CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Statistical Quality Control Management Practices (SQCMP) is a process by which
manufacturers or producers seek to ensure that product quality is maintained or improved.
Quality control requires the company to create an environment in which both management
and employees strive for perfection. This is done by training personnel,
creating benchmarks for product quality, and testing products to check for statistical
significant variations. A significant aspect of quality control is the establishment of well-
defined controls. These controls help standardize both production and reactions to quality
issues. Limiting room for error by specifying which production activities are to be
completed by which personnel reduce the chance that employees will be involved in tasks
for which they do not have adequate training.

Statistical quality control (SQC) is the application of statistical methods for the purpose of
determining if a given component of production (input) is within acceptable statistical
limits and if there is some result of production (output) that may be shown to be
statistically acceptable to required specifications.
SPC involves collecting data on specific aspects of production, such as product dimensions
or production rates, and analyzing this data to identify patterns and trends. This information
can then be used to detect and correct problems before they become more serious,
improving overall product quality. Statistical quality control provides off-line tools to
support analysis- and decision-making to help determine if a process is stable and
predictable. When SPC and SQC tools work together, users see the current and long-term
picture about processing performance. Quality check points measure the state of the
process and quality control points measure the process result. Manufacturers applying SPC
and SQC techniques rely on a variety of methods, charts, and graphs to measure, record,
and analyze processes to reduce variations.

Production entails the creation of goods and services which is important to humanity. The
concept of statistical study encompasses the whole activities involved in the process of
collection, organization, analyzing, presentation and interpretation of the numerical data

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 collected. Quality control comprises the system of inspection analysis and action applied to
a manufacturing operation in inspecting a small portion of product in a process to guarantee
the quality of the entire production.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Douglas, (2015), Quality control is made up of those activities and
techniques used to achieve and maintain a high standard of quality in a transformation
process at reduced cost. They may include systematic inspection of inputs and output at
various stage in their transformation to ensure that acceptable tolerances are not being
exceeded. They may also involve a statistical analysis of data generated by sampling
(particularly in line production), benchmarking, continuous improvement (CI) and
supplier partnering. In this ease, in traditional organizations, management has to balance
the cost incurred against the customer goodwill. Quality control is also concerned with
finding and eliminating the causes of quality problems.
Hoteling, (2014) viewed quality as integral part of all product and service. It is on
important consumer decision criterion in selecting among competitive production to
perform its functions. Deming, (1986) saw quality as aiming at meeting the needs of
customers (present and futures), Kotler, (2016), viewed a product’s quality as the ability
to function. It includes the product’s overall durability, reliability, precision, ease of
operation and repairs and other valued attributes. Although, some of these attributes can
be measured in terms of buyer’s perception.
Burr (2017) showed evidence on this issue when he defined seven stages of quality in
Japan in order of increasing level of quality to include: product oriented, process
oriented, system oriented, humanistic, society, cost oriented and quality function
deployment (QFD). Juran defined quality as fitness for purpose. While Crosby (2016),
saw quality primarily as performance to requirement. Broh (2014) defined quality as the
degree of excellence at an acceptable price and control of variability at an acceptable
coat. However, quality improvement has become the key factor for the success and
growth of any business organization. Investment on quality improvement gives rich
returns. Japan is the best example. There are many different ways in which quality can be
approached, so one might wonder which one is the best for technical documentation.

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 Quality is a necessary prerequisite for any company operating in today’s highly
competitive business environment, it therefore, implied that as quality varies company to
another, it also dependent on their mission policy and other element that guide the
company in the realization of its corporate goals. It is therefore, a common knowledge
that is in the manufacturing sector
Montgomery, (2020) Stated that a stable process is a basic requirement for process
improvement efforts. One of the most common methods used in order to achieve this goal
is the quality control chart, Quality control charts are important due to the following
reasons.
a) It is a proven technique for improving productivity.
b) It is effective in defect prevention.
c) It prevents unnecessary process adjustment.
d) It provides information about process capabilities

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is not enough to focus on the finished products that consumers received. How these
products are produced i.e. the processes, also needs to be addressed most especially in
this era of strain on the resources and rising costs of manufacturing /production. It
becomes increasing apparent that decision must be made on fact, not just opinion;
consequently, data must be gathered and analyzed in order to help guild the decision-
making process and as such Statistical Process Control (SPC) technique would help in
analyzing the process quality of tiles production.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to investigate the quality control management practice on the
production of tile.
This work set out to specifically achieve the following objectives
 To determine the type of control charts in use
 To determine whether the process is in or out of control using control charts (np chart, p
chart, c chart)
 To suggest possible areas of improvement as noting is too good that cannot be improve upon.

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1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study is concerned with the process through which information on the quality of product
or services of an industry is collected, analyzed and conformity is ensured. The main motive
of this study is to ensure that correct information is sourced and appropriate corrective
measure take to avoid likely decline in business prospective. Also, this research project will
be beneficial in understanding current, future customer’s needs, meets customer’s
requirement. Since statistical quality control has to do with applying statistical methods or
techniques with the goal of monitoring and maintaining conformity of the quality products.
Quality has become a major business strategy for measuring productivity and gaining
completive advantage.
Finally, statistical quality control come with numerous benefits in the sense that it also plays
and integral in managements and process control. This study is based on the fact that no
industry will operate and continue its existence effectively without primary concern given to
the application of statistical quality control.

1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY

During the course of this research, the following limitations were encountered;
 TIME: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work.
Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this
research the needed attention.
 FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant prices
of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. We did not find it easy meeting
all his financial obligations.
 INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it
comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private
business organization. The staffs of West Africa Ceramics, Ajaokuta find it difficult to reveal
their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face
interview, submitted questionnaire and getting the published materials on this topic meant
going from one library to other that was not easy.

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1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are defined for clarity:
 Agency: This is a legal arrangement (which is not a trust), utilized especially in business
under which one person acted on behave of another.
 Consumer: Anyone impacted by our productions.
 Control: This means the power to influence people behavior to ensure the operations of the
organization in the prescribed lines or process. The idea of control arises when it is found
that the administration is not properly managed.
 Data: It can be seen as the real facts about an entity expressed in figures or is a raw fact
collected about an entity which is less frequently in words and peculiar to research study.
 Defect: a defect is a fault in an article which is not in itself serious enough to make an article
defective i.e. an incidence of lack of conformity to specification.
 Defective: Maybe defined as any article in bulk materials in a sample which fails to conform
with some necessary requirement is the requirement in the cause of production is known as
defective but defective item also contain a stated number of defects
 Non-conforming : Un-fulfillment of a production
 Process Control: This is the variations that occur in a product and process.
 Product Control: This is designed to accept or reject a lot produced for marketing purpose
 Process capability: is the unit of accuracy to which a manufacturing process is capable of
constantly working.
Quality: This is all of the features and characteristics of a product or serves that contribute to
the satisfaction of consumer’s needs. This is the degree of a given product confirms to
specification and standard.
 Quality control: This is the use of techniques and activities to achieve, sustain and improve
the quality of a product or services. A mechanism to maintain and control the quality of
manufactured goods to ensure the conformity of the product with standard.
 Quality Assurance: This is all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a
product or service will be satisfied consumer needs.

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 Statistical Quality Control (SQC):is the use of statistical tools and techniques to monitor and
maintain product quality in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals products building
materials, controllable, etc. Statistical quality control may be carried out as part of the
production process, as a final quality control check or during random checks by quality
control departments.
 Specification Limit: This is the limit of accuracy within which the dimension of a finished
product must be before it can be acceptable.
 Production: This is the process of manufacturing goods and services for human
consumption.
 Inspection: This is a means of examining in a process or finished parts to determine their
conformity to specification

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 REFERENCES
Adalaiye P.O (2021), Lecture note on “Statistical Quality Control” Unpublished
Deming, K.P. (1986) Total Quality Management, organization and strategy. United State
Thomas Learning
Douglas C. Montgomery, (2009), introduction to statistical quality control.
Hotelling, G.B. (2014) statistical quality control of manufactured products (A case study of
packaging at industry a quality approach”).
Kotler, J.L. (2016), Evaluating the Demining management model of total quality in services.
Decision
Lieberman, S.O. (2016)., are effective tools for the analysis of variation repetitive process.
Life span pharmaceutical limited)”.
Mrs Owonipa R. (2023). Lecture note on “Statistical Quality Control” Unpublished
Queen Sembery (1991) suggested the use of target specification for purpose parameters for
constructing control limits are generally not available prior to the start of a production run
and manufacturing.
Remington, K.L. (2018), “Application of statistical quality control tools in construction
Science,
T. Small Wood, (1998) “Application of statistical quality control techniques to pint and half –
gallon ice cream packaging operations”.