Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Clinical Psychology Review

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinpsychrev

Review

Increased social identification is linked with lower depressive and anxiety

symptoms among ethnic minorities and migrants: A systematic review and
meta-analysis
Kristine Brance a, c, *, Vasileios Chatzimpyros b, Richard P. Bentall a
a
Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, UK
b
Department of Psychology, CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, Greece
c
South East European Research Center, SEERC, Thessaloniki, Greece

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Evidence suggests that social identities, which provide purpose and a sense of belonging to the social world,
Group belonging promote resilience against psychological strain and protect well-being. This is especially important in ethnic
Mental health minorities, who experience exclusion and discrimination from the majority group, and in migrant populations
meta-analysis
where adverse experiences, such as prejudice, disconnection from previous identities and issues of integration
Migrants
Social identity
into the host country, negatively impact well-being. Drawing from the social identity theory, a meta-analysis was
conducted examining the influence of group memberships and sense of belonging on ethnic minority and migrant
mental health (depression and anxiety). The final search on three databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of
Science) was conducted on August 9th, 2022, identifying 3236 citations before removing any duplicates within
and between databases. Across the 74 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, increased
social identification (ethnic, national and other types of identification) was associated with low psychological
symptoms. We found that social identification is protective against common psychological disorders but with
small effect sizes for depression (r = − 0.09, CI = [− 0.12; − 0.06]) and anxiety (r = − 0.08, CI [− 0.12; −
0.03]). Results are discussed with regard to the role that social context plays on ethnic minority and migrant
mental health and the importance of facilitating migrant integration with the host society after displacement.

1. Introduction 2018). However, most studies conducted in the United States (US)
produce contradictory results. For example, a large body of evidence
People have migrated throughout history, creating ethnically diverse shows that ethnic minorities in the US have a lower prevalence of psy­
communities across the world, with recent projections showing a future chiatric disorders, such as anxiety and major depression (Barnes &
increase in ethnic minority groups (U.S. Census Bureau, P. D, 2019). Bates, 2017; Barnes, Keyes, & Bates, 2013; Breslau et al., 2006; Breslau,
Despite this trend, these minorities still face precarious socio-economic Kendler, Su, Gaxiola-Aguilar, & Kessler, 2005; Harris, Edlund, & Larson,
conditions and discrimination, which are consistent predictors of mental 2005; Himle, Baser, Taylor, Campbell, & Jackson, 2009; Williams et al.,
health disorders (e.g., Harris et al., 2006; Karlsen & Nazroo, 2002; 2007). In the context of social stressors and mental health, these findings
Karlsen, Nazroo, McKenzie, Bhui, & Weich, 2005; Nazroo, 2003). appear to contradict the social stress paradigm, which predicts that
Epidemiological research seeking to explore ethnic disparities in mental disadvantages, such as social status and discrimination, lead to mental
health disorders points to the complexity in this association. For health issues. Nonetheless, studies in the field, including the US,
instance, research suggests that ethnic minorities in England and in consistently indicate that mental health disorders tend to persist for
other European countries experience elevated rates of common mental longer in ethnic minorities (Breslau et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2007),
disorders (Missinne & Bracke, 2012; Smith, Bhui, & Cipriani, 2020; which may be attributed to their lower use of mental health services
Weich et al., 2004). Ethnic minority status has also been identified as a (Harris et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005).
risk factor for psychotic disorders (Leaune et al., 2019; Tortelli et al.,

* Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Proxenou Koromila 24, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece.
E-mail addresses: kbrance1@sheffield.ac.uk (K. Brance), vhatzibirros@york.citycollege.eu (V. Chatzimpyros), r.bentall@sheffield.ac.uk (R.P. Bentall).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102216
Received 22 December 2021; Received in revised form 8 October 2022; Accepted 28 October 2022
Available online 2 November 2022
0272-7358/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

1.1. Migration and mental health Haslam, 2005). Furthermore, a systematic review indicated that refu­
gees resettled in Western countries are more likely to be diagnosed with
The literature on ethnic minorities with immigration status is more PTSD and major depression than the general population in those coun­
consistent, with findings globally indicating that this population is tries (Fazel et al., 2005). Similarly, a review exploring first-generation
particularly vulnerable and has a greater likelihood of developing post- migrants, including refugees and asylum seekers who had relocated to
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, anxiety, and non­ high-income countries, such as the US, Canada, United Kingdom, Swe­
affective psychosis (Bas-Sarmiento, Saucedo-Moreno, Fernández- den, and Australia, reported significantly higher prevalence rates of
Gutiérrez, & Poza-Méndez, 2017; Brandt et al., 2019; Close et al., 2016; PTSD, depression, and anxiety compared to the native population in the
Fazel, Wheeler, & Danesh, 2005; Porter & Haslam, 2005). These findings host country (Close et al., 2016). Therefore, a recent meta-analysis on
are particularly important as, in recent years, the number of people who refugees in Western host countries confirmed that the traumatic events
have moved between distant geographical regions has reached its migrants experience prior to migration have also been shown to be a risk
highest humanity has ever seen; in 2020, the number of people who factor for the development of nonaffective psychosis (Brandt et al.,
lived in a country other than the one in which they were born reached 2019). Nonetheless, while those who migrate under adverse circum­
over 280 million, and this number is expected to increase further in the stances such as refugees have an elevated risk of developing psycho­
future (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, P. D, logical disorders, migration itself poses a potential psychological threat.
2020). A systematic review by Bas-Sarmiento et al. (2017) demonstrated that
Because of the wide range of economic, social, political, cultural, and migrant populations across the world, including those who migrate out
environmental factors that foster migration, any simple definition of a of choice, experience an increased risk of psychopathology, such as
migrant risks being reductive. The International Organization for depression, anxiety, and somatic disorders, compared to the native
Migration (IOM) confirms that there is no universally accepted defini­ population.
tion and describes that a migrant is someone who moved within or Scholars have tried to identify which premigration and postmigra­
outside the state of birth regardless of legal status, the reason for tion factors contribute to this effect. For example, migrants who have
migration, whether the movement is temporary or permanent or experienced traumatic events such as exposure to torture and violence,
voluntary or involuntary (Sironi, Bauloz, & Emmanuel, 2019). In prac­ suffered injuries, forced to evacuate under dangerous conditions, wit­
tice, there are numerous reasons why people leave their usual place of nessed fighting between armed forces and who have been separated
residence. Some migrate out of choice in search of work opportunities or from family or lost a family member, are at a great risk for developing
education. However, others have been forced to flee their homes either mental health issues (Cantekin & Gençöz, 2017; Duraković-Belko,
internally or outside their state of residence for reasons such as natural Kulenović, & Dapić, 2003; Kira, Shuwiekh, Rice, al Ibraheem, & Alja­
or other environmental disasters or in response to armed conflict and koub, 2017; Lindencrona, Ekblad, & Hauff, 2008; Rasmussen et al.,
violence. By the end of 2021, the number of forcibly displaced people 2010). This extensive literature has been synthesized by several reviews
reached 89.3 million worldwide, including 53.2 million people who which have demonstrated that, despite varying prevalence rates across
have relocated within their own country. Of these, 27.1 million are studies, war-related traumatic experiences are consistently linked with
refugees and 4.6 million are asylum seekers (The United Nations High elevated rates of PTSD, depression, and anxiety (Porter & Haslam, 2005;
Commissioner for Refugees, 2021), where, according to the 1951 Steel et al., 2009). Moreover, the existing literature emphasizes the
Geneva Convention, a refugee is a person who is forced to flee a country importance of the process of displacement, such as long and unsafe
due to a well-founded fear of persecution based on reasons, such as race, journeys, and of post-displacement experiences that may compound or
religion, political beliefs, nationality, or a membership to a particular alleviate migrant mental health outcomes. These challenges include lack
social group and who is unable to seek protection from that country of employment opportunities and poverty (Beiser & Hou, 2017; Ber­
(Sironi et al., 2019); in contrast to a refugee, who has already received nardes et al., 2010; Papadopoulos, Lees, Lay, & Gebrehiwot, 2004;
protection, an asylum seeker is someone who is only seeking this Porter & Haslam, 2005; Priebe et al., 2012; Rasmussen et al., 2010;
protection. Silove, Sinnerbrink, Field, Manicavasagar, & Steel, 1997); perceived
Because of this lack of consensus, scholars tend to use the term interpersonal discrimination, such as verbal abuse and physical assault;
migrant inconsistently, and some authors have failed to provide a clear as well as perceived institutional discrimination (Bernardes et al., 2010;
explanation of whom they consider to be migrants in their research. For Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, 1999; Ellis, MacDonald, Lincoln, &
example, Close et al. (2016), in a recent systematic review of the liter­ Cabral, 2008; Karlsen et al., 2005; Karlsen & Nazroo, 2002); poor
ature on the mental health of 1st generation migrants (those who have housing and living conditions (Bernardes et al., 2010; Papadopoulos
made the journey from one country to another, as opposed to their de­ et al., 2004; Porter & Haslam, 2005; Rasmussen et al., 2010; Steel et al.,
scendants in the second, third generation etc.), use the definition pro­ 2009); feelings of loss of cultural roots including unfamiliar environ­
posed by IOM. Yet, in a study conducted in Germany by Geschke, ments, different values, traditions and beliefs, as well as language (Ager
Mummendey, Kessler, and Funke (2010), a migrant was considered & Strang, 2004; Papadopoulos et al., 2004; Phillimore, 2011; Priebe
anyone with a culture other than German (in other words, migrant status et al., 2012); lack of safety and access to resources (Ager & Strang, 2004;
was confounded with ethnic minority status), while, in a US study by Phillimore, 2011; Rasmussen et al., 2010); social isolation and lack of
Keller, Joscelyne, Granski, and Rosenfeld (2017), migrants were defined social support due to the loss of social networks (Norris, Aroian, &
simply as individuals who had arrived at the US border from the Nickerson, 2011; Papadopoulos et al., 2004; Priebe et al., 2012; Silove
Northern Triangle of Central America. In light of this lack of consensus, et al., 1997). An additional stressor for asylum seekers is their pending
the current study draws from the IOM definition of a migrant as anyone status, with research showing that prolonged time in detention centers
who moves away from their usual place of residence regardless of legal has an adverse effect on migrant mental health (Keller et al., 2003; Steel
status, the reason for migration and the length of stay. et al., 2004).
Given the distressing events forcibly displaced people experience,
research has established that forced migration is a strong risk factor for 1.2. Social identity and belonging
developing psychiatric disorders, with most reviews in this area
exploring PTSD followed by depression and anxiety (Uphoff et al., While research has identified numerous social, economic and cul­
2020). For example, a meta-analysis of 56 studies conducted in five tural displacement factors that need to be addressed to improve psy­
different regions, including Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia, chological well-being in ethnic minorities and migrants, one important
and Europe, showed that refugees and internally displaced people report psychological factor has been overlooked – the need to belong. The sense
worse mental health outcomes relative to non-refugee groups (Porter & of belonging to the social world is one of the fundamental psychological

2
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

needs (Baumeister & Leary, 1995), which enhances psychological well- 2. Methodology
being (Cruwys et al., 2013, 2014; Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam,
2009). Hence, people’s social connectedness predicts psychologically 2.1. Data sources and search strategy
and physically healthier lives (Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010).
According to the social identity theory, a person’s social identity can A protocol of the review was developed prior and published on the
relate to any group that a person identifies as a psychologically mean­ International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO),
ingful description of the self (not just ethnic, cultural and national registration number CRD42019129184, available from https://www.
identity as focused on in this review, but also, for example, sexual crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019129184.
identity, identification with school or neighborhood) which has resulted This meta-analysis was conducted according to the Preferred
in studies in this research field using a variety of measures to assess Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)
social identification. While there is limited evidence on whether the guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & Altman, 2009; see Ap­
different instruments measure the same concept, there is a growing body pendix A). To achieve the objectives of the current study, we system­
of evidence supporting the hypothesis that identification with groups atically identified articles on three databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, and
has health benefits and is protective against a range of mental health Web of Science. All available records from 1970 to 2021 were searched
issues in vulnerable populations (Jetten, Haslam, & Alexander Haslam, using the following keyword combinations: (immigrant OR asylum seeker
2012). Within this context, evidence shows that increased social iden­ OR migrant OR refugee OR displaced person OR displaced people OR ethnic
tification is a predictor of better mental health outcomes and coping minorit* AND identity OR group belonging OR group membership OR group
strategies after major life transitions for stroke patients (Haslam et al., identification OR social identification OR identification OR sense of
2008), for people who suffered traumatic injuries (Jones et al., 2012), belonging AND common mental disorders OR depress* OR posttraumatic
for people facing financial stress (Elahi et al., 2018), as well as for those stress OR anxiety OR panic disorder OR obsessive-compulsive disorder). The
who live in homeless shelters (Jetten et al., 2015). final search on all databases was conducted on August 9th, 2022.
While ethnic minorities and migrants have an increased likelihood of
developing mental health issues (Brandt et al., 2019; Close et al., 2016; 2.2. Inclusion criteria
Weich et al., 2004), empirical evidence on the benefit of multiple social
identities to ethnic minorities and migrants is scarce, with most research Studies were included if they: (i) were published in a peer-reviewed
focusing on a single dimension of social identity. For example, literature journal; (ii) used a quantitative design (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudi­
indicates that ethnic identification plays a crucial role on ethnic mi­ nal); (iii) included participants 18 years of age or older; (iv) explored
nority mental health, predicting lower likelihood of developing a ethnic minorities and/or migrants (v) using any type of instrument to
lifetime-psychiatric disorder, including depression and anxiety (Burnett- measure (whether culturally adapted or not, see supplementary mate­
Zeigler, Bohnert, & Ilgen, 2013), as well as enhancing overall psycho­ rials Appendix C) at least one of the common mental disorders defined
logical well-being (Branscombe et al., 1999). Furthermore, research by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence including
indicates that ethnic identification has a positive effect on perceived depression, generalized anxiety, panic, obsessive-compulsive, post-
discrimination, buffering against the development of depressive symp­ traumatic stress and social anxiety disorders (National Institute for
toms for ethnic minorities (Ikram et al., 2016) and ethnic minorities Health and Care Excellence, 2011); (vi) used any type of social identi­
with immigrant status (Thibeault, Stein, & Nelson-Gray, 2018). Other fication measure, including culturally adapted and validated or self-
studies explored ethnic minority identification with their close envi­ developed, which assesses any dimension of a person’s social identity
ronment, showing that a sense of belonging to a community protects (e.g., ethnic identity, national identity; see supplementary materials
from the development of depressive symptoms (Gonyea, Curley, Mele­ Appendix C); (vii) reported a quantitative finding of a direct association
kis, & Lee, 2018; Hill, 2009). between social identity and common mental disorders.
With regards to migrant social identities, a recent study explored
group identification of Syrian refugees, demonstrating that increased
Syrian identification derived from the sense of belonging to the Syrian 2.3. Exclusion criteria
community and the perseveration of this identity after migration was
linked with lower levels of depression and anxiety (Çelebi, Verkuyten, & Studies were excluded if they: (i) used mixed methodology; (ii) drew
Bagci, 2017). Similarly, Smeekes, Verkuyten, Çelebi, Acartürk, and the sample from a general population and then compared different
Onkun (2017) found that Syrian refugees belonging to multiple social groups in terms of ethnic background or migration status; (iii) did not
groups before migration were more likely to maintain group member­ report data separately for migrants or ethnic minorities; (iv) examined
ships after migration, which in turn was linked with a decreased risk of clinical samples.
depression and greater life satisfaction. Other scholars examined the role
migrant identification with the host culture plays, suggesting that mi­ 2.4. Study selection
grants’ greater sense of belonging to the US culture is linked with
decreased depressive and anxiety symptoms (Meca, Gonzales-Backen, Following the conduct of the searches, K.B. reviewed all of the titles
Davis, Hassell, & Rodil, 2019; Tikhonov, Espinosa, Huynh, & Anglin, and/or abstracts of the studies and eliminated those studies that
2019). unambiguously failed to meet the inclusion criteria outlined above. A
Despite this growing support for the positive mental health benefits random selection of 229 (10%) of both the included and excluded
of social identity in minorities and migrants, the consistency of the studies was screened by the second researcher, V⋅C, who disagreed
findings and strength of this effect remain uncertain. We therefore about 3 of the included studies (98.7% agreement equating to a kappa of
conducted a meta-analysis of relevant studies, focusing on common 0.960, reflecting a prior decision to include studies for further exami­
mental disorders, hypothesizing that increased social identification nation if in doubt). After the initial screening, full-text articles were
would be linked with lower levels of common mental disorders. In assessed for eligibility against the inclusion/exclusion criteria by K.B. A
addition, we sought to assess the influence of methodological and random selection of 48 (10%) of both the included and excluded studies
contextual factors that may account for variations across the studies. were also examined by V.C.; of these, 40 were agreed to be excluded, 6
were included by both raters, and 2 were rejected by the second rater;
hence there was agreement in 95,83% of papers, equating to a kappa of
0.833. The third author, R.B., was consulted for final agreement on the
disputed papers.

3
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

2.5. Data extraction

r = β + 0.5λ
K.B. extracted data from each study using a standardized form. The
where λ = 1 when β is nonnegative and λ = 0 when β is negative. Two
form included information on the title, author, publication year, study
studies reported results in terms of unstandardized β coefficients.
location, study design, study population characteristics, sample size,
Because studies did not provide sufficient information to convert data
measurement instruments, the social identity dimension explored, and
into Pearson’s r, they were excluded from the meta-analysis (i.e., Cislo,
the association between social identity and common mental disorders. A
Spence, & Gayman, 2010; Tummala-Narra et al., 2018).
random selection of 10% of the standardized forms was verified by V.C.
Second, log odds ratios (Log Odds Ratio) were converted to the
Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion between re­
standardized mean difference d using the following formula (Cooper,
searchers or by the third reviewer R.B.
Hedges, & Valentine, 2009):
√̅̅̅
2.6. Data coding 3
d = LogOdds Ratio ×
π
A coding manual was developed prior to data extraction by all re­
searchers. Coding was done by the first researcher K.B. Data raising any which was then transformed from the standardized mean difference d to
questions was directly discussed with the second and third researchers to r using the following formula (Cooper et al., 2009):
make the coding decision. Note that short-form or revised versions for d
both social identity and common mental disorders were coded under the r = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
d2 + a
same category as the original scales (see Appendix B for the full list of
coded variables). For those studies that included multiple measures of social identity,
thus reported multiple correlations, for example, between ethnic iden­
2.7. Assessment of methodological quality tity and depression as well as national identity and depression, the
average of all relevant correlations was taken. In order to do so, first, all
There is no consensus on the assessment of methodological quality the relevant Pearson correlation coefficients r were transformed to
for observational studies (Sanderson, Tatt, & Higgins, 2007; Shamliyan, Fisher’s z using the following formula (Cooper et al., 2009):
Kane, & Dickinson, 2010), especially for cross-sectional studies in (1 + r)
migrant research due to sampling challenges and language barriers. rz = 0.5 × ln
(1 − r)
Whilst there is no golden rule to quality assessment, research suggests
that the included quality components should be specific to the research Then the average of Fisher’s z values was taken and back-
area (Shamliyan et al., 2010). For example, in research on refugee transformed to Pearson’s r using the following formula (Cooper et al.,
mental health, language is identified as an important criterion when 2009):
assessing the methodological quality of studies (Fazel et al., 2005). The e2z − 1
current study used a five-point quality appraisal scale from Bogic, Njoku, r=
e2z + 1
and Priebe (2015), which was developed according to key quality
criteria identified in previous reviews in this research area. The first In one case, an analysis described as nonsignificant without any
three components relate to the sample selection bias minimization, additional information was set to r = 0.00 (i.e., Tikhonov et al., 2019).
while the remaining two evaluate the assessment validity of the studies. The converted effect size values were included in all statistical ana­
A cumulative quality score was calculated for each study raging from lyses below. Due to the considerable heterogeneity among the included
0 to 5. Lower quality studies received a score between 0 and 3, whereas studies in terms of sample characteristics and social identity dimensions
high quality studies received 4 or 5. The following criteria were explored, a random-effects model was used to estimate the magnitude of
assessed: the effect across studies. Follow-up moderator analyses were conducted
to investigate which potential participant characteristics (e.g., migration
1. The sampling status, ethnic group) and methodological variables (e.g., social identity
a. The use of random or inclusive sampling (non-random = 0, measure, sample size) account for heterogeneity, also applying the
random or inclusive = 1) random-effects model. In addition, publication bias was assessed using
b. The sample size if non-random sampling (<200 = 0, ≥200 = 1); the “trim-and-fill” method to estimate the number of potentially missing
2. The sample representativeness, i.e., the sample frame was a true or studies due to publication bias and to impute their values in the analysis
close representation of the target population (not representative = 0, to show the adjusted average effect size (Duval & Tweedie, 2000). Re­
representative = 1); sults of publication bias analyses were illustrated using the funnel plot;
3. The response rate (<60% or not mentioned at all = 0, ≥60% = 1); hence the “trim-and-fill” method assumes that studies in the funnel plot
4. The use of validated and reliable measurements (valid and reliable should be symmetrically distributed around the mean effect. All ana­
measure not used = 0, valid and reliable measure used = 1); lyses within the current meta-analysis were conducted using the
5. The language in which the survey was conducted (second language Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 3.
or through interpreter = 0, native language or participants were
proficient in the assessment language = 1). 3. Results

2.8. Analyses 3.1. Study selection

The metric of choice for the current meta-analysis was Pearson’s r The search method initially identified 849 citations on PubMed, 531
because the majority of the included studies (86.7%) reported data in citations on PsycINFO, and 1856 citations on Web of Science. After the
terms of bivariate correlations. Other statistical methods included removal of duplicates within and between the three databases, there
regression and logistic regression analyses. Other statistical measures were a total of 2293 citations. All titles and abstracts were read for the
were converted to r based on the statistical information extracted from 2293 non-overlapping records, and those that unambiguously failed to
each study through the following procedures. meet inclusion criteria were eliminated. A total of 481 articles were
First, beta coefficients (β) ranging from − 0.50 to 0.50 were trans­ eligible for a full-text assessment. From them, 405 articles were excluded
formed using the following formula (Peterson & Brown, 2005): based on reasons outlined in Fig. 1. The review identified 76 citations

4
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Fig. 1. PRISMA flowchart of article search strategy and screening process.

Note. *Some documents were excluded for multiple reasons, but only one reason was reported.

eligible for inclusion in the narrative synthesis. From them, two studies minorities; and Tineo, Lowe, Reyes-Portillo, and Fuentes (2021) com­
did not report sufficient data on their results to include in the meta- bined the percentage of females and transgender people, so descriptive
analysis. As a result, a total of 74 studies were included in the meta- statistics on gender from the study was included for males only. The
analysis; from them, only three studies relating to PTSD were discov­ average age of the participants across 69 studies was 28.46 years; six
ered, therefore this outcome was not considered further. The full search studies did not provide data on age (i.e., Braby, Holcomb, & Leonhard,
strategy is outlined in a flow diagram in Fig. 1. 2022; Ghabrial & Andersen, 2021; Kim & Rew, 1994; Lantrip et al.,
2015; Perreira et al., 2015; Suh, Flores, & Wang, 2019). The ethnic/­
racial compositions across the studies (N = 74) were diverse, with the
3.2. Study characteristics1 majority of studies (28.33%) including a mix of ethnic backgrounds in
the study, 25.68% of the studies specifically explored Asian/Asian
In total, 75 studies contained 59,793 participants, ranging from 42 to Americans, and 21.62% of studies explored Hispanic/Latino(a) Ameri­
15,004 (median, 230) participants per study. The total number of fe­ cans; Ghabrial and Andersen (2021) did not provide data on ethni­
males was 20,806 and 13,082 males; six studies (i.e., Ai, Appel, Lee, & city/race. Similarly, studies (N = 75) investigated people with diverse
Fincham, 2021; Carden, McDuffie, Murry, Bui, & Allen, 2021; Ghabrial migration statuses: 38.67% of studies examined people with a mix of
& Andersen, 2021; Holttum, 2017; Monk, 2020; Perreira et al., 2015) migration statuses, 33.33% of studies examined ethnic minorities, and
did not provide any information on gender; a study by Lantrip et al. 16% examined 1st generation immigrants. The majority of the studies
(2015) did not report descriptive statistics separately for ethnic (75) were published from 2003 onwards; 61 were undertaken in the US,
three in Canada, one in both the US and Canada, two in Turkey, two in
Chile, one in Egypt, one in Korea, one in Italy, one in Israel, one in China
1
Two studies (i.e., Christophe et al., 2021 and Christophe et al., 2022) used and one in Greece. The most studied dimension of social identity across
the same data set, so participant characteristics and study location are reported
the included studies was ethnic identity, followed by identification with
for one study only to avoid any duplications in descriptive statistics.

5
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

the host culture and national identity. Accordingly, the most frequently 43 studies examined depression, 26 studies explored both depression
used scale for social identity was the Multi-Ethnic Identity Measure and anxiety, four studies explored anxiety, one study examined PTSD,
(MEIM; Phinney, 1992), followed by the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS; one study examined both depression and PTSD, and one study examined
Umaña-Taylor, Yazedjian, & Bámaca-Gómez, 2004) and the identity depression, anxiety and PTSD. The most frequently used scale to assess
subscale of the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES; Luhtanen & Crocker, common mental disorders was the Center for Epidemiology Studies –
1992). In terms of the common mental disorders assessed in each study, Depression (CES–D; Radloff, 1977), followed by the State-Trait Anxiety

Fig. 2. Depression effect size by study.

Note. Effect size in Person’s r; error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line indicates the average weighted effect size.

6
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Inventory (STAI; Bieling, Antony, & Swinson, 1998) and Beck’s 0.30; − 0.12]) reporting greater effect sizes. Similarly, heterogeneity can
Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, be accounted for by the depression measure used (r = − 0.09, p < .05).
1961). Appendix C demonstrates full descriptive information of the Studies using BDI (r = − 0.22, p < .01, CI [− 0.31; − 0.12]), CES-D (r =
included studies. − 0.12, p < .01, CI [− 0.15; − 0.08]) and other instruments (r = − 0.07, p
< .05, CI [− 0.13; − 0.01]) reported significant and negative correla­
3.3. Quality assessment tions. The study location is another significant moderator (r = − 0.08, p
< .01), with studies conducted in North America reporting significant
The current review identified 27 studies with high methodological and negative associations (r = − 0.10, p < .01, CI [− 0.13; − 0.07]) but
quality, and the remaining 49 studies were considered to be of lower not studies conducted in other countries (r = − 0.04, p = .35). In
quality. In terms of sampling methods, 17 studies applied random addition, three moderators from the study quality assessment criteria
sampling methods. Of the rest of the 59 studies that applied non- explained a significant account of variance. First, the sample size was a
probability sampling methods, 36 studies included a sample size over significant moderator (r = − 0.09, p < .01) with studies of 200 partic­
200. Of the included studies, 22% (N = 17) reported response rates ipants and more (r = − 0.10, p < .01, CI [− 0.13; − 0.07]) and studies
above 60%. However, response rates were not reported for the with <200 participants (r = − 0.06, p < .05, CI [− 0.12; − 0.01]) having
remaining 59 studies. In total, the current review identified 65 studies significant weighted effects. Second, the sampling method was a sig­
which used valid and reliable instruments. Lastly, in terms of language, nificant moderator (r = − 0.09, p < .01) with both studies using non-
63 studies assessed participants in their native language or participants random (r = − 0.10, p < .01, CI [− 0.13; − 0.07]), and random sam­
were proficient in the assessment language (e.g., college students), in pling method (r = − 0.07, p < .01, CI [− 0.12; − 0.02]) having significant
five studies, the assessment was not available in the native language, and weighted effect sizes. Lastly, the language of assessment explained a
eight studies did not report the language of assessment. Appendix D significant account of variance in results (r = − 0.09, p < .01). Both
presents quality assessments for each study. studies that did not report the language of assessment (r = − 0.10, p <
.05, CI [− 0.18; − 0.02]) and studies which assessed participants in their
3.4. Social identity and depression native language (r = − 0.09, p < .01, CI [− 0.12; − 0.06]) found sig­
nificant effects.
Across 69 studies, the random effects weighted average effect size r
= − 0.09 (95% CI = − 0.12 to - 0.06; see Fig. 2 for an effect size by each 3.7. Social identity and anxiety
study). Results indicate a small negative relationship between social
identity and depression according to Cohen’s criteria for effect sizes Across 30 studies, the random effects weighted average effect size r
(1992). Analysis indicated significant heterogeneity among the studies = − 0.08 (95% CI, − 0.12; − 0.03; see Appendix G for an effect size by
(Q(68) = 551.36, p < .01): 88% of the variance in effect size point es­ each study), indicating a small negative relationship between social
timates was due to heterogeneity rather than sampling error (I2 = identity and anxiety (Cohen, 1992). There was significant heterogeneity
87.67). Additional analyses were conducted in order to determine the among the studies (Q(29) = 409.58, p < .01), accounting for 93% of the
degree to which of the proposed moderator variables for participant variance in effect size, suggesting that the systematic effect size vari­
characteristics and study methodological characteristics moderated the ability was greater than expected from sampling error alone (I2 =
variability in effect size (see Appendix B). 92.92). Moderator analyses demonstrated that whether the study was
conducted with a student sample explained the variability across studies
3.5. Participant characteristics (r = − 0.08, p < .05). Studies with student samples having significant
weighted effect sizes (r = − 0.12, p < .01, CI [− 0.18; − 0.06]) but not for
A table of the effects of participant characteristic moderators are studies with non-student samples (r = − 0.05, p = .11). Results suggest
summarized in Appendix E. Results suggest that the heterogeneity in that social identity measure explains variability across studies (r = −
results cannot be explained by the different migration statuses of the 0.10, p < .05), with studies using CSES (r = − 0.27, p < .01, CI [− 0.36; −
participants studied (r = − 0.06, p = .15). Similarly, differentiation 0.09]) and MEIM (r = − 0.09, p < .05, CI [− 0.16; − 0.02]) yielding
between student and non-student sample did not explain a significant significant and negative effect sizes. The sample size can also be
account of variance (r = − 0.09, p = .15). However, results suggest that accounted for the heterogeneity (r = − 0.08, p < .01), with studies of
the heterogeneity can be accounted for by the different ethnic groups 200 participants and more (r = − 0.07, p < .01, CI [− 0.12; − 0.02])
studied (r = − 0.09, p < . 01). Thus, studies that explored African/Af­ having a significant weighted effect size but not for studies with <200
rican American (r = − 0.11, p < .05, CI [− 0.18; − 0.02]), Asian/Asian participants (r = − 0.13, p = .06). Lastly, the sampling method was a
American (r = − 0.13, p < .01, CI [− 0.18; − 0.08]), Hispanic/Latin (r = significant moderator (r = − 0.09, p < .01) with studies using non-
− 0.09, p < .01, CI [− 0.15; − 0.03]) sample, as well as those studies that random having significant weighted effect sizes (r = − 0.08, p = .10)
included participants from diverse ethnic backgrounds (r = − 0.10, p < but not for studies using random sampling method (r = − 0.07, p < .01,
.01, CI [− 0.16; − 0.05]) report a significant and negative relationship CI [− 0.12; − 0.02]). Whereas results suggest that anxiety measure (r =
between social identity and depression compared to studies exploring − 0.07, p = .10) and study location (r = − 0.11, p = .07) are not sig­
Middle Eastern sample and other groups. nificant moderators. A summary of the participant and methodological
characteristic moderators is outlined in Appendix H. We did not explore
3.6. Methodological characteristics other moderator variables, such as ethnic/racial background, migration
status, the dimension of identity explored and the assessment language,
For the summary of the methodological characteristic moderators, due to the insufficient number of studies in the coded categories (see
see Appendix F. Results suggest that the heterogeneity among the Appendix I).
studies cannot be explained by the specific dimension of the identity
explored in each study (r = − 0.05, p = .33). However, several meth­ 3.8. Publication bias analysis
odological characteristics were associated with the overall effect size
between social identity and depression. Results suggest that the het­ Results of a meta-analysis can be significantly impacted by publi­
erogeneity can be accounted for by the measure of social identification cation bias (Duval & Tweedie, 2000), usually because of the inclusion of
used (r = − 0.14, p < .01). All moderator categories yielded significant only published studies rather than unpublished studies, which was the
and negative results with studies using CSES (r = − 0.21, p < .01, CI [− approach taken in the current meta-analysis, and because studies with
0.31; − 0.11]) and the identity scale of EIS (r = − 0.21, p < .01, CI [− significant results are more likely to be published. The “trim-and-fill”

7
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

method showed that there were no missing studies for depression a small negative relationship between these two constructs, which
analysis, demonstrating the same random effects weighted average ef­ supports previous findings in this research area (Cheref, Talavera, &
fects size rz = − 0.09 (95% CI = − 0.12 to - 0.06). On the other hand, Walker, 2019; Debrosse, Rossignac-Milon, & Taylor, 2018; Postmes,
results demonstrated asymmetry in anxiety results, suggesting that Wichmann, van Valkengoed, & van der Hoef, 2018; Smith & Silva, 2011;
studies appear to be missing on the left side of the funnel plot. This in­ Williams, Chapman, Wong, & Turkheimer, 2012). However, a high de­
fluences the central estimation of the association between social identity gree of variation was observed across studies. Although a small negative
and anxiety and shows that studies are missing in the expected direction. relationship was observed, this effect was not consistent across the
The “trim-and-fill” method imputed two values to simulate the unpub­ included studies.
lished studies, and after re-calculation, the overall effect size increased A comment about the magnitude of the effect is warranted. Although
rz = − 0.09 (95% CI, − 0.14; − 0.05). As a result, results of the current it is tempting to interpret this finding as indicating that social identity is
meta-analyses are robust and suggested that increased social identifi­ an unimportant issue when considering the mental health of migrants,
cation is linked with decreased depression and anxiety. we think this would be a false conclusion for several reasons. First, a
small effect across a large population could potentially amount to a large
3.9. Sensitivity analysis (social identity and depression) increased burden of mental ill-health. Second, social identity likely in­
teracts with many other factors linked to ethnic minority status and
The current review identified seven outlier studies with results that migration (e.g., traumatization, time since relocation or socioeconomic
deviated from the majority of the included studies (i.e., Antonio et al., status), but it has not been possible to consider these interactions in this
2016; Cobb, Xie, Meca, & Schwartz, 2017; Giuliani, Tagliabue, & review, which has focused on the main effect of identity. For example, if
Regalia, 2018; Jorgenson & Nilsson, 2021; Kira et al., 2017; Lee, Donlan, social identity confers a protective effect, as theorized by many scholars
Cardoso, & Paz, 2013; Tummala-Narra et al., 2021). The studies were (e.g., Ikram et al., 2016; Thibeault et al., 2018), its effect is most likely to
considered outliers because they did not confirm previous findings on be seen in those minorities and migrants who experience traumatic
the beneficial role social identity plays on mental health (e.g., Çelebi events related to discrimination or the circumstances of their movement
et al., 2017; Livingston, Neita, Riviere, & Livingston, 2007; Meca et al., from one place to another. In fact, evidence of these kinds of complex
2019) and reported opposite results indicating that social identification interactions, for example, between identity and discrimination, already
is linked with increased levels of depressive symptoms. Removing these exists in the literature (e.g., McIntyre et al., 2019). Finally, our study
studies from the meta-analysis, the random effects weighted average shows significant heterogeneity in the research findings, which suggests
effect size slightly increased r = − 0.12 (95% CI [− 0.14, − 0.09) across that some groups, in some situations, might benefit more from identity
62 studies, confirming a small negative relationship between social compared to others.
identity and depression according to Cohen’s (1992) criteria. Several participant and methodological variables were considered as
More specifically, the contradictory results found by Lee et al. (2013) potential reasons for this heterogeneity. Two participant characteristics
may be attributed to the twofold discrimination indigenous Mexicans variables had no substantial influence: participant migration status and
experience in the US from the majority (Pérez, Fortuna, & Alegría, whether the study was conducted with students. Both of these findings
2008), as well as the mainstream Mexican culture due to their lack of might be considered surprising. Migrants experience substantial stress
integration in both societies (Kearney, 2000). Similarly, ethnic identi­ related to the causes of their migration and also the process of reloca­
fication may be a risk factor for undocumented Latino migrants in the US tion, as reviewed in the introduction to this paper, whereas the same is
due to the widespread negative portrayal of this particular migrant not true for established minorities. On the other hand, students are likely
group in American society (Cobb et al., 2017). On the same note, to be advantaged, at least in terms of education and intelligence.
Tummala-Narra et al. (2021) suggested that ethnic identity may be a risk The examined dimension of social identity was not a significant
factor for Chinese Americans attending predominantly White univer­ moderator, which might also be considered surprising given that some
sities. The contradictory results reported by Antonio et al. (2016) and studies examined identification with the minority ethnic group and
Giuliani et al. (2018) may be explained due to the potentially increased others examined identification with the host culture. It is certainly
negative social contact these particular native-born populations (Native possible that any kind of social identity confers protection against
Hawaiians and 2nd migrants from non-Western countries in Italy, mental ill-health, as implied by the ‘social cure’ hypothesis (Haslam,
respectively) encounter with the majority, which has been previously Jetten, Cruwys, Dingle, & Haslam, 2018). Alternatively, given that the
found to negatively affect psychological well-being (McIntyre, Elahi, majority of studies considered ethnic identity only, it is possible that
Barlow, White, & Bentall, 2019). Kira et al. (2017) demonstrated that there is at present insufficient data to judge which kind of identity is
collective Syrian identification is linked with depressive symptoms. most protective.
However, results from this study can be attributed to the identity mea­ However, variation across the studies could be explained by several
sure used, which explored the centrality of Syrian identity in relation to factors. First, the ethnic group studied was important. In line with pre­
the level of perceived identity threat. Lastly, Jorgenson and Nilsson vious research (Brittian et al., 2015; Cheref et al., 2019), the association
(2021) demonstrated that refugee identification with the mainstream was stronger for African/African Americans and Asian/Asian Americans
culture is associated with increased depressive symptoms. Because their compared to other groups, suggesting that the positive influence of so­
sample also included recently resettled refugees, it is possible that cial identity on psychological well-being varies among ethnic groups.
identification with the mainstream culture may not have happened in Second, studies with a larger sample size tend to have a greater
meaningful ways, which has the potential to enhance mental health. It magnitude of the average effect size compared to studies with a smaller
may rather reflect the initial excitement and hope through the idealized sample size. Sample size is an important consideration when conducting
notion of the “American dream”. Following the review of each study, we quality research (Cohen, 1962, 1992) and, given that the association
suggest that the negative relationship between social identity and between social identity and depressive symptoms is apparently quite
depression is reliable in our meta-analysis, and the deviation in findings small, studies with larger sample sizes had a greater probability of
of the above-mentioned studies is rather due to confounding factors. detecting it. Third, social identity measures significantly moderated the
results, with studies using the CSES and EIS finding the largest effect
4. Discussion sizes. The CSES is a valid and reliable measure that has been widely used
in empirical research examining ethnic minority and migrant social
The current study examined the overall magnitude of the association identification (e.g., Agirdag, Phalet, & van Houtte, 2015; Crocker,
between social identity and psychological symptoms (i.e., depression Luhtanen, Blaine, & Broadnax, 1994; Nesdale & Mak, 2003; Verkuyten,
and anxiety) in ethnic minority and migrant populations, demonstrating 2008), which captures social identity’s multidimensionality by asking

8
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

participants to evaluate social group memberships in terms of four do­ partially accounted for the variations, suggesting that the results are
mains: the judgment of self-worth within the social groups, the judgment robust and reliable. In addition, the “trim-and-fill” method further
of the social groups’ worth in relation to other groups, the judgment of strengthens the findings, showing that depression results were not
how positively other people view the social groups, and the judgment of influenced by publication bias. Although some publication bias was
how meaningful the social group memberships are to self-worth. On the found in anxiety results, findings suggest that correcting the bias would
other hand, EIS explores ethnic identity as one of the dimensions of strengthen the association between social identity and anxiety. None­
people’s social identity. Although the scale has three components theless, the study has several limitations important to note. First, the
assessing person’s exploration, resolution and affirmation of one’s current review mostly relied on correlational designs, thus no causal
ethnic identity, due to the purposes of the present review, the current relationships between social identity and psychological symptoms can
meta-analyses considered the affirmation component, which measures be drawn. Feeling depressed or anxious might also affect one’s percep­
one’s feelings towards ethnic identity. Yoon (2011) suggests that EIS is a tion of social identities and sense of identification with social groups, so
“solid” measure for assessing minority populations, and it has also been there might be mutual directions of influence. In addition, it is possible
shown to be a valid and reliable measure (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004). that confounding variables, for example, exposure to trauma, may in­
Similarly, depression measures significantly moderated the results, with fluence both social identity and symptom levels, which were not
studies using the BDI having a substantially greater magnitude of controlled for in the current review. Secondly, the diversity of assess­
average effect size compared to studies using other scales. The BDI is a ment instruments, particularly social identification measures, can be
valid, reliable and widely used instrument, which is available in considered a limitation of the current review. However, excluding
numerous different languages and has shown to be an effective scale for studies based on the instruments employed would result in the loss of a
assessing people with diverse backgrounds (Carmody, 2005; Sashid­ large amount of information. Since studies published in English were
haran, Pawlow, & Pettibone, 2012; Whisman, Judd, Whiteford, & Gel­ included in the present review, the findings may therefore under-
horn, 2013). Overall, considering that these measurement moderation represent studies published in non-Western countries with more
analyses were significant, with the most commonly used and cross- diverse populations in terms of ethnic background or migration statuses.
culturally validated instruments producing greater effect sizes, we sug­ Hence, this was evident in the current review in which 66 out of 76
gest that results from studies using self-developed instruments in studies were published in North America. Lastly, a limitation with
particular should be interpreted with caution. regards to the review process should be noted as each phase of study
In addition, slightly stronger effect sizes were obtained from those selection and coding was performed by one researcher, with only a
studies that did not report the language of assessment. Although the proportion of the papers being independently reviewed by the other
majority of the included studies assessed participants in their native authors at the title and abstract screening and final full text selection
language or participants were proficient in the language of assessment phases. However, acceptable inter-rater reliability was demonstrated.
(83%), it is difficult to speculate about and interpret these findings. The
study location was another moderator of the association between social 4.2. Future research
identity and depressive symptoms, with studies conducted in North
America finding greater effect sizes. Lastly, studies which applied non- The benefit of social identity on ethnic minority and migrant mental
random sampling methods found greater effect sizes than those with health has been overlooked until recently. Due to the complexity of
random sampling; it is important to note that our quality coding social identity with its many dimensions, research in this field has
required that studies which did not provide any information on the started to expand only in recent years, and many questions still remain
sampling method be assigned to the non-random sampling group. One to be answered. While the current review identified an association be­
possible interpretation of this effect is that non-random sampling leads tween social identity and psychological symptoms (i.e., depression and
to a biased estimation of the magnitude of the effect. anxiety), future research should explore the causal relationship between
Due to the uneven distribution of studies in anxiety variable cate­ the two constructs. Given that depression and anxiety are characterized
gories, the current review explored six anxiety moderators. In contrast to by social withdrawal and social isolation, these may prevent people from
the findings from the depression analysis, whether or not studies were developing new group memberships and potentially lead to withdrawal
conducted with student participants moderated results, demonstrating from the existing social groups. On the other hand, decreased identifi­
that studies with student samples show stronger effects. Whilst the cation with social groups, and thus a lack of social support, may cause
measure of anxiety and study location were not significant moderators, people to feel socially isolated, leading to worse psychological well-
three other methodological variables explained variations across the being.
studies. Firstly, in line with the results from depression analysis, the Future researchers should further examine social identity as a po­
social identity measure was a significant moderator, with studies using tential protective factor during major life changes, such as immigration
the CSES finding substantially higher effect sizes. Secondly, studies with or perceived discrimination from the host culture, which has been
a larger sample size tend to have significant results with a greater weakly supported by previous research (Schmitt, Postmes, Branscombe,
magnitude of the average effect size compared to studies with a smaller & Garcia, 2014). As already noted, it was striking that no moderating
sample size. Lastly, only studies applying a non-random sampling effect was observed in the present synthesis for the type of identity
method produced a significant effect size. As mentioned previously, this measured. However, as also noted above, the majority of research to
should be interpreted with caution due to our coding requirements, in date has focused on the positive influence that ethnic identity has on
addition to the uneven distribution of studies in coding categories. minority and migrant mental health (e.g., Burnett-Zeigler et al., 2013;
Smith & Silva, 2011; Thibeault et al., 2018) and future research should
4.1. Strengths and limitations consider the multidimensionality of identities and aim to explore how
they are constructed by people experiencing migration. More attention
To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis conducted to needs to be given also to the extent to which different identity measures
examine the association between social identity and psychological covary and address the same construct. Qualitative studies could
symptoms in ethnic minority and migrant populations. Our findings contribute to this understanding by exploring how and why different
support the previous meta-analysis conducted on social identity and aspects of social identity are constructed in migrants’ and ethnic mi­
depression in the general population (Postmes et al., 2018) and norities’ discourse and how they become incorporated as meaningful
contribute to the literature by providing additional evidence of its as­ parts of their selves. Given that social identities are not fixed and that
sociation with anxiety symptoms. Although considerable variability people leave and join new social groups over time, longitudinal studies
across the studies was found, the study identified several variables that would provide insight into how migrant social identities develop after

9
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

relocation and the influence they have on their mental health through adapted, and other strategies devised, to help migrants maintain the
the different stages of acculturation. existing groups while helping them identify with and join new social
Building on the results from the current narrative review, three groups within the host society. Consequently, it is suggested that in­
additional suggestions for future research were identified. It may be terventions with an emphasis on building social identification may be an
crucial for future studies to differentiate between 1st and 2nd generation effective strategy to reduce both ethnic minority and migrant psycho­
migrants within the sample, which may be particularly important when logical burdens and particularly improve migrant psychological func­
exploring identification with the host culture. It could be argued that tioning during their resettlement and overall integration into societies.
2nd generation migrants are more likely to identify with the host culture
since they are native-born and face increased social contact with the
4.4. Conclusion
nationals of the country, whereas 1st generation migrants may have
stronger ties with their culture of origin and may have a greater sense of
In conclusion, our study suggests that social identification is linked
connection with those social groups which were developed prior
with decreased depressive and anxiety symptoms with small effect sizes.
migration. Similarly, studies in the current review included diverse
While this effect was not consistent across the included studies, the study
samples in terms of ethnic backgrounds, and the findings show that
identified both participant and methodological characteristics that
group identification and its influence on mental health may vary across
accounted for the variability. Research on social identities and their
cultures. Therefore, future research should aim to explore a wide range
influence on psychological well-being is relatively new. However, the
of populations. Lastly, the numbers of international migrants are on the
present review contributes to the recent efforts and suggests that social
rise across the world (United Nations Department of Economic and So­
groups are a crucial source for enhancing ethnic minority and migrant
cial Affairs, P. D, 2020), yet the majority (87%) of the included studies
mental health.
were conducted in the US. Research in this field should be expanded
geographically, with further exploration of social identity continuity as
Role of funding sources
well as the development of new group membership, examining the role
that different host cultures play in this process.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
4.3. Clinical implications

Contributors
Results of this research particularly speak to non-governmental or­
ganizations and social services providing resources to migrants, high­
KB, VC, and RB contributed to the conceptualization,methodology,
lighting the important role they play in providing information on social
and Writing - review & editing. KB oversaw data curation, conducted
activities within communities in order to encourage migrant social
Visualization and Analysis, and contributed to Writing - original draft.
engagement in the host country and giving opportunities to join new
RB and VC supervised the overall process. All authors have approved the
social groups. Secondly, this research informs health practitioners and
final manuscript.
the important role they play in addressing social groups as a source of
psychological well-being. Interventions to enhance social connectedness
and memberships with groups have already been developed for in­ Declaration of Competing Interest
dividuals who suffer from common psychiatric disorders (Haslam,
Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, & Chang, 2016). These interventions might be The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Appendix A
Table A1
PRISMA checklist.

Section and topic Item Checklist item Location where item is

# reported

TITLE
Title 1 Identify the report as a systematic review. p.1

ABSTRACT
Abstract 2 See the PRISMA 2020 for Abstracts checklist. –

INTRODUCTION
Rationale 3 Describe the rationale for the review in the context of existing knowledge. p. 7
Objectives 4 Provide an explicit statement of the objective(s) or question(s) the review addresses. p. 7–8

METHODS
Eligibility criteria 5 Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review and how studies were grouped for the syntheses. p. 8–9
Information sources 6 Specify all databases, registers, websites, organizations, reference lists and other sources searched or consulted p. 8
to identify studies. Specify the date when each source was last searched or consulted.
Search strategy 7 Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers and websites, including any filters and limits used. p. 8
Selection process 8 Specify the methods used to decide whether a study met the inclusion criteria of the review, including how p. 9
many reviewers screened each record and each report retrieved, whether they worked independently, and if
applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.
Data collection process 9 Specify the methods used to collect data from reports, including how many reviewers collected data from each p. 9–10
report, whether they worked independently, any processes for obtaining or confirming data from study
investigators, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.
(continued on next page)

10
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Table A1 (continued )
Section and topic Item Checklist item Location where item is
# reported

Data items 10a List and define all outcomes for which data were sought. Specify whether all results that were compatible with p. 9–10
each outcome domain in each study were sought (e.g. for all measures, time points, analyses), and if not, the
methods used to decide which results to collect.
10b List and define all other variables for which data were sought (e.g. participant and intervention characteristics, p. 9–10
funding sources). Describe any assumptions made about any missing or unclear information.
Study risk of bias assessment 11 Specify the methods used to assess risk of bias in the included studies, including details of the tool(s) used, how p. 10–11
many reviewers assessed each study and whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of
automation tools used in the process.
Effect measures 12 Specify for each outcome the effect measure(s) (e.g. risk ratio, mean difference) used in the synthesis or p. 11–13
presentation of results.
Synthesis methods 13a Describe the processes used to decide which studies were eligible for each synthesis (e.g. tabulating the study p. 8–9
intervention characteristics and comparing against the planned groups for each synthesis (item #5)).
13b Describe any methods required to prepare the data for presentation or synthesis, such as handling of missing p. 11–12
summary statistics, or data conversions.
13c Describe any methods used to tabulate or visually display results of individual studies and syntheses. p. 13–14 and p. 16
13d Describe any methods used to synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). If meta-analysis was p. 12–13
performed, describe the model(s), method(s) to identify the presence and extent of statistical heterogeneity,
and software package(s) used.
13e Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among study results (e.g. subgroup p. 12–13
analysis, meta-regression).
13f Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess robustness of the synthesized results. p. 22–23
Reporting bias assessment 14 Describe any methods used to assess risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis (arising from reporting p. 12–13
biases).
Certainty assessment 15 Describe any methods used to assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome. p. 21–22

RESULTS
Study selection 16a Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to p. 13–14
the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram.
16b Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded, and explain why they p. 14
were excluded.
Study characteristics 17 Cite each included study and present its characteristics. Appendix B
Risk of bias in studies 18 Present assessments of risk of bias for each included study. Appendix D
Results of individual studies 19 For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an p. 18 and Appendix E,
effect estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots. F, G, H
Results of syntheses 20a For each synthesis, briefly summarise the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies. p. 17; p. 20–21
20b Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If meta-analysis was done, present for each the summary p. 17–21
estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If
comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect.
20c Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results. p. 19–21
20d Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results. p. 22–23
Reporting biases 21 Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis p. 21–22
assessed.
Certainty of evidence 22 Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed. p. 22–23

DISCUSSION
Discussion 23a Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence. p. 23–24
23b Discuss any limitations of the evidence included in the review. p. 27–28
23c Discuss any limitations of the review processes used. p. 28
23d Discuss implications of the results for practice, policy, and future research. p. 29–31

OTHER INFORMATION
Registration and protocol 24a Provide registration information for the review, including register name and registration number, or state that p. 8
the review was not registered.
24b Indicate where the review protocol can be accessed, or state that a protocol was not prepared. p. 8
24c Describe and explain any amendments to information provided at registration or in the protocol. –
Support 25 Describe sources of financial or non-financial support for the review, and the role of the funders or sponsors in –
the review.
Competing interests 26 Declare any competing interests of review authors. –
Availability of data, code and 27 Report which of the following are publicly available and where they can be found: template data collection –
other materials forms; data extracted from included studies; data used for all analyses; analytic code; any other materials used
in the review.

11
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Appendix B
Table B1
Coding categories of moderator variables.

Variables Coding categories

Participant Characteristics
Migration status Ethnic minorities
1st generation immigrants
2nd generation or later immigrants
Refugees
Mix of immigration statuses
Ethnicity/race African/African American
Asian/Asian American
Hispanic/Latin
Middle Easterner
Mix of ethnic backgrounds
Other
Student status Student
Non-student

Methodological Characteristics
Social Identity measure EIS (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004)
CSES (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992)
MEIM (Phinney, 1992)
Other
Depression measure BDI (Beck et al., 1961)
CES-D (Radloff, 1977)
HSCL-25 (Derogatis et al., 1974)
PHQ-9 (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002)
Other
Anxiety measure BAI (Beck et al., 1988)
GAD-7 (Spitzer et al., 2006)
HSCL-25 (Derogatis et al., 1974)
STAI (Bieling et al., 1998)
other
Social identity dimensions Collective identity
Ethnic identity
Identification with the host culture
National identity
Other
Research setting North America
other
Sample size Under 200 participants
Over 200 participants
Sampling method Random
Non-random
Language of assessment Native
Non-native
Not reported
Note. Abbreviations: BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression In­
ventory; CES–D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CSES,
Collective Self-esteem Scale; EIS, Ethnic Identity Scale; GAD, Generalized
Anxiety Disorder; HSCL, Hopkins Symptom Checklist; MEIM, Multi-Ethnic
Identity Measure; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire.

Appendix C
Table C1
Descriptive information of the studies included in the narrative synthesis.

Author(s) Location Sample Student Ethnicity/race Migration status Social identity measures CMD measures
size sample

(Ai et al., 2021) US 2095 no Asians, Asian Ethnic minorities 3-item racial and ethnic identity WMH-CIDI*
Americans (including measure (depression &
immigrants) anxiety)
(Alemi et al., 2017) US 133 no Afghan Americans 1st and 2nd LIB PHQ-9*
generation
immigrants
(Anglin et al., US 644 yes Asians, Ethnic minorities MEIM CES-D*
2018) Blacks, (including
Hispanics, immigrants)
Other
(continued on next page)

12
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Table C1 (continued )
Author(s) Location Sample Student Ethnicity/race Migration status Social identity measures CMD measures
size sample

(Antonio et al., US 104 no Native Hawaiians Ethnic minorities Ethnic identity scale and identification CES-D*
2016) with the mainstream culture scale
(Kaholokula, Nacapoy, Grandinetti, &
Chang, 2008)
(Arbona & US 309 yes Latinxs Ethnic minorities MEIM CES-D*
Jimenez, 2014) (including
immigrants)
(Atkin & Tran, US 276 yes Asians, Ethnic minorities MEIM GAD-7*,
2020) Asian Americans (including K-6*
immigrants)
(Begeny & Huo, US 1048 yes (581) African Americans, Ethnic minorities The ethnic identity-centrality scale CES-D*,
2018) no (467) Asians, (Leach et al., 2008) STAI*
Asian Americans
Blacks,
Hispanics,
Latinxs
(Beiser & Hou, CA 647 no Asians Refugees Self-developed ethnic identity scale Depressive Affect
2006) Measure (Beiser &
Fleming, 1986)
(Birman & Tran, US 212 no Vietnamese Refugees LIB HSCL-25*
2008)
(Bombay et al., CA 220 no First Nations Ethnic minorities 12-item social identification scale BDI*
2010) (Aboriginal Canadians) (Cameron, 2004)
(Braby et al., 2020) US 171 yes African Americans Ethnic minorities MEIM PHQ-9*
(Brittian et al., US 3659 yes African Americans, Ethnic minorities EIS CES-D*,
2013) Asian Americans, Self-developed
Latinxs anxiety scale from
BAI and DSM-IV
(Brittian et al., US 2315 yes Blacks, Ethnic minorities EIS CES-D*
2015) Latinxs (including
immigrants)
Buckner et al., US 155 Yes African Americans, Ethnic minorities MEIM IDAS*
(2022) Blacks
(Calzada & Sales, US 175 no Mexican Americans 1st generation or AMAS CES-D*
2019) later immigrants
(Carden et al., US 1032 no African Americans Ethnic minorities 1-item from the Race Attitudes Module WMH-CIDI*
2021) of the General Social Survey (anxiety)
(Çelebi et al., TR 361 no Syrians Refugees Self-developed Syrian identification HSCL-25*
2017) scale and identity needs scale (Smeekes
& Verkuyten, 2014)
(Chang & Samson, US 2231 no Filipino Americans 1st generation or MEIM SCL-90-R*
2018) later immigrants
Chen et al., (2021) China 659 Yes Tibetans Ethnic minorities Social Identity Scale (Chen et al., 2021) DASS-21*
(Cheng et al., US 207 yes Mexican Americans 1st to 5th generation MEIM PHQ-9*
2016) immigrants
(Cheref et al., US 742 yes African Americans, 2nd generation or MEIM BDI*,
2019) Asian Americans, later immigrants STAI*
Hispanics
(Choi et al., 2017) US 353 yes Asian, Ethnic minorities MEIM CES-D*
Asian American
(Christophe et al., US 364 yes Asian, Blacks, Latinxs, Ethnic minorities MIBI DASS-21*
2021) Middle Easterners, (including
Native Americans, immigrants)
other
(Christophe et al., US 364 yes Asian, Blacks, Latinxs, Ethnic minorities MIBI DASS-21*
2022) Middle Easterners, (including
Native Americans, immigrants)
other
(Cislo et al., 2010) US 191 no Cubans 1st generation Self-developed American and ethnic CES-D*,
immigrants identity scales Anxiety scale
adapted from RSES
(Cobb et al., 2017) US 122 no Latinxs Undocumented AMAS CES-D*
immigrants
(D. K. Cooper et al., US 2893 no Latinxs 1st generation SEE CES-D*
2020) immigrants
(David et al., 2009) US 164 yes African Americans, Ethnic minorities CSES, CES-D*
Study 2 Asian Americans, (including MEIM
Latinxs, immigrants)
other
(David, 2008) US 248 no Filipino Americans 2nd generation or CSES, CES-D*,
later immigrants MEIM MASQ*
(Debrosse et al., CA 151 yes Asians, Ethnic minorities CSES CES-D*,
2018) Europeans, (including STAI*
Middle Easterners immigrants)
(continued on next page)

13
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Table C1 (continued )
Author(s) Location Sample Student Ethnicity/race Migration status Social identity measures CMD measures
size sample

(Debrosse et al., IT 204 no Africans, 1st and 2nd AAS, CES-D*

2018) Asians, generation Adapted religious in-group
Europeans immigrants identification pictorial item from IIS
(Ghabrial & Canada 703 no – Ethnic minorities LGBIS, CES-D*
Andersen, 2021) & US MEIM
(Gonidakis et al., GR 317 no Africans, 1st generation IAS CES-D*
2011) Asians, immigrants
Europeans
(Gonyea et al., US 216 no African Americans, Ethnic minorities 3-item Community Membership Scale CES-D*
2018) Blacks, Hispanics/ of the Sense of Community Index
Latinxs
(Gummadam et al., US 311 yes African Americans, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd MEIM, CES-D*
2016) Asian Americans, generation PSSM
Hispanic Americans, immigrants
Other
(H. Lee & US 206 yes Koreans, Korean Ethnic minorities SOBI-P BDI*
Williams, 2013) Americans (including
immigrants)
Hachem et al., US 707 Yes Latinxs 1st and 2nd MEIM BAI*,
(2022) generation BDI*
immigrants
(Holttum, 2017) US 3570 African Americans Ethnic minorities 9-item measure of closeness to African CES-D*
Americans (Hughes, Kiecolt, Keith, &
Demo, 2015)
(Hovey et al., US 133 yes Korean Americans 1st generation or MEIM CES-D*,
2006) later immigrants STAI*
(Hun et al., 2021) Chile 959 no Colombians 1st generation MEIM BAI*
immigrants
(Huynh et al., US 221 yes Asian Americans, 1st generation or SEE CES-D*
2011) Latinxs later
Immigrants
Huynh et al., US 380 No Asian, Asian American Ethnic minorities MEIM CES-D*, GAD-7*
(2022)
(Iturbide et al., US 148 yes Mexicans, Mexican Ethnic minorities MEIM CES-D*
2009) Americans (including
immigrants)
(J. Lee et al., 2013) US 123 no Indigenous Mexicans 1st generation OCIS PHQ-9*
immigrants
Jorgenson and US 80 No Blacks Refugees AMAS HSCL-25*, PSS-SR*
Nilsson (2021)
(Kim & Rew, 1994) US 76 no Korean Americans 1st generation EIQ CES-D*
immigrants
(Kira et al., 2017) EG 196 no Syrians Refugees ISS CAPS,
CTD
(Lam, 2007) US 122 yes Vietnamese Americans Ethnic minorities CSES CES-D*, STAI*
(including
immigrants)
(Lane & Miranda, US 42 yes Africans, 1st generation MEIM BDI*
2018) Asians, immigrants
Europeans,
other
(Lantrip et al., US 70 yes Asian Americans Ethnic minorities EIS CES-D*
2015)
(Lewin et al., US 230 no African Americans Ethnic minorities MEIM CES-D*
2011) (nonimmigrant)
(Livingston et al., US 418 no Caribbean 1st generation Self-developed group affiliations scale CES-D*
2007) immigrants
(Marks et al., US 189 yes Blacks Ethnic minorities MEIM DASS-21*
2021)
(Meca et al., 2019) US 416 yes Latinxs 1st and 2nd EIS CES-D*
generation
immigrants
(Monk, 2020) US 3268 no African Americans Ethnic minorities 1-item self-developed item of closeness WMH-CIDI*
to Blacks (anxiety)
(Mossakowski, US 2109 no Filipino Americans 1st generation or Ethnic identity scale (Phinney, 1992) SCL-90-R*
2003) later immigrants
(Mossakowski, US 2129 no Filipino Americans 1st generation or Ethnic identity scale (Mossakowski, SCL-90-R*
2007) later immigrants 2003)
(Perreira et al., US 15,004 no Hispanics, 1st generation or MEIM CES-D*,
2015) Latinxs later immigrants STAI*
(R. M. Lee, 2005) US 84 yes Korean Americans 1st generation or MEIM, CES-D*
later SCS
(S. K. Jones et al., US 171 yes Mexican Americans Ethnic minorities EIS CES-D*
2018) (including
immigrants)
(continued on next page)

14
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Table C1 (continued )
Author(s) Location Sample Student Ethnicity/race Migration status Social identity measures CMD measures
size sample

(Sanchez et al., US 53 yes Hispanics, Ethnic minorities CSES CES-D*

2012) Latinxs (including
immigrants)
(Santos & US 208 no African Americans, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd MEIM BSI*
VanDaalen, Asian Americans, generation
2016) Latinxs, immigrants
Native Americans,
Other
(Santos & US 208 no African Americans, 1st generation or Adapted scale (Battle & Harris, 2013) BSI*
VanDaalen, Asian Americans, later immigrants
2018) Latinxs,
Native Americans,
other
(Smeekes et al., TR 361 no Syrians Refugees Self-developed scales of group HSCL-25*
2017) belonging and group membership
continuity
(st. Louis & Liem, US 144 yes Asians, Ethnic minorities MEIM BDI*
2005) Blacks, (including
Latinxs immigrants)
(Suh et al., 2019) South 121 yes Asians, Middle 1st generation MEIM BAI*,
Korea Easterners immigrants CES-D*
Tartakovsky & Israel 601 No – 1st generation Adapted identification scales from PCL*
Vorobiova immigrants Roccas (1997)
(2022)
(Thibeault et al., US 290 yes Asians, 1st generation or MEIM BDI*
2018) Blacks, later immigrants
Latinxs,
Middle Easterners,
other
Thornhill et al., US 200 No Latinxs Ethnic minorities MEIM CES-D*, GAD-7*
(2021) (including
immigrants)
(Tikhonov et al., US 766 yes Asians, 1st and 2nd MEIM STAI, *
2019) Blacks, generation CES-D*
Hispanics, immigrants
other
(Tineo et al., 2021) US 209 yes Asians, Blacks, 1st generation or MEIM GAD-7*, PHQ-8*
Hawaiian/ Pacific later immigrants
Islanders, Hispanics/
Latinxs,
other
(Tucker et al., US 123 yes American Indians Ethnic minorities SEE CES-D*
2016)
(Tummala-Narra US 465 yes Asian Americans 1st generation or MEIM BAI*,
et al., 2018) later immigrants CES-D*
(Tummala-Narra US 173 yes Chinese 1st generation or MEIM BAI*,
et al., 2021) later immigrants CES-D*
Urzúa et al., (2021) Chile 908 No Colombians 1st generation CSES, BAI*,
immigrants MEIM BDI*
(Weisskirch et al., US 280 yes Jewish American Ethnic minorities EIS, CES-D*
2016) MEIM
Note. Abbreviations: AAS, Acculturation Attitudes Scale; AMAS, Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression
Inventory; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; CAPS, Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale; CES–D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression
Scale; CMD, Common Mental Disorder; CSES, Collective Self-esteem Scale; CTD, Cumulative Trauma Disorders; DASS, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; DSM,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; EIQ, Ethnic Identity Questionnaire; EIS, Ethnic Identity Scale; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HSCL,
Hopkins Symptom Checklist; IAS, Immigrant Acculturation Scale; IDAS, Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms; IIS, Inclusion of In-Group in the Self; ISS,
Identity Salience Scale; K – Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; LGBIS, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Identity Scale; LIB, Language, Identity, and Behavior; MASQ, Mood and
Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire; MEIM, Multi-Ethnic Identity Measure; MIBI, Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity; OCIS, Orthogonal Cultural Identification
Scale; PCL, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSSM, Psychological Sense of School Membership; RSES, Rosenberg self-
esteem scale; PSS-SR, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale-Self Report; SCL-90-R, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; SCS, Social Connectedness Scale; SEE, Scale of
Ethnic Experience; SOBI-P, Sense of Belonging Instrument-Psychological; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; WMH-CIDI, World Mental Health Composite Interna­
tional Diagnostic Interview.

15
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Appendix D
Table D1
Methodological quality assessment of each study.

Author(s) Sampling method Sample rep. Response rate Measures Language Total

(a) (b)

(Ai et al., 2021) 1 1 0 1 1 4

(Alemi et al., 2017) 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Anglin et al., 2018) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Antonio et al., 2016) 0 0 0 0 1 4
(Arbona & Jimenez, 2014) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Atkin & Tran, 2020) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Begeny & Huo, 2018) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(M. N. Beiser & Hou, 2006) 1 1 1 0 1 4
(Birman & Tran, 2008) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Bombay et al., 2010) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Braby et al., 2020) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(Brittian et al., 2013) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Brittian et al., 2015) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Buckner et al., 2022) 0 0 0 1 1 3
(Calzada & Sales, 2019) 0 1 0 1 1 3
(Carden et al., 2021) 1 1 0 0 1 3
(Çelebi et al., 2017) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Chang & Samson, 2018) 1 1 1 1 1 5
(Chen et al., 2021) 1 1 1 1 1 5
(Cheng et al., 2016) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Cheref et al., 2019) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Choi et al., 2017) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Christophe et al., 2021) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Christophe et al., 2022) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Cislo et al., 2010) 1 1 1 0 1 4
(Cobb et al., 2017) 0 1 0 1 1 3
(D. K. Cooper et al., 2020) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(David et al., 2009) Study 2 0 0 0 1 1 2
(David, 2008) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Debrosse et al., 2018) 0 1 0 1 0 2
(Ghabrial & Andersen, 2021) 1 0 0 1 0 2
(Giuliani et al., 2018) 1 1 0 0 0 2
(Gonidakis et al., 2011) 1 1 1 1 0 4
(Gonyea et al., 2018) 1 0 1 1 1 4
(Gummadam et al., 2016) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(H. Lee & Williams, 2013) 1 0 0 1 1 3
Hachem et al., (2022) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Holttum, 2017) 1 1 1 0 1 4
(Hovey et al., 2006) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Hun et al., 2021) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Huynh et al., 2011) 1 0 0 1 1 3
Huynh et al., (2022) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Iturbide et al., 2009) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(J. Lee et al., 2013) 0 1 0 1 1 3
(Jorgenson & Nilsson, 2021) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(S. K. Jones et al., 2018) 0 0 1 1 1 3
(S. Kim & Rew, 1994) 0 1 0 1 1 3
(Kira et al., 2017) 0 1 0 1 1 3
(Lam, 2007) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(Lane & Miranda, 2018) 0 1 0 1 0 2
(Lantrip et al., 2015) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(Lewin et al., 2011) 1 1 1 1 1 5
(Livingston et al., 2007) 1 0 1 0 0 2
(Marks et al., 2021) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(Meca et al., 2019) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Monk, 2020) 1 1 1 1 1 5
(Mossakowski, 2003) 1 1 1 1 1 5
(Mossakowski, 2007) 1 1 1 1 1 5
(Perreira et al., 2015) 1 0 1 0 1 3
(R. M. Lee, 2005) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(Sanchez et al., 2012) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(Santos & VanDaalen, 2016) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Santos & VanDaalen, 2018) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Smeekes et al., 2017) 1 1 0 0 1 3
(st. Louis & Liem, 2005) 1 1 1 1 1 5
(Suh et al., 2019) 0 0 0 1 1 2
(Tartakovsky & Vorobiova, 2022) 1 0 1 0 1 3
(Thibeault et al., 2018) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Thornhill et al., 2021) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(Tikhonov et al., 2019) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Tineo et al., 2021) 1 0 0 1 1 3
(continued on next page)

16
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Table D1 (continued )
Author(s) Sampling method Sample rep. Response rate Measures Language Total

(a) (b)

(Tucker et al., 2016) 0 0 0 1 1 2

(Tummala-Narra et al., 2018) 1 1 0 1 0 3
(Tummala-Narra et al., 2021) 0 0 0 1 1 2
Urzúa et al., (2021) 1 1 0 1 1 4
(Weisskirch et al., 2016) 1 0 1 1 1 4
Note. Rep. = sample representativeness.

Appendix E
Table E1
Moderating role of participant characteristics on depression.

Moderator variables No. of studies Effect size [95% confidence interval]

Migration Status
1st gen. Immigrants 9 0.04 [− 0.04 to 0.12]
2nd gen. or later immigrants 3 - 0.09 [− 0.24 to 0.05]
Ethnic minorities 24 - 0.12* [− 0.17 to - 0.08]
Refugees 6 0.04 [− 0.06 to 0.13]
Mix of immigration statuses 28 - 0.12* [− 0.16 to - 0.08]
Ethnicity/Race
African/African American 9 - 0.11* [− 0.18 to - 0.02]
Asian/Asian American 20 - 0.13* [− 0.18 to - 0.08]
Hispanic/Latin 17 - 0.09* [− 0.15 to - 0.03]
Middle Easterner 4 - 0.01 [− 0.13 to 0.11]
Mix of ethnic backgrounds 17 - 0.10* [− 0.16 to - 0.05]
Other 6 - 0.02 [− 0.12 to 0.08]
Student Status
Student 36 - 0.15* [− 0.18 to - 0.12]
Non-student 33 - 0.03 [− 0.06 to 0.01]
Note. *significant at p < .05; studies that reported data separately for different migration status groups or for
different ethnic groups had more than one effect size included in the analysis.

Appendix F
Table F1
Moderating role of methodological characteristics on depression.

Moderator variables No. of studies Effect size [95% confidence interval]

Social Identity measure

EIS 6 - 0.21* [− 0.30 to - 0.12]
CSES 7 - 0.21* [− 0.29 to - 0.11]
MEIM 33 - 0.10* [− 0.14 to - 0.06]
Other 32 - 0.07* [− 0.11 to - 0.02]
Depression measure
BDI 9 - 0.19* [− 0.27 to - 0.12]
CES-D 45 - 0.11* [− 0.15 to - 0.08]
HSCL 4 0.04 [− 0.09 to 0.16]
PHQ 5 0.05 [− 0.06 to 0.17]
Other 15 - 0.10* [− 0.15 to - 0.04]
Social identity dimensions
Collective identity 6 - 0.14* [− 0.25 to - 0.03]
Ethnic identity 56 - 0.09* [− 0.12 to - 0.05]
Identification with the mainstream culture 7 0.10* [0.003 to 0.20]
National identity 5 0.12* [0.004 to 0.24]
Other 11 - 0.21* [− 0.28 to - 0.13]
Research setting
North America 61 - 0.10* [− 0.13 to - 0.07]
Other 8 - 0.04 [− 0.12 to 0.04]
Sample Size
Under 200 participants 24 - 0.06* [− 0.12 to - 0.01]
Over 200 participants 45 - 0.10* [− 0.13 to - 0.07]
Sampling Method
Random 15 - 0.07* [− 0.12 to - 0.02]
Non-random 54 - 0.10* [− 0.13 to - 0.07]
Language of Assessment
Native 57 - 0.09* [− 0.12 to - 0.06]
Non-native 4 - 0.10 [− 0.20 to 0.02]
Not reported 8 - 0.10* [− 0.18 to - 0.02]
Note. Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CES–D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CSES,
Collective Self-esteem Scale; EIS, Ethnic Identity Scale; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HSCL, Hopkins Symptom Checklist;
MEIM, Multi-Ethnic Identity Measure. *significant at p < .05, this analysis disaggregated different types of measurements of

17
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

social identity and depression within studies, such that those studies with multiple measurement types had more than one effect
size included in the analysis.

Appendix G

Fig. G1. Anxiety effect size by study.

Note. Effect size in Pearson’s r; error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line indicates the average weighted effect size.

Appendix H
Table H1
Moderating role of participant and methodological characteristics on anxiety.

Moderator variables No. of studies Effect size [95% confidence interval]

Participant characteristics
Student Status
Student 15 - 0.12* [− 0.18 to - 0.06]
Non-student 16 - 0.05 [− 0.11 to 0.01]

Methodological characteristics
Social Identity measure
CSES 4 - 0.23* [− 0.36 to - 0.09]
MEIM 16 - 0.09* [− 0.16 to - 0.02]
Other 12 - 0.04 [− 0.12 to 0.03]
Anxiety measure
BAI 6 - 0.14* [− 0.24 to - 0.04]
GAD 4 0.05 [− 0.09 to 0.17]
HSCL-25 4 0.04 [− 0.09 to 0.18]
STAI 7 - 0.14* [− 0.23 to - 0.04]
Other 11 - 0.11* [− 0.19 to - 0.04]
Research setting
North America 24 - 0.06* [− 0.10 to - 0.01]
Other 6 - 0.17* [− 0.26 to - 0.09]
Sample Size
Under 200 participants 6 - 0.11 [− 0.22 to 0.01]
Over 200 participants 24 - 0.07* [− 0.12 to - 0.02]
Sampling Method
(continued on next page)

18
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Table H1 (continued )
Moderator variables No. of studies Effect size [95% confidence interval]

Random 7 - 0.07 [− 0.15 to 0.01]

Non-random 23 - 0.08* [− 0.13 to - 0.03]
Note. Abbreviations: BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; CSES, Collective Self-esteem Scale; GAD, Generalized
Anxiety Disorder; HSCL, Hopkins Symptom Checklist; MEIM, Multi-Ethnic Identity Measure; STAI, State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory. *significant at p < .05, this analysis disaggregated different types of measurements of social
identity and anxiety within studies, such that those studies with multiple measurement types had more than
one effect size included in the analysis.

Appendix I
Table I1
Number of anxiety studies by participant and methodological characteris­
tics for the unexplored moderators.

Moderator variables No. of studies

Participant characteristics
Migration Status
1st generation 3
2nd generation or later immigrants 2
Ethnic minorities 8
Refugees 4
Mix of immigration statuses 13
Ethnicity/Race
African/African American 5
Asian/Asian American 13
Hispanic/Latin 6
Middle Easterner 2
Mix of ethnic backgrounds 8

Methodological characteristics
Social identity dimensions
Collective identity 3
Ethnic identity 23
Identification with the mainstream culture 3
National identity 1
Other 4

Appendix J. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102216.

References2 of the literature. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/

10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.014
Battle, J., & Harris, A. (2013). Belonging and acceptance: Examining the correlates of
Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2004). The experience of integration: A qualitative study of
sociopolitical involvement among bisexual and lesbian latinas. Journal of Gay and
refugee integration in the local communities of Pollokshaws and Islington on behalf
Lesbian Social Services, 25(2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/
of Michael bell associates. https://www.lemosandcrane.co.uk/bluesalmon_trial/r
10538720.2013.782520
esources/HomeOffice-The Experience of Integration.pdf.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal
Agirdag, O., Phalet, K., & van Houtte, M. (2015). European identity as a unifying
attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3),
category: National vs. European identification among native and immigrant pupils.
497–529.
European Union Politics, 17(2), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for
1465116515612216
measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571.
Ai, A. L., Appel, H. B., Lee, J., & Fincham, F. (2021). Family factors related to three major
Beiser, M. N., & Fleming, J. A. E. (1986). Measuring psychiatric disorder among
mental health issues among Asian-Americans nationwide. Journal of Behavioral
Southeast Asian refugees. Psychological Medicine, 16(3), 627–639. https://doi.org/
Health Services and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-021-09760-6
10.1017/S0033291700010382
Antonio, M. C., Ahn, H. J., Ing, C. T., Dillard, A., Cassel, K., Kekauoha, B. P., &
Beiser, M. N., & Hou, F. (2017). Predictors of positive mental health among refugees:
Kaholokula, J. K. A. (2016). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and
Results from Canada’s general social survey. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(5–6),
depression in native Hawaiians. Hawai’i Journal of Medicine & Public Health: A
675–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461517724985
Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, 75(9), 266–272.
Bernardes, D., Wright, J., Edwards, C., Tomkins, H., Dlfoz, D., & Livingstone, A. G.
Barnes, D. M., & Bates, L. M. (2017). Do racial patterns in psychological distress shed
(2010). Asylum seekers’ perspectives on their mental health and views on health and
light on the black–white depression paradox? A systematic review. Social Psychiatry
social services: Contributions for service provision using a mixed-methods approach.
and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(8), 913–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-
International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 6(4), 3–19. https://doi.org/
1394-9
10.5042/ijmhsc.2011.0150
Barnes, D. M., Keyes, K. M., & Bates, L. M. (2013). Racial differences in depression in the
Bieling, P. J., Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). The state-trait anxiety inventory,
United States: How do subgroup analyses inform a paradox? Social Psychiatry and
trait version: Structure and content re-examined. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36
Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(12), 1941–1949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-
(7–8), 777–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00023-0
0718-7
Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A
Bas-Sarmiento, P., Saucedo-Moreno, M. J., Fernández-Gutiérrez, M., & Poza-Méndez, M.
systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(1).
(2017). Mental health in immigrants versus native population: A systematic review
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
Braby, L., Holcomb, M., & Leonhard, C. (2022). Examining the relationship between
ethnic identity, depression, and alcohol use among students at historically black
colleges/universities (HBCUs). Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 21(2),
2
See Appendix J for articles solely included in meta-analyses. 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2020.1793864

19
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Brandt, L., Henssler, J., Müller, M., Wall, S., Gabel, D., & Heinz, A. (2019). Risk of Ellis, B. H., MacDonald, H. Z., Lincoln, A. K., & Cabral, H. J. (2008). Mental health of
psychosis among refugees: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, somali adolescent refugees: The role of trauma, stress, and perceived discrimination.
76(11), 1133–1140. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1937 Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/
Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive 10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.184
discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in
well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135–149. 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. The Lancet, 365
Breslau, J. D., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Williams, D., & Kessler, R. C. (9467), 1309–1314.
(2006). Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a US Geschke, D., Mummendey, A., Kessler, T., & Funke, F. (2010). Majority members’
national sample. Psychological Medicine, 36(1), 57–68. acculturation goals as predictors and effects of attitudes and behaviours towards
Breslau, J. D., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Lifetime migrants. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 489–506. https://doi.org/
risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United 10.1348/014466609X470544
States. Psychological Medicine, 35(3), 317–327. Ghabrial, M. A., & Andersen, J. P. (2021). Development and initial validation of the
Brittian, A. S., Kim, S. Y., Armenta, B. E., Lee, R. M., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Schwartz, S. J., queer people of color identity affirmation scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68
… Hudson, M. L. (2015). Do dimensions of ethnic identity mediate the association (1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000443
between perceived ethnic group discrimination and depressive symptoms? Cultural Giuliani, C., Tagliabue, S., & Regalia, C. (2018). Psychological well-being, multiple
Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/ identities, and discrimination among first and second generation immigrant
a0037531 muslims. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 66–87. https://doi.org/10.5964/
Burnett-Zeigler, I., Bohnert, K. M., & Ilgen, M. A. (2013). Ethnic identity, acculturation ejop.v14i1.1434
and the prevalence of lifetime psychiatric disorders among black, Hispanic, and Gonyea, J. G., Curley, A., Melekis, K., & Lee, Y. (2018). Perceptions of neighborhood
Asian adults in the U.S. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(1), 56–63. https://doi. safety and depressive symptoms among older minority urban subsidized housing
org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.029 residents: The mediating effect of sense of community belonging. Aging and Mental
Cameron, J. E. (2004). A three-factor model of social identity. Self and Identity, 3(3), Health, 22(12), 1564–1569. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1383970
239–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000047 Harris, K. M., Edlund, M. J., & Larson, S. (2005). Racial and ethnic differences in the
Cantekin, D., & Gençöz, T. (2017). Mental health of syrian asylum seekers in Turkey: The mental health problems and use of mental health care. Medical Care, 43(8), 775–784.
role of pre-migration and post-migration risk factors. Journal of Social and Clinical Harris, R., Tobias, M., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. (2006).
Psychology, 36(10), 835–859. Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and
Carden, K. D., McDuffie, D. L., Murry, K., Bui, C., & Allen, R. S. (2021). Minority stress health in New Zealand. Social Science and Medicine, 63(6), 1428–1441. https://doi.
process among older black Americans: The role of age, perceived discrimination, and org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.009
anxiety. Aging and Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1904380 Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G., & Chang, M. X. L. (2016). Groups 4
Carmody, D. P. (2005). Psychometric characteristics of the beck depression inventory-II health: Evidence that a social-identity intervention that builds and strengthens social
with college students of diverse ethnicity. International Journal of Psychiatry in group membership improves mental health. Journal of Affective Disorders, 194,
Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500510014800 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.010
Çelebi, E., Verkuyten, M., & Bagci, S. C. (2017). Ethnic identification, discrimination, and Haslam, C., Holme, A., Haslam, S. A., Iyer, A., Jetten, J., & Williams, W. H. (2008).
mental and physical health among Syrian refugees: The moderating role of identity Maintaining group memberships: Social identity continuity predicts well-being after
needs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 832–843. https://doi.org/ stroke. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(5–6), 671–691. https://doi.org/
10.1002/ejsp.2299 10.1080/09602010701643449
Cheref, S., Talavera, D., & Walker, R. L. (2019). Perceived discrimination and suicide Haslam, C., Jetten, J., Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., & Haslam, S. A. (2018). The new
ideation: Moderating roles of anxiety symptoms and ethnic identity among Asian psychology of health: Unlocking the social cure. In The new psychology of health.
American, African American, and Hispanic emerging adults. Suicide and Life- Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315648569.
threatening Behavior, 49(3), 665–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12467 Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and
Cislo, A. M., Spence, N. J., & Gayman, M. D. (2010). The mental health and psychosocial well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1),
adjustment of Cuban immigrants in South Florida. Social Science and Medicine, 71(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
1173–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.001 Hill, D. L. (2009). Relationship between sense of belonging as connectedness and suicide
Close, C., Kouvonen, A., Bosqui, T., Patel, K., O’Reilly, D., & Donnelly, M. (2016). The in American Indians. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/
mental health and wellbeing of first generation migrants: A systematic-narrative 10.1016/j.apnu.2008.03.003
review of reviews. Globalization and Health, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/ Himle, J. A., Baser, R. E., Taylor, R. J., Campbell, R. D., & Jackson, J. S. (2009). Anxiety
s12992-016-0187-3 disorders among African Americans, blacks of Caribbean descent, and non-Hispanic
Cobb, C. L., Xie, D., Meca, A., & Schwartz, S. J. (2017). Acculturation, discrimination, whites in the United States. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 578–590. https://doi.
and depression among unauthorized latinos/as in the United States. Cultural Diversity org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.002
and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(2), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/ Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality
cdp0000118 risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
Cohen, J. (1962). The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A pmed.1000316
review. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65(3), 145–153. https://doi.org/ Holttum, S. (2017). Ethnic minority membership and depression in the UK and America.
10.1037/h0045186 Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 21(1), 5–12. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. htt
Cohen, J. (1992). Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychological ps://doi.org/10.1108/mhsi-12-2016-0037
Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.01.025 Hughes, M., Kiecolt, K. J., Keith, V. M., & Demo, D. H. (2015). Racial identity and well-
Cooper, H., Hedges, L. V., & Valentine, J. C. (2009). Handbook of research synthesis and being among African Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(1), 25–48. https://
meta-analysis (2nd ed.). Russel Sage Foundation. doi.org/10.1177/0190272514554043
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and Ikram, U. Z., Snijder, M. B., de Wit, M. A. S., Schene, A. H., Stronks, K., & Kunst, A. E.
psychological well-being among white, black, and Asian college students. Personality (2016). Perceived ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms: The buffering
and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 503–513. effects of ethnic identity, religion and ethnic social network. Social Psychiatry and
Cruwys, T., Alexander Haslam, S., Dingle, G. A., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., Desdemona Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(5), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-
Chong, E. M., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014). Feeling connected again: Interventions that 1186-7
increase social identification reduce depression symptoms in community and clinical Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Jones, J. M., …
settings. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Zhang, A. (2015). Having a lot of a good thing: Multiple important group
jad.2014.02.019 memberships as a source of self-esteem. PLoS One, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.5061/
Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Morton, T. A. (2013). dryad.3h46r
Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression Jetten, J., Haslam, C., & Alexander Haslam, S. (2012). The social cure: Identity, health
symptoms and prevent depression relapse. Social Science and Medicine, 98, 179–186. and well-being. In The social cure: Identity, health and well-being. https://doi.org/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.013 10.4324/9780203813195
Debrosse, R., Rossignac-Milon, M., & Taylor, D. M. (2018). When “who we are” and “who Jones, J. M., Williams, W. H., Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Harris, A., & Gleibs, I. H. (2012).
I desire to be” appear disconnected: Introducing collective/personal self- The role of psychological symptoms and social group memberships in the
discrepancies and investigating their relations with minority students’ psychological development of post-traumatic stress after traumatic injury. British Journal of Health
health. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 255–268. https://doi.org/ Psychology, 17(4), 798–811. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02074.x
10.1002/ejsp.2320 Jorgenson, K. C., & Nilsson, J. E. (2021). The relationship among trauma, acculturation,
Duraković-Belko, E., Kulenović, A., & Dapić, R. (2003). Determinants of posttraumatic and mental health symptoms in somali refugees. The Counseling Psychologist, 49(2),
adjustment in adolescents from Sarajevo who experienced war. Journal of Clinical 196–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000020968548
Psychology, 59(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10115 Kaholokula, J. K. E. A., Nacapoy, A. H., Grandinetti, A., & Chang, H. K. (2008).
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting Association between acculturation modes and type 2 diabetes among native
for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, hawaiians. Diabetes Care, 31(4), 698–700. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1560
95(449), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905 Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2002). Relation between racial discrimination, social class,
Elahi, A., Mcintyre, J. C., Hampson, C., Bodycote, H. J., Sitko, K., White, R. G., & and health among ethnic minority groups. American Journal of Public Health, 92(4),
Bentall, R. P. (2018). Home is where you hang your hat: Host town identity, but not 624–631. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.4.624
hometown identity, protects against mental health symptoms associated with Karlsen, S., Nazroo, J. Y., McKenzie, K., Bhui, K., & Weich, S. (2005). Racism, psychosis
financial stress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(3), 159–181. and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England.

20
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

Psychological Medicine, 35(12), 1795–1803. https://doi.org/10.1017/ Peterson, Robert, & Brown, Steven (2005). On the Use of Beta Coefficients in Meta-
S0033291705005830 Analysis. J. Appl. Psychol., 90(1), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-
Kearney, M. (2000). Transnational Oaxacan indigenous identity: The case of Mixtecs and 9010.90.1.175
Zapotecs. Identities, 7(2), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/ Phillimore, J. (2011). Refugees, acculturation strategies, stress and integration. Journal
1070289X.2000.9962664 of Social Policy, 40(3), 575–593. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279410000929
Keller, A., Joscelyne, A., Granski, M., & Rosenfeld, B. (2017). Pre-migration trauma Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with
exposure and mental health functioning among Central American migrants arriving diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156–176.
at the US border. PLoS One, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors
pone.0168692 associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-
Keller, A. S., Rosenfeld, B., Trinh-Shevrin, C., Meserve, C., Sachs, E., Leviss, J. A., … analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(5), 602–612. https://doi.
Ford, D. (2003). Mental health of detained asylum seekers. Lancet, 362(9397), org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602
1721–1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14846-5 Postmes, T., Wichmann, L. J., van Valkengoed, A. M., & van der Hoef, H. (2018). Social
Kim, Sunah, & Rew, Lynn (1994). Ethnic Identity,Role Integration, Qualityof Life, and identification and depression: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology,
Depression in Korean-AmericanWomen. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs., 13(6), 348–356. 49(1), 110–126.
Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Rice, K., al Ibraheem, B., & Aljakoub, J. (2017). A threatened Priebe, S., Jankovic Gavrilovic, J., Bremner, S., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T.,
identity: The mental health status of Syrian refugees in Egypt and its etiology. Galeazzi, G. M., … Bogic, M. (2012). Psychological symptoms as long-term
Identity, 17(3), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2017.1340163 consequences of war experiences. Psychopathology, 46(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/
Lantrip, C., Mazzetti, F., Grasso, J., Gill, S., Miller, J., Haner, M., Rude, S., & Awad, G. 10.1159/000338640
(2015). Ethnic identity and acculturative stress as mediators of depression in Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the
students of Asian descent. Journal of College Counseling, 18(2), 144–159. https://doi. general population. Applied Psychological Measurment, 1(3), 385–401.
org/10.1002/jocc.12011 Rasmussen, A., Nguyen, L., Wilkinson, J., Vundla, S., Raghavan, S., Miller, K. E., &
Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., … Keller, A. S. (2010). Rates and impact of trauma and current stressors among darfuri
Spears, R. (2008). Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical refugees in Eastern Chad. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(2), 227–236.
(multicomponent) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01026.x
Psychology, 95(1), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144 Sanderson, S., Tatt, I. D., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2007). Tools for assessing quality and
Leaune, E., Dealberto, M. J., Luck, D., Grot, S., Zeroug-Vial, H., Poulet, E., & Brunelin, J. susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: A systematic review and
(2019). Ethnic minority position and migrant status as risk factors for psychotic annotated bibliography. April, 666–676. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym018
symptoms in the general population: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), Sashidharan, T., Pawlow, L. A., & Pettibone, J. C. (2012). An examination of racial bias in
545–558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002271 the beck depression inventory-II. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18
Lee, J., Donlan, W., Cardoso, E. E. O., & Paz, J. J. (2013). Cultural and social (2), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027689
determinants of health among indigenous Mexican migrants in the United States. Schmitt, M. T., Postmes, T., Branscombe, N. R., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of
Social Work in Public Health, 28(6), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/ perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review.
19371918.2011.619457 Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 921–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
Lindencrona, F., Ekblad, S., & Hauff, E. (2008). Mental health of recently resettled Shamliyan, T., Kane, R. L., & Dickinson, S. (2010). A systematic review of tools used to
refugees from the middle East in Sweden: The impact of pre-resettlement trauma, assess the quality of observational studies that examine incidence or prevalence and
resettlement stress and capacity to handle stress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric risk factors for diseases. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(10), 1061–1070. https://
Epidemiology, 43(2), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0280-2 doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.014
Livingston, I. L., Neita, M., Riviere, L., & Livingston, S. L. (2007). Gender, acculturative Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (1997). Anxiety,
stress and caribbean immigrants’ health in the United States of America: An depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: Associations with pre-migration trauma and
exploratory study. West Indian Medical Journal, 56(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/ post-migration stressors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(APR.), 351–357. https://
10.1590/S0043-31442007000300004 doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.4.351
Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one’s Sironi, A., Bauloz, C., & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). N◦ 34 internation migration law:
social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 302–318. Glossary on migration 2019. International Organization for Migration.
McIntyre, J. C., Elahi, A., Barlow, F. K., White, R. G., & Bentall, R. P. (2019). The Smeekes, A., & Verkuyten, M. (2014). Perceived group continuity, collective self-
relationship between ingroup identity and paranoid ideation among people from continuity, and in-group identification. Self and Identity, 13(6), 663–680. https://doi.
African and African Caribbean backgrounds. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, org/10.1080/15298868.2014.898685
Research and Practice, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12261 Smeekes, A., Verkuyten, M., Çelebi, E., Acartürk, C., & Onkun, S. (2017). Social identity
Meca, A., Gonzales-Backen, M. A., Davis, R. J., Hassell, T., & Rodil, J. C. (2019). continuity and mental health among Syrian refugees in Turkey. Social Psychiatry and
Development of the United States identity scale: Unpacking exploration, resolution, Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(10), 1317–1324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-
and affirmation. Journal of Latinx Psychology.. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000135 1424-7
Missinne, S., & Bracke, P. (2012). Depressive symptoms among immigrants and ethnic Smith, K., Bhui, K., & Cipriani, A. (2020). COVID-19, mental health and ethnic
minorities: A population based study in 23 European countries. Social Psychiatry and minorities. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 23(3), 89–90. BMJ Publishing Group
Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0321- https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2020-300,174.
0 Smith, T. B., & Silva, L. (2011). Ethnic identity and personal well-being of people of
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Altman, G. (2009). Preferred color: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 42–60. https://doi.
reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement all org/10.1037/a0021528
use subject to JSTOR terms and conditions REPORTING items preferred for Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009).
systematic reviews reporting meta-analyses. The PRISMA Statement, 339(7716), Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health
332–336. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535 outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A
Monk, E. P. (2020). Linked fate and mental health among African Americans. Social systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 302(5), 537–549.
Science and Medicine, 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113340 Steel, Z., Momartin, S., Bateman, C., Hafshejani, A., Silove, D. M., Everson, N., …
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011). Common mental health Mares, S. (2004). Psychiatric status of asylum seeker families held for a protracted
problems: Identification and pathways to care. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/c period in a remote detention centre in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal
g123/resources/common-mental-health-problems-identification-and-pathwa of Public Health, 28(6), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2004.
ys-to-care-pdf-35109448223173. tb00042.x
Nazroo, J. Y. (2003). The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: Economic position, Suh, H. N., Flores, L. Y., & Wang, K. T. (2019). Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity,
racial discrimination, and racism. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 277–284. and mental distress among Asian international students in Korea. Journal of Cross-
Nesdale, D., & Mak, A. S. (2003). Ethnic identification, self-esteem and immigrant Cultural Psychology, 50(8), 991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119874433
psychological health. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(1), 23–40. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2021). Global trends: forced
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00062-7 displacement in 2021. https://www.unhcr.org/62a9d1494/global-trends-re
Norris, A. E., Aroian, K. J., & Nickerson, D. M. (2011). Premigration persecution, port-2021.
postmigration stressors and resources, and postmigration mental health: A study of Thibeault, M. A., Stein, G. L., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2018). Ethnic identity in context of
severely traumatized U.S. Arab immigrant women. The American Psychiatric Nurses ethnic discrimination: When does gender and other-group orientation increase risk
Association, 17(4), 283–293. for depressive symptoms for immigrant-origin young adults? Cultural Diversity and
Papadopoulos, I., Lees, S., Lay, M., & Gebrehiwot, A. (2004). Ethiopian refugees in the Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000174
UK: Migration, adaptation and settlement experiences and their relevance to health. Tikhonov, A. A., Espinosa, A., Huynh, Q. L., & Anglin, D. M. (2019). Bicultural identity
Ethnicity and Health, 9(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1355785042000202745 harmony and American identity are associated with positive mental health in U.S.
Pérez, D. J., Fortuna, L., & Alegría, M. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of everyday racial and ethnic minority immigrants. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority
discrimination among U.S. latinos. Journal of Community Psychology, 36(4), 421–433. Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000268
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20221 Tineo, P., Lowe, S. R., Reyes-Portillo, J. A., & Fuentes, M. A. (2021). Impact of perceived
Perreira, K. M. P., Gotman, N. M. S., Isasi, C. R. M. D. P., Arguelles, W. P., discrimination on depression and anxiety among Muslim college students: The role
Castañeda, S. F. P., Daviglus, M. L. M. D. P., … Wassertheil-Smoller PhD, S. (2015). of acculturative stress, religious support, and Muslim identity. American Journal of
Mental health and exposure to the United States: Key correlates from the Hispanic Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000545
community health study of Latinos Krista. 203(9), 670–678. https://doi.org/ Tortelli, A., Nakamura, A., Suprani, F., Schürhoff, F., van der Waerden, J., Szöke, A.,
10.1097/nmd.0000000000000350 Tarricone, I., & Pignon, B. (2018). Subclinical psychosis in adult migrants and ethnic

21
K. Brance et al. Clinical Psychology Review 99 (2023) 102216

minorities: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open, 4(6), 510–518. Wang, P. S., Berglund, P., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005).
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.68 Failure and delay in initial treatment contact after first onset of mental disorders in
Tummala-Narra, P., Li, Z., Chang, J., Yang, E. J., Jiang, J., Sagherian, M., … Alfonso, A. the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychology, 62(6),
(2018). Developmental and contextual correlates of mental health and help-seeking 603–613.
among Asian American college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(6), Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005).
636–649. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000317 Twelve-month use of mental health servicesin the United States. Archives of General
Tummala-Narra, P., Li, Z., Yang, E. J., Xiu, Z., Cui, E., & Song, Y. (2021). Psychiatry, 62(6), 629–640.
Intergenerational family conflict and ethnic identity among Chinese American Weich, S., Nazroo, J., Sporston, K., McManus, S., Blanchard, M., Erens, B., Karlsen, S.,
college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/ King, M., Lloyd, K., Stansfeld, S., & Tyrer, P. (2004). Common mental disorders and
10.1037/ort0000515 ethnicity in England: The EMPIRIC study. Psychological Medicine, 34(8), 1543–1551.
U.S. Census Bureau, P. D. (2019). Projected population for the United States by race, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002715
Hispanic origin, and alternative immigration scenario: 2020 to 2060 (NP2017-C). Whisman, M. A., Judd, C. M., Whiteford, N. T., & Gelhorn, H. L. (2013). Measurement
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Yazedjian, A., & Bámaca-Gómez, M. (2004). Developing the ethnic invariance of the beck depression inventory-second edition (BDI-II) across gender,
identity scale using eriksonian social identity perspectives. An International Journal of race, and ethnicity in college students. Assessment, 20(4), 419–428. https://doi.org/
Theory and Research, 4(1), 9–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0401 10.1177/1073191112460273
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, P. D. (2020). International Williams, D. R., Gonzá Lez, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J.,
Migrant Stock 2020. & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in
Uphoff, E., Robertson, L., Cabieses, B., Villalon, F. J., Purgato, M., Churchill, R., & African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: Results from the
Barbui, C. (2020). An overview of systematic reviews on mental health promotion, national survey of American life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(3), 305–315.
prevention, and treatment of common mental disorders for refugees, asylum seekers, Williams, M. T., Chapman, L. K., Wong, J., & Turkheimer, E. (2012). The role of ethnic
and internally displaced persons. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9). identity in symptoms of anxiety and depression in African Americans. Psychiatry
Verkuyten, M. (2008). Life satisfaction among ethnic minorities: The role of Research, 199(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.049
discrimination and group identification. Social Indicators Research, 89(3), 391–404. Yoon, E. (2011). Measuring ethnic identity in the ethnic identity scale and the
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9239-2 multigroup ethnic identity measure-revised. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority
Psychology, 17(2), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023361

22