged
external vibration fails to compact the concrete. The fiber volume at which this
situation is reached depends on the length and diameter of the fiber.

Another consequence of poor workability is non-uniform distribution of the

fibers. Generally, the workability and compaction standard of the mix is
improved through increased water/ cement ratio or by the use of some kind of
water reducing admixtures.

2.7.6 Size of Coarse Aggregate:

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The maximum size of the coarse aggregate should be restricted to 10mm, to
avoid an appreciable reduction in the strength of the composite. Fibers also in
effect, act as aggregate. Although they have a simple geometry, their influence
on the properties of fresh concrete is complex. The inter-particle friction
between fibers and between fibers and aggregates controls the orientation and
distribution of the fibers and consequently the properties of the composite.
Friction-reducing admixtures and admixtures that improve the cohesiveness of
the mix can significantly improve the mix.

2.7.7 Mixing:
Mixing of fiber reinforced concrete needs careful conditions to avoid balling
of fibers, segregation and in general the difficulty of mixing the materials
uniformly. Increase in the aspect ratio, volume percentage and size and
quantity of coarse aggregate intensify the difficulties and balling tendency.
Steel fiber content in excess of 2% by volume and aspect ratio of more than
100 are difficult to mix.
It is important that the fibers are dispersed uniformly throughout the mix; this
can be done by the addition of the fibers before the water is added. When
mixing in a laboratory mixer, introducing the fibers through a wire mesh
basket will help even distribution of fibers. For field use, other suitable
methods must be adopted.

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2.8 APPLICATIONS OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
( FCR)

Application of Fiber Reinforcement Concrete are as follows.

2.8.1 Runway, Pavement, and Aircraft parking: Nowadays fiber

reinforcement concrete is widely used in the construction site of runways and
aircraft parking. Pavements of fiber reinforcement concrete are now in service
in mild and severe environments.

2.8.2 Slope stabilization and tunnel lining: Steel fiber reinforced concrete is
used to rock slope stabilization and line underground opening. It helps to
eliminate the scaffolding and need for a mesh environment.

2.8.3 Hydraulic structures and dams: Fiber-reinforced concrete is being used

for repairing dams and construction and some other hydraulic structures for
providing resistance to severe erosion and cavitation that is caused by the
impact of large water-born debris.

2.8.4 Other applications: There is also some other application of

fiberreinforced concrete that includes oil tanks, concrete repairing, water tanks,
machine tool frames, lightning poles, etc.

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2.9 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF FIBER
REINFORCED CONCRETE

2.9.1 Advantages of Fiber Reinforcement Concrete:

 Fiber-reinforced concrete has more tensile strength when compared to

non-reinforced concrete.
 It increases the concrete’s durability.
 It reduces crack growth and increases impact strength.
 Fiber-reinforced concrete improves resistance against freezing and
thawing.
 Reinforcing concrete with fiber increases fatigue strength.
 They also help to reduce the permeability of concrete and hence reduce
the bleeding of water.
 Fibers are usually used in concrete for controlling the cracking that
occurs due to drying shrinkage and to plastic shrinkage.

2.9.2 Disadvantages of Fiber Reinforcement Concrete:

 A disadvantage of fiber–reinforced concrete is that it can adversely

affect workability, especially in the case of steel fiber–reinforced
concrete. Even distribution of fibers throughout your concrete is a
concern.
 There may also be a danger of fibers balling during mixing.

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 CHAPTER NO: 03

CLASSIFICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED

CONCRETE ON THE BASIS OF MATERIAL
USED
________________________________________

FIG. 3.1 : Various Types Of Fibre

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3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED
CONCRETE ON THE BASIS OF MATERIAL USED!!
Fibers for concrete are available in different sizes and shapes. The
major factors affecting the characteristic of fiber-reinforced concrete
are a water-cement ratio, percentage of fibers, diameter and length of
fibers.
We are using Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, and natural fiber
each of which lend varying properties to the concrete. Here the natural
fiber used are bamboo.

3.2 GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

( GFRC)
GFRC is a specialized form of concrete. It’s a cement-based
composite material reinforced with alkali-resistant glass fibers.
The fibers serve a purpose similar to the reinforcing steel in
reinforced concrete, and they also add flexural, tensile and impact
strength. As a result, GFRC can be used to produce strong,
lightweight architectural concrete products such as building panels.
It can also be used to create decorative concrete products such as
façade wall panels, fireplace surrounds, vanity tops and concrete
countertops due to its unique properties and tensile strength. Most
concrete countertop professionals use GFRC as their technique of
choice due to its versatility, strength and lighter weight.

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3.3 BAMBOO FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
( BFRC)

Bamboo fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material having

bamboo fibers as the additional ingredients, dispersed uniformly at
random in small percentages by volume in plain concrete.
BFRC products are manufactured by adding bamboo fibers to the
ingredients of concrete in the mixer and by transferring the green
concrete into mould. The product is then compacted and cured by the
conventional methods.
The mixing of small closely spaced and evenly distributed fibers to
concrete avoids crack and significantly develop the Cracking
arrestors, Impact strength, Tensile strength, Fatigue resistance, and
Wear and Tear. This has been proved. The concrete Ductility is
augmented by mixing of fibers. Such a complex material is Fiber
Reinforced Concrete (FRC). Some of the fibers that can use in
production of FRC are Aluminum, Coir, Jute, Carbon, Steel etc. The
Bamboo fibers are also used in concrete as a natural fiber to produce
Bamboo Fibers Reinforced Concrete (BFRC) to impart some
desirable properties to concrete.

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 CHAPTER NO: 04

STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ( SFRC)

____________________________________________
_____________________________

FIG. 4.1 : Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete

4.1 WHAT IS STEEL FIBER REINFORCED

CONCRETE ( SFRC)

Steel fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material having fibers as

the additional ingredients, dispersed uniformly at random in small
percentages, i.e. between 0.3% and 2.5% by volume in plain concrete.

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SFRC products are manufactured by adding steel fibers to the ingredients of
concrete in the mixer and by transferring the green concrete into moulds.
The product is then compacted and cured by the conventional methods.
Steel fibers are added to concrete to improve the structural properties,
particularly tensile and flexural strength. The extent of improvement
in the mechanical properties achieved with SFRC over those of plain
concrete depends on several factors, such as shape, size, volume,
percentage and distribution of fibers.

FIG. 4.2 : Application Of Fibre Reinforced Concrete.

4.2 WHAT IS HISTORY OF STEEL FIBER

REINFORCED CONCRETE (FRC)

In 1910, Porter first suggested the use of SFs in concrete (Naaman,

1985). However, the first scientific research on fiber reinforced
concrete (FRC) in the United States was done in 1963 (Romualdi
and Baston, 1963). SFRC is produced using the conventional
hydraulic cements, fine and coarse aggregates, water, and SFs.

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American concrete institution (ACI 544.IR, 1996) defines SFs as
discrete, short lengths of steel having aspect ratio (ratio of length to
diameter) in the range of 20 to 100 with any of the several cross-
section which are sufficiently small to be easily and randomly
dispersed in fresh concrete mix using conventional mixing procedure.

4.3 TYPES OF STEEL FIBRE

4.3.1 Straight Steel Fibers: These Steel fibers are nothing but the
pieces of steel wire from 0.3 to 1.1 mm in dia and these are having
length 50 mm. These steel fiber are used in three-dimensional
reinforcement of concrete and replaces steel mesh.

FIG. 4.3 : Steel Fibre

4.3.2 Crimped Steel Fiber: Crimped Steel Fiber is used as a piece of

either dry or wet process shotcreting to enhance Flexibility, quality and
impact resistance.

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 FIG. 4.4 : Crimbed Steel Fibre.

4.3.3 Hooked Steel Fiber: Hooked Steel Fiber can be used with any
concrete mix and high concrete density is less mandatory then for
undulated or for flat-end fibers. Load transfer in the crack is very good
with this fiber shape

FIG. 4.5 : Hooked Steel Fibre.

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4.4 MIX DESIGN OF SFRC

As with any other type of concrete, the mix proportions for SFRC
depend upon the requirements for a particular job, in terms of
strength, workability, and so on. Several procedures for proportioning
SFRC mixes are available, which emphasize the workability of the
resulting mix. However, there are some considerations that are
particular to SFRC. In general, SFRC mixes contain higher cement
contents and higher ratios of fine to coarse aggregate than do ordinary
concretes, and so the mix design procedures the apply to conventional
concrete may not be entirely applicable to SFRC.
Commonly, to reduce the quantity of cement, up to 35% of the cement
may be replaced with fly ash. In addition, to improve the workability
of higher fiber volume mixes, water reducing admixtures and, in
particular, superplasticizers’ are often used, in conjunction with air
entrainment. The range of proportions for normal weight

For steel fiber reinforced shotcrete, different considerations apply,

with most mix designs being arrived at empirically. Typical mix
designs for steel fiber shotcrete are given in table 2.

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A particular fiber type, orientation and percentage of fibers, the
workability of the mix decreased as the size and quantity of aggregate
particles greater than 5 mm increased; the presence of aggregate
particles less than 5 mm in size had little effect on the compacting
characteristics of the mix. The second factor which has a major effect
on workability is the aspect ratio (l/d) of the fibers. The workability
decreases with increasing aspect ratio, in practice it is very difficult to
achieve a uniform mix if the aspect ratio is greater than about 100.
SFRC can, in general, be produced using conventional concrete
practice, though there are obviously some important differences. The
basic problem is to introduce a sufficient volume of uniformly
dispersed to achieve the desired improvements in mechanical
behaviour, while retaining sufficient workability in the fresh mix to
permit proper mixing, placing and finishing. The performance of the
hardened concrete is enhanced more by fibers with a higher aspect
ratio, since this improves the fiber-matrix bond. On the other hand, a
high aspect ratio adversely affects the workability of the fresh mix.
In general, the problems of both workability and uniform distribution
increase with increasing fiber length and volume.

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4.4.1 MIX DESIGN OF M30

1. Grade designation = M30.

2. Type of cement OPC 53 Grade.
3. Type of minerals admixtures – fly ash. ( IS 8112 )
4. Max. nominal size of aggregate – 20mm.
5. Min. cement content – 320kg/m^3
6. Max. w/c ratio – 0.45
7. Workability – 100mm slump
8. Exposure condition severe.
9. Method of concrete placing – plumbing
10.Degree of supervisison – good
11.Type of Aggregate – crushed angular aggregate

4.4.2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

A. Cement- OPC-
B. Specific gravity of cement – 2.93
C. Fly ash (as per IS 9812)
D. Chemical admixture – water reducing
E. Specific gravity of fly ash – 2.1
F. Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate – 2.13
G. Specific gravity of fine aggregate – 2.52
H. Water absorption
1. Coarse aggregate - 0.61%
2. Fine aggregate – 4.12%

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• Target Mean Strenght
Fck’ = Fck + 1.65 x S
S = Std deviation = 5 – 6
= 30 + 1.65 x 5
= 38.25Mpa
Fck’ = 38.25Mpa
• Selection & w/c ratio
(IS – 456 – 2000) Max w/c ratio = 0.45
But based on IS – 10262 – 2019 adopt w/c ratio = 0.49

• Selection of w/c ratio

For 20mm size aggregate.
Max water content = 186litres ( for 25 to 50mm slump )
( IS – 10262 table, 2 )
Estimated water content 100mm slump = 186 + 6\100 x186
= 197.16
= 197.16lit
We are using water reducing admixture, the water content can
be reduced by 10%
= 197 – 10\100 x 197
= 177 lit.
• Calculation of cement and fly ash content,
w/c ratio = 0.4
cementitious material cement + fly ash content
= 1177/0.4 = 442.5 = 443kg/cm^3

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 (From Table – 5 of IS – 456 – 2000, minimum cement content
for ‘sever’ exposure condition = 320kg/m^3)

443 > 320 OK

• Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine

aggregate content

( From table no – 3, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding

to 20mm size aggregate and fine aggregate 20mm. )
For w/c ratio of 0.5.
( = 42% Hence zone 2 )
Max w/c ratio = 0.45, Actual w/c = 0.4
= 0.45 – 0.4 = 0.05
For 20mm size of aggregate and fine aggregate of zone 2 for
water content,

As the w/c ratio is reduce, so it is desirable to increase coarse

aggregate and decrease fine aggregate at 0.01

• Mix calculation
The trial calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as
follow,

Volume of concrete = 1m^3

Volume of cement = mass of cement / sp. Gravity of cement x
1/ 1000

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Volume of cement = 0.1406m^3

Volume of water = mass of water / sp. Gravity of water x 1 /

1000

Volume of water = 0.177 m^3

Volume of admixture = mass of admixture / sp. Gravity of

admixture x 1/1000

= 8.24/1.22 x 1/1000
Admixture = 0.00675m^3

Volume of all in aggregate

= [ a – (b + c + d)]
= [ 1 – (0.1406 + 0.177 + 0.0067)]
= 0.6756m^3

Mass of coarse
= F x volume of coarse aggregate x sp. Gravity of coarse agg.
= 0.6756 x 0.549 x 2.82 x 1000
= 1045.95
= 1046kg

Mass of fine aggregate

= 0.6756 x 0.451 x 2.65 x 1000
= 795kg

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 • Cement = 320kg
• Water = 177lit
• Admixtures = 1m^3
• Coarse aggregate = 1046kg
• Fine aggregate = 795kg

Proportion : 1: 2.48 : 3.27 : 0.55

Cube = 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 = 0.003375
= 0.003375 x 6 = 0.02025
1cm^3 – 0.02025
Cement = 0.02025 x 320 = 6.48kg
2.48 = 6.48 x 2.48 = 16.07
3.27 = 21.189 x 1.5 % = 0.317gm
0.55 = 3.564lit

Percentage of hooked fibre

= 2% by volume

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L = 30
D = 0.58
Aspect ratio = 51.52

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Practical images

42 | P a g e
Digital Load Indicator

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Results

Weight of cube (kg)

SFRC (kg) Ordinary (kg)
8.654 8.698
8.774 8.668
8.557 8.645
8.610 8.640
8.670 8.668
8.714 8.685

SFRC 7 days curing and ordinary 7 days curing.

compressive strength in KN

SFRC Ordinary
572.2 617.2
544.5 607.8
548.3 612.2

SFRC 28 days curing and ordinary 28 days curing.

compressive strength in KN
SFRC Ordinary
563 613

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566 617
565 615

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Sample Calculation for 28 days SFRC

1. Weight = 8.557
2. Load = 563
3. Area = 150 x 150mm

Calculation
= P/A
= 563 x 10^3 / 150 x 150
= 25.02mpa

46 | P a g e
4.5 Mechanical properties of SFRC

Fibers are known to enhance the mechanical performance

of concrete with regard to its tensile and shear strength,
toughness, ductility, durability, fatigue and shrinkage
resistance. Following are an overview of these
characteristics.

4.5.1 Compressive Strength:

The effect of steel fibers on the concrete compressive strength
is much debated in literature. It has been found by many
researchers that the inclusion of steel fiber in concrete increases
its compressive strength value. The effect of fibers on the
compressive strength is attributed to two stabilizing actions
according to First, a larger amount of pores in the concrete
admixture, which decreases the compressive strength and second
factor, would be the fiber bridging effect across the micro cracks,
which results in an increased compressive strength. The concrete
compressive strength of the material depends on the magnitude of
these effects and it may change. The effect of steel fibers on the
compressive strength therefore depends on the concrete mixture,
the kind and amount of steel fibers and the manufacturing process.
post behaviors. For steel fibers, the orientation of the fibers needs
to be perpendicular to the compressive loading in order to be
effective. It is therefore expected that the addition of steel fibers
increases the rotation capacity of plastic hinges in case of concrete
failure as a result of the increase of concrete ductility in
compression.

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4.5.2 Flexural strength:
The low flexural strength of plain concrete could be overcome
and improved by the addition of steel fibers. A review of the
literature on SFRC indicates that in general the addition of short,
randomly-oriented steel fibers increase the flexural strength of
plain concrete by about 1.5 to 3.0 times, taking into account the
type and content of the steel fiber.

4.5.3 Ductility:
FRC is known to provide higher ductility than ordinary
concrete. Ductility is the ability of concrete to undergo maximum
plastic deformation before collapse. It is considered a good warning
indicator before failure. Mahalingam et al. (2013) studies the
ductility behavior of steel fiber on concrete beams.
They used steel fiber content of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % by volume.
They concluded that the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete
beams were improved by 14, 20 and 32%, respectively, compared
to conventional reinforced concrete beam. Ductility could also be
increased using synthetic fibers. However, ductility in concrete
beams could only be achieved with higher dosage of fiber added
at approximately 5% but the effect of fibers on early-age
shrinkage is not well established at this amount.

4.5.4 Fracture toughness:

Fracture toughness measures the energy absorption capacity of
material under static or dynamic load. Fracture toughness is used
to evaluate the post-cracking behavior for concrete at the deflection
at mid span. Specimen toughness is a measure of the energy
absorption capacity of the test specimen and it is related to
ductility. In SFRC the amount and type of fibers in the concrete
influence this property of the material in different ways.

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By adding steel fiber in concrete its post-crack behavior or
toughness of SFRC is improved, which is considered as one of
the main effect of fibers in concrete matrix.

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4.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
FIBERS IN CONCRETE

4.6.1 The advantage of using steel fibre can be summarized as

follow:

 Produce more ductile concrete with a smaller number of

cracking
 Reduction of the influence of shrinkage cracking
 High tensile strength
 High compressive strength
 Higher economically efficient compared to conventional
steel solutions and enhance costs with lesser fiber amount
 Reducing schedule time due to fast installation.
 Reduce the permeability in concrete, which ensures
protection of concrete due to the negative effects of moisture
 Easy material handling
 High durability
 Can replace wire mesh in most elevated slabs.

4.6.2 Disadvantage:

 There are problems involved in attaining uniform distribution

of fibers and dependable concrete properties
 At aggressive exposure condition the corrosion of the surface
could take place, influencing the look of the surface
 The use of SFRC requires more accurate configuration as
opposed to normal concrete
 Reduced workability Though, as the amount of fibers is
increased, the workability of the concrete is influenced.

Therefore, special techniques and concrete mixtures are used

for steel fibers such as addition of super plasticizer. Finishing

50 | P a g e
problem may arise if proper techniques and proportions are not
used, with the fibers coming out of the concrete.

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4.7 WHAT ARE THE APPLICATION OF STEEL FIBER
REINFORCED CONCRETE

4.7.1 The application of water resources and hydropower

Engineering:
Pump pipe as integral components of water resources and hydropower
engineering, there are many kinds of, the materials of the steel fiber
concrete pump pipe because of has many advantages, become a kind
of pump pipe in general use of (among) all the pump pipe, steel used
for the production of steel fiber concrete pump pipe at least, and not as
easy as made of pure steel steel tube corrosion, transportation and
installation is convenient, maintenance cost is relatively low. As a
result of the existence of a lot of advantage, make steel fiber concrete
pump pipe is widely used.

4.7.2 Structural engineering applications :

Steel fiber concrete has excellent durability, bending resistance, crack
resistance, impact resistance and other characteristics, so you can try
to apply steel fiber reinforced concrete in various aspects to demand
higher part, make it play a better role. Experimental research shows
that link beam-column node is an important power transmission parts,
usually need to pass a large force, this will envoys points become easily
damaged part of the frame structure, to study found that the destruction
of the node seismic action will cause a different degree of damage of
the node, it also caused the engineering and domestic and foreign
scholars to the attention of the seismic problems.
The traditional method to improve seismic intensity of the node is, in
the node to join the stirrup, stirrup can improve the tensile strength of
nodes, this method although the effect is obvious, but the construction
is difficult, is not convenient. If the node used the steel fiber reinforced
concrete can overcome the above shortcomings,
and significantly improve the seismic intensity.
4.7.3 bridge engineering application :

52 | P a g e
Steel fiber reinforced concrete has good crack resistance, flexural
properties, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, resistance to
shrinkage, but also good toughness, therefore, the steel fiber reinforced
concrete is widely used in bridge engineering. Due to these excellent
properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete has above, make the steel
fiber reinforced concrete bridge deck to be the same as the other bridge
deck driving conditions at the same time can reduce the thickness of
surface layer, such not only can save material, reduce the maintenance
fee also can make the maintenance, prolong the service life of the
bridge deck.

53 | P a g e
4.8 CONCLUSION

1) Fiber concrete has many excellent properties, such as: crack

resistance, durability and resistance to bending properties, impact
resistance, etc., but also have shortcomings, steel fiber is too
expensive, the cost of steel fiber reinforced concrete Improve,
economy.
2) In terms of application, the application of steel fiber reinforced
concrete is very broad, the most typical application is the application
of water resources and hydropower engineering, structure engineering,
bridge engineering application. Also there are some problems in the
application process, such as the production process and construction
technology is not enough mature, to further standardize and perfect,
only to solve these problems, to make the steel fiber concrete get more
extensive application.

54 | P a g e
7. REFERENCES

1. https://civiljungle.com/fiber-reinforcement-concrete/

2. https://www.civilengineeringx.com/dccc/production-
methodsfor-frc/

3. https://www.nbmcw.com/product-
technology/constructionchemicals-
waterproofing/concrete-admixtures/pfrc.html

4. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2214509521000
644?t
oken=A019793D5F74A2218FFCF8F30583B1435609F9A3E30
9B3F8C394144BCD2E6A2B429743FEA07072AAE84C57EF7
8C9BA04&originRegion=eu-
west1&originCreation=20211107084528

5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263496840_Basi
c_Stu
dy_on_Mechanical_Properties_of_Bamboo_Fiber_Reinfo
rced_
Concrete

6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322931740_Glas
s_Fib re_Reinforced_Concrete_GFRC

7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311715967_Effe
ctive
ness_of_bamboo_fiber_as_an_strength_enhancer_in_conc
rete

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