Fig, 1.1: Only Fig. 1.3 zooms Observed 60 million on our Expanding galaxies are neighborhood Voids Cf.

visible here All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez

Fig. 1.4

Why People Cannot Be Envyless Like the Universe? The Paradox and Debate on Gravitism

B. Gal-Or with M. C. Fernandez

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez

The Prigogine vs. Gal-Or Paradox and Debate

While Prigogine won the Noble Prize in chemistry for his formalism [18], he did not really tell us how irreversible changes in living and non-living systems emerge from the reversible mathematical equations of physics. In turn, Gravitism [12-17] is asserted to be superior for it draws the same formalism [17, Lecture VI] from two reliable and independent sources:

The THEORETICAL: Einsteins Field Equations -- Gravity Physics --accept no static cosmological solutions, namely, time itself, the arrow of time and all irreversibilities in Nature, originates from Einsteins General Relativity.

The EMPIRICAL: Measured dynamics of all energy-dissipation in expanding Voids between superclusters [Figs. 1.1 and 1.2; References 1 to 11] cause the 2nd Law of non-living and living Systems Dynamics, as explained by Fig. 1.2 depicted below.

Space-3 wraps stars & galaxies

SPACE-1

Fig. 1.2: The Crisis about the Origin of time, arrows of time, entropy growth and all Irreversibilities in Nature is asserted to be resolved by comprehending about the interconnections between the measured variables depicted above and defined below. Diff erent scales, in terms of Light Years [ly], are depicted in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2. The 100 million ly scale is depicted in Fig. 1.1 is ten times larger than that in Fig. 1.2. (Light year is the distance electromagnetic waves, including
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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez

photons as light, travel during 100 million years at 300,000 km/sec speed.) The figures 100 million and 10 million ly also mean enormous delay times that must be accounted for in comprehending the large observable structure of the universe shown here, which is only part of the total expanding universe. The immediate and direct effect here-now of non-expanding cold Space-3 is due to its connection to expanding Space-1 through non-expanding Space 2. To stay overnight without a warm accommodation, when others have it, is the first

SPACE 3 Wraps around local Group

ancient and present depriving-envy feeling of all mankind. Fig. 1.3: Our non-expanding neighborhood is home to thousands of galaxies. It is wrapped around by dark SPACE-3. Located in the Local Group of about 30 galaxies [center], we feel its coldness each night. But there is much more to say about this information. (Image Source NASA/Wikipedia) FIR ST, each of the shining galaxies shown is thought to contain a super massive black hole 6 at its center, which thus acts as a matter-energy sink in the immediate neighborhood around the black hole. SE CONDLY, black holes are not universal sinks. The large amount of radiation
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All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez

energy poured out from all the shining galaxies shown is evenly dispersed in all space directions and is always proceeding through Space-3 into Space-2. Only a very small amount of this radiation energy reaches the galactic centers that harbor a black hole, or two. Most of it proceeds outside the cosmic space framed by this picture, reaching Space-2 and from there irreversibly dissipating in expanding Space-1. THI RDLY, and most important, without Space-1 expansion -- and possibly an intermediate expansion rate of Space-2 -- the density of radiation energy in Spaces 1, 2 and 3, would increase with time to reach the max temperatures maintained by nuclear fusion in stellar cores, causing not only our roasting on earth and disintegrations of the all structures but eventual equilibrium throughout all space. So if we owe our life to the rules of physics, we specifically owe it to Space-1 expansion. FO URTHLY, space-1 expansion is the most universal time for any observer, the Master Arrow of Time, the origin of entropy growth on earth, the source of all observed irreversibilities in Nature and the ground on which Gravitism stands. But to comprehend how socio-Gravitism is linked to the entire world outlook of Gravitism one must delay judgment beyond reading Lecture 2. For the moment let us plunge into more details. Ou r LOCAL GROUP contains some 30 galaxies of different size and shape. Each galaxy contains billions of active stars. Su perclusters Virgo include over 2,500 galaxies and is about 50,000,000 light years away from us. It stretches about 20,000,000 light years in diameter. On ly Fig. 1.1 -- on a 10 times bigger scale shows our nearby Coma Superclusters, which contain about 800 major galaxies. Also the nearby superclusters Hydra are out of the picture.

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez

Fu rther away are superclusters Hercules, which is about 50,000,000 light years across -- the home of about 5,000,000 galaxies. Ou r Milky-Way galaxy is less than a spot in the large-scale portrait of our visible universe. [Fig. 1.1]. While our galaxy harbors billions of sun-like stars, it is only 0.1 million light years across. The distance from us to our sun is about 8 light minutes.

Fig. 1.4: Portrait of the early universe. Early Small Dark Voids (blue) begin world differentiation -- the 1st cause of our cold night today (Fig. 1.3). (Image Source NASA/Wikipedia) The first-time emerging dark voids shown are the earliest differentiated components of expanding SPACE-1 that wrap around the yellow-green-red sources and irreversibly absorbs radiation poured into the voids from the gravitationally-condensing, and, therefore, heated material emitters. The universal differentiation is isotropic and homogeneous. To study the expansion of a single Space-1 cell (adiabatic envelope 7) that wraps around a typical emitter, is equivalent to the study of the expansion of the entire universe. The dynamics and thermodynamic changes in such a single cell then represent those of the entire universe. This is evident from the isotropic and homogeneous distribution of voids and same max temperatures of all material emitters -- qualities that have been approximately preserved as the universe has further expanded into what is shown in Fig. 1.1.

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez

SP st ACE-I expansion is the earliest most universal clock. We define it the 1 Cosmological Arrow of Time, or THE MASTER TIME ASYMMETRY of all processes in the universe, including those of the living systems.

Lecture 1 Synopsis S S
tarting from this Lecture, we search for the earliest and most remote origins of time, arrows of time, irreversibilities, entropy growth, life and social dynamics. ocio-dynamics deals with the origin of the most private and collective

traits of humanity and civilization. Example: Why people dynamics cannot be ruled under the objective dynamics that control the entire physical universe? Is there a verifiable, large-scale, physico-chemical cause-and-effect that has given rise to some destructive forces of humanity? What should be the science that deals with this fundamental phenomenon during all historical times?

T T

he methodology employed is to detect interconnecting facts that support

the optional world outlook provided by Gravitism, using minimal presuppositions and imposed axioms. Though some fragments of these facts are scattered throughout the literature on specific problems, there is yet no dedicated professional framework to deal with the subject matter. he subject matter has never before been presented as a unified field of

study, partially because it covers a relatively new field of integrated studies, and partially because specialized fragments are scattered throughout the literature on specific problems. As a result, different socio-proponents have
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approached this subject from widely varying and sometimes misleading viewpoints, employing disjointed concepts to what should be a unified methodology.

onsequently, these Lectures depart from traditional, isolated texts, in

emphasizing the interconnectedness of updated facts in different and apparently unrelated disciplines. Thus, in trying to develop a new INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY, we refrain from repeating well-known but isolated analyses, and, instead, stress the integrated consequences from the point of view of large-scale physics and bio-chemistry that, combined, are termed Gravitism.

For the sake of unification and simplicity, the physico-chemical supporting

facts are first introduced in as simple a manner as possible, using illustrated graphs, pictures and drawings that can lead to testable consequences.

erified evidence cannot yet be admitted to a number of topics presented

here. Therefore, if scientists are counted as moderate skeptics, as no doubt they should, they must adopt the practice of suspend judgment. By this we do not mean radical empiricism, or the denial of any rational addition to sociology. Thus, we refrain from leaving the study of Gravitism in the various domains of socio-dynamics to the sole care of disciplinary sociologists.

Gravitism: From Large to Small-Scale Systems Dynamics

ifferences begin on the largest and earliest scales of the visible universe, as

demonstrated in Figs. 1.1 and 1.4. We first focus on the shining emitters vis-vis the dark-cold cosmological Voids that absorb all the outpouring radiation, as marked in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2. It is an undisputed evidence that the dark voids not only expand, but their expansion is accelerated [1-5, 7, 9, 10, 20-52, 55]. This expansion, we assert and discuss below, not only causes the 2nd Law of thermodynamics of living systems [12-16], but via the Einsteinian-Gravity-Based evolution of galaxies,
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stars, planets and biophysics, has generated all life and its diversity. [17 and below].

SUPPORTING FACTS: 1) The core pillar of modern astronomy is the HUBBLE LAW. It is based on verified observations since first discovered it in the 1920s [1-4, 7, 9, 11, 52, 53, 55]1,2. This law is marked in Fig. 1.2 as Uo=Hor, where r is the distance from earth to CLUSTER I, which represents superclusters or a cluster of galaxies shown in Fig. 1.1. Here Ho is the Hubble Constant and Uo the recession velocity, namely, how fast the observed astronomical object is receding away from us, or how fast R(t) is increasing with time, or how fast SPACE-1 is increasing with time. 2) SPACE -1 wraps all superclusters and clusters of galaxies.3 It contains all expanding dark voids shown in Fig. 1, but not the emitters, the superclusters, clusters, galaxies and active stars by the universal process called nuclear fusion [17] SPACE-1 contains and in three dimensional spaces is interconnected with non-expanding SPACES 2 and 3. 3) SPACE 2 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding superclusters, while SPACE-3 wraps around but does not include the nonexpanding earth, solar system, our galaxy, the Local Group of galaxies and the clusters that form the superclusters shown in Fig. 1.1 4) Nuclear Fusion 4 in the cores of active stars generates all the chemical elements in the universe beyond hydrogen and helium. It generates the stellar radiation that is spread into Space-3, and from it to Space-2, and eventually irreversibly dissipated in expanding SPACE-1. [17]. At this point one may wonder how such remote processes can affect us herenow? There are two points that are asserted in response: FIRST, to deny today the central role of astronomy and astrophysics in physics, is to deny the very methodology of science, and to a priori reject a large portion of its verified empirical evidence. SECONDLY, we are linked here-now to what is going on far out there: COROLLARY I: If, by a thought experiment, SPACE-I stops expanding now, the stellar radiation energy density marked in Fig. 1.2 would gradually rise all over spaces 3, 2 and 1, eventually causing the entire universe to reach
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equilibrium [uniform temperature/energy-density], whereby all processes in the universe stop, including life on earth. There is another link, envisioned first by Gammow and discovered in 1964: The Cosmic Blackbody Microwave Background Radiation of the Early Expanding Universe (discovered in 1964, Fig. 1.4), is the remnant left-over radiation that has been expanded and cooled by SPACE-1-Expansion during the 13.72 billion sun-earth years since creation. [The so-called Big Bang]. This radiation engulfs earth, but it has been cooled down from about 4,0003,000 K. This radiation constitutes direct proof that SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink, the cause of the 2nd law] has been expanding and its lowest level of energy density engulfs earth, our galaxy and any galaxy in the universe This radiation is isotropic [the same in all directions] and homogeneous. We next employ gravity-induced linguistics: Up, Down. Up-Timing 1: Since Space-1 is expanding and its expansion being

accelerated, the universe is cooling down forever. The corollary is that eventually all energy density gradients depicted in Fig, 1.2 would flat and all processes in the universe would stop in what is called the cold death of the universe. Up-Timing 2: Since SPACE-1-expansion causes the observed large-scale energy-density gradients in the universe, stellar evolution would stop if SPACE-1 expansion stops, albeit after a long cosmic relaxation time [17]. Downscaling 1: Einsteinian gravity [general relativistic physics] at

relatively small gravitational systems is approximated by Newtonian Physics. According to both theories all entities above the size of moons are structured according to their specific gravity, the heaviest components in the core, and the lightest in the outer layers. We term this phenomenon gravitational
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asymmetry or gravitational irreversibility or the most universal natural selectivity [Lecture 2]. Downscaling 2: All cosmological voids are interconnected, namely they

expand via the Hubble rule. E.g., Void Capricornus wraps around Pvo-Indus Supercluster and is linked with Void Sculptur through the one in between them. [Fig. 1.1].

Downscaling 3: Supernovae

and Black holes

can only be formed if

SPACE-1-generated gradients exist. SPACE-1 expansion is therefore THE MASTER BLACK SINK of all energy processes in the universe, including bio-chemical energy processes. It is thus the sole cause of all irreversibilities in nature, all time asymmetries [17]. Downscaling 4: SPACE-3 [Fig. 1.2] wraps non-expanding moons, planets, stars and galaxies and is integrated within non-expanding SPACE-2, which is integrated within expanding SPACE-1.
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and the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Downscaling 5: Adiabatic envelopes 7 in homogeneous and isotropic universe are always located between any pair of superclusters of galaxies.

Downscaling 6:

SPACE-1 expansion affects any macroscopic structure

from superclusters and clusters of galaxies, galaxies, stars, astronomical clouds, planets, moons, meteors, rocks, mountains, valleys, houses, sand particles, biological cells, namely down the astronomical scales of 10,000, 1000, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.000,01, 0.000,001, 0.000,0001,
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0.000,000,01,

0.000,000,001,

0.000,000,0001,

0.000,000,000,01

0.000,000,000,001million light years.8

We Here-Now vs. the Expanding Universe There-Past

A. The universal maximum speed of light is not violated when sectors of the universe recede away from us [the Hubble expansion] at speeds higher than the speed of light. Thus the expansion of the universe generates an event horizon an observational limit of the universe; namely, the light from such far away emitters [located at 16 billion light years or more away from us], is redshifted until the sources totally disappear from our sights, for ever. Therefore, we can only observe and study a portion of the universe within our event horizon, and that portion is shrinking in time. For example: At a given time in the future, all that one can observe is Fig. 1.1 with a much larger scale factor, namely, most of what see now in Fig. 1.1 would then become unobservable. B. Einsteins General Relativity (EGR) is expressed by Einsteins field equations [17]. Without the so-called cosmological constant [20-51] it accepted no static cosmological solutions. Thus, according to Einstein, it predicted the expansion of the universe before Hubble detected it. From this point of view the new astrophysical school of thermodynamics is not just empirical and due to the agreement with said Einsteinian view its origin is theoretical and is rooted in EGR. If one accepts this link, the new thermo is gravity-based thermo. C. If one retains the cosmological constant in EGR, which Einstein had rejected due to the Hubble discovery in the mid 1920s, it explains the role of the speculated dark energy and matter that fill the universe and also asserted to explain the cause of its accelerated expansion to a cold death [20-51]. D. These matters bring this Lecture I to a close. F. String theories, black holes, gravity-based linguistics, Limitations of Theories, dark matter and dark energy are treated in the next online Lectures.

FOOTNOTES to Lecture I
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1.

Einstein General Relativity (EGR) may also be referred to

as Einsteins Gravity Physics. Fundamental physics should the same for all observers, accelerating linearly, rotating, standing on a small astronomical body, like earth, or on a massive star. This need provides the basis for using coordinate translators that we call tensors.

EGR is expressed in terms of Einstein local metric tensor and its curved
space-time mathematical derivatives [Volume I, Ref. 17]. Distances deduced theoretically can thus be determined locally between two infinitesimally close points in curved space-time. It is, therefore, an unresolved issue to determine within the framework of each model, how to evaluate large distances between two distant points. The issue should not be confused with the fact that SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] size increases with time. Yet, in debating the validity of each proposed model, one must specify the space-time-curvature -- the curvepath-of-light that connects two such cosmic-apart points. Unfortunately, for the theoretician who wishes to gain support for his own specific model, that determination depends on HIS OWN selected cosmological model. In the Commoving Distance Model, for instance, commoving distances cannot be fixed. In practice, the distance of distant objects are best measured by their luminosity -- which is reduced by the square power of the distance to the radiation source [17] and by the redshifts of their incoming electromagnetic radiation.

2. The Expanding Universe and Hubble law.

Hubbles astronomical observations prove that all clusters and superclusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.1] are moving away from each other with speeds that are proportional to their distance from each other and , therefore, also from earth. Observations, including the 1964 discovery of the microwave black body radiation, prove that the expansion of SPACE-1 is the same in all directions (isotropic and homogeneous).

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Isotropic distribution across the sky of distant gamma-ray bursts and of supernovae also support this general conclusion. Our Net Motion in Space is about 400 km/sec. But this motion is not easy to comprehend. The direction of the earths net motion lies in the same plane as its orbit around the sun and at angle of 61 degrees tilted upward [northward] from the plane of the disk-like Milky Way. We travel around the sun at about 30 km/sec. These speeds should not be confused with the recession speed of clusters and super-clusters of galaxies away from each other. [R(t) Fig. 1.2]. This is the Hubble expansion. Our galaxy is deviating from this uniform expansion motion by about 600 km/sec.

3. Superclusters of galaxies, galaxies and our Milky Way

The shapes of superclusters vary considerably; from that of Virgo, Coma and Hercules to long filaments. [Figs. 1.1 and 1.3]. 9,11 Our Milky-Way Galaxy 8 contains billions of gravity-compacted stars and other entities. Most stars are formed in the dilute regions of the rotating inter-stellar SPACE-3. Our galaxy is almost 100,000 light-years in diameter at its disk-like longest spiral arms. It is in the form of an almost flat spiral disk with an average thickness of about 1,000 light-years away from it center All Superclusters are receding away from us -- and from each other -- at great speeds -- the further away they are, the greater is the observed speed. This fact is termed the EXPANDING UNIVERSE. The receding superclusters follow the observationally-based Hubble Law [R(t) in Fig. 1.2].

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Fig. 1.5: The Fog visible around this galaxy is composed of millions of stars like our sun a reminder of the scales we discuss [12-18]. Spaces 3, 2 and 1 contain the cosmic black-body remnant radiation, stellar photons, neutrinos, antineutrinos, gas, dust, etc. Intra-galactic gas may emit X-rays and other types of radiation. Andromeda (M31) is a member of our Local Group of galaxies. It is characterized by a spiral structure similar to ours, and is located about 2,200,000 light-years away. Andromeda and our galaxy are the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial diameter, namely, the size of our local group is about 100 times the size of our galaxy. Our local group includes M31 (Andromeda), M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87 and M89. Radiation pressure on any test-surface facing the lowest radiation-energy density value in the universe [adiabatic envelopes in mid cold Voids of SPACE-1, are less than that exerted by radiation impinging on that test surface from the other side, namely, from the one facing the source of radiation. (This is the familiar phenomenon behind SOLAR SAILS in space research.) The result is the universal driving force for energy transport from all hot radiation sources to cold SPACE-1, whereby the energy-density gradients inside adiabatic envelopes constitute the driving force of all irreversible processes in K for all the energy outpouring into it from all shining sources. SPACE-1 expansion is the prime mover of all irreversible processes in nature. Nature, and of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Conclusion: With or without localized black holes, only expanding, cold, SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] provides us, with the universal, UNSATURABLE SINK, the cause of the 2nd Law.

4. Nuclear Fusion (nuclear fusion process), by the force of gravity in the

core of active stars, transforms (fuses) hydrogen plasma into heavier elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphor, iron, etc. Is the most important process in the universe. All active stars generate in their interiors all the basic chemical elements beyond hydrogen and helium; namely, all the heavier basic elements of matter that we observe on earth and in our body and brain.
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According to both Einsteinian and Newtonian physics, the bigger the mass of a star, the higher are its core pressures and temperatures and faster are the nuclear fusion processes in its interior [17]. How do we know that? On both fusion and fission scientists know much. Fusion is also the driver of hydrogen-bomb explosions, (not fission as in atomic reactors and in regular atomic weapons). When a certain amount of iron is formed in the interiors of active stars, endothermic reaction replaces the exothermic one. (The exothermic reaction generates energy in the stars, while the endothermic one consumes it.) All active stars produce energy through such nuclear fusion.

5. Supernovae, Maximum Temperatures, Measuring Astronomical Distances.

Redshifts

&

All active (shining) stars generate the heavier chemical elements at the high temperatures-pressures that gravity induces in their interiors. But the massive stars arrive to that End-of-life Stage earlier than smaller stars do. That End-of-life Stage may, however, be the Beginning-of-life-Process in case the supernova debris (ashes) gradually form orbiting planets around stars, as is the case that we assert was the beginning of our solar system. Supernovae are gravity-induced phenomena that astronomers observe in galaxies when a massive star ends its life by internal collapse-implosion. The collapse begins when the fusion process that produces energy, ends. Supernovae are not only the originators of all chemistry beyond hydrogen and helium [by nuclear fusion.], but serve in astronomy as reliable distance yardsticks [candles] on which much of astronomy rests. The reason for this selection is explained below. A supernova explosion throws into Space 3 its interiors in the form of glowing debris and gases that, initially, are much brighter than any other star in its home galaxy. Hence, certain types of supernovae serve in astronomy as the max-cosmic temperature standard for calibrating distances to far-away galaxies via the absolute luminosity (brightness) method discussed in CPP Volume I [17].

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Supernovas extremely bright glow has been studied since 1054, starting from the Crab Nebula. At its center there is a neutron star spewing energy and elementary particles into Space 3, from which they proceed to Space 2 and, eventually, to Space 1. That end is reached when a threshold amount of iron is formed in the interior of a massive star. [CPP, Vol. I]. At that stage all net energy generation inside the star stops and the process reverses into an endothermic one during which energy is consumed. THE COLLAPSE: At this stage the core pressure falls and the doomed star cannot support the gravity-induced weight of its upper layers. This leads to a gigantic collapse-implosion of the entire star structure. A few general-relativistic deterministic options then emerge, depending on the mass and details of the doomed massive star: (i) if the mass of the star is about 1.4 times that of the sun, the star slowly decays into a white dwarf, (ii) if its mass is larger, the formation of an extremely packed neutron star or a black hole is the end result (in which no atomic nuclei structure survives), (iii) a gigantic supernova explosion follows the collapse-implosion by bouncing back from a central dense body [neutron star]. Type Ia supernovae harbor consistent brightness (absolute luminosity) because their progenitor is accreting mass from a nearby star, always imploding into the central neutron star at exactly the same mass -- the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit. [CPP, Volume I]. The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Supernova Program is designed to measure several hundred high-redshifted supernovae. Massive stars: Due to their high, gravity-induced, inner-core pressurestemperatures, massive stars are much faster than smaller stars, like the sun, to exhaust their hydrogen-helium fuel by nuclear fusion. The resulting higher pressures-temperatures in massive stars cause faster releases of fusion energy in the interiors of these stars. From there the energy reaches the outer layers of the star and eventually leaves the star and spreads out in Spaces 3, 2 and, eventually, 1.

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6. Black holes are postulated astronomical local objects that are spread
throughout galaxies and superclusters of galaxies that are wrapped around by non-expanding SPACE-3, or may exist within Spaces 2 and 1. Black holes come into being by gravity and the expansion of unsaturable SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink]. They act as additional unsaturable sinks to that caused by the expansion of SPACE-1. Like stars and galaxies, black holes cannot be formed without SPACE-1-expansion. Astrophysicists expect to detect black holes ranging between roughly the mass of a few suns to ten billion times greater. Such super-massive ones are postulated to be in the center of some extremely bright galaxies, including the Milky Way and quasars. Black holes are LOCAL, general relativistic cosmological sinks for all matter-energy arriving and falling into them. They are postulated to be highly concentrated, local gravity-sinks where the gravity field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from them. General relativistic cosmology predicts them as one-way sinks in space-time. Some are assumed to be in the center of some galaxies. They may be associated with what is observed and termed quasars. Within a black hole all atomic and sub-atomic structures had already been crushed to become only geometrically-curved space-time. This is due to the extremely strong gravitational field within the black hole. The cause of that total break down of all structures is only gravity. Quasars and black holes. Quasars are assumed to be super massive forms of black holes. Hundreds have been detected by NASA's Spitzer space telescope, which measures infrared light, and by Chandra, which measures X-ray emissions. These quasars are in young (far-away) galaxies that are surrounded by relatively high-density gas that emits X-rays as it is being sucked into and accelerated towards a one-way sink of a massive black hole. Quasars and black holes form local sinks, in addition to the universalunsaturable sink generated by SPACE-1-expansion. Most quasars recede from us at speeds of over 150,000 km per second. They are among the brightest objects in the universe, with the average quasar being 100,000 times brighter than the Andromeda galaxy. Their gigantic
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energy output is probably powered by super massive black holes swallowing nearby stars. Their X-rays emissions are detectable even when they cannot be detected. It is speculated that about 9 to 10 billion years ago, when the age of the universe was between 2.5 to 1.5 billion years, many "super massive" black holes had been formed inside large galaxies during their initial stages.

7. Adiabatic Envelopes and the Origin of Time-Asymmetries and Irreversibilities in Nature.

An adiabatic wall, or surface, is a physical wall or an imaginary surface through which no NET energy flow takes place. In Fig. 1.2 we mark only three points on such imaginary surfaces, namely, where there is No net energy flow across them. These surfaces wrap around superclusters of galaxies in 3 dimensions. No net energy flow means that radiation [and matter particles] somewhat similar to the ones detected within our solar wind do not cross such adiabatic surfaces. The maximum temperature attainable in each galaxy is about the same. It is roughly the same as that generated initially by supernovae and is attributed to: (i) the maximum temperature in stellar cores during fusion in all active stars, (ii) The maximum temperature during supernovae explosions. (iii) The maximum detectable temperatures attainable by at the external surfaces of quasars or galactic centers that harbor gigantic black holes.

8. The Solar System is composed of our sun, the orbiting planets,

moons, asteroids, comets, rocks, gases and dust, all bounded together by the COMBINED attractive gravitational field of the sun, our galaxy, our local group of galaxies, our super-clusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.3] and the gravitational field of all the masses in the rest of the universe. The sun, like all active stars, is a self-gravitating massive sphere of subatomic particles in a state of hot plasma that is pressed-heated by the attractive force of gravity. It accounts for about 99% of the solar system total mass.

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Its diameter is about 1.392 million km and is slightly larger than of an average star in our Milky Way galaxy. About 74% of the suns mass is hydrogen, with about 25% helium. Gravity-captured debris from previous generations of earlier gas or stars/supernovae, had started to condense and fall into or orbit the sun, gradually structuring the currently observed solar planets. During more than half of its present age, the universe did not harbor our solar system. The Solar System extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroids, comets, rocks and dust in our community. It is located inside non-expanding Space 3 that wraps our entire galaxy and is spatially interconnected with Spaces 2 and 1. The Solar Systems outer boundary is where the solar wind clashes with other active-stars-winds emerging from nearby stars. It may form there a gigantic shock wave called heliosphere. The non-flat, clashing surface, is twisted and different in temperatures and composition as affected by winds emerging from close, or far-away stars. No Net Suns Energy Remains in Earth: This is the verified result of complicated thermal cycles in our atmosphere and on earths surface. [Our atmosphere comprises the following gravity-induced layers: Homosphere from sea level to 80km (Troposphere up to about 13km; Ozone layer about 13-43km; Stratosphere 13-50km; Mesosphere 50-80km); Thermosphere 80175 km (dilute Nitrogen 80-15km, Oxygen 105-128km, Helium 128-150km, Hydrogen 150-175km)]. Much work has been done concerning methods to reduce man-induced carbon emissions, e.g., by deleting from or injecting into it what can economically decrease its absorption and/or increase its reflectivity. These may change the atmospheric net heat balance. On ATTRIBUTING CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE to acts of humanity: The monotonic increase in (automatically) measured global temperatures does not show the 11-YEARS SOLAR CYCLE during which the sun luminosity changes. These changes are the results of complicated sun-interior convection currents, granulation, magnetic field lines between changing sunspot pairs, huge solar flares, etc.
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Such short-time cycles may correspond to the unexplained Little Ice Age that chilled Northern Europe during the late 17th century, suggesting a causal link between solar total luminosity activity and climate change on earth.
2.

There have been 17 or 19 ice ages: From about 3,000,000 years ago until the last one, which gradually ended from about 12,000 to 8000 years ago. These ages have strongly affected ecological systems on earth, and each lasted about 50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting in climate-induced changes in life and all ecological systems.
3.

The incoming sun energy [Cf, Solar Wind] is partially reflected [and scattered] from the upper layers of our atmosphere [about 30%] back to nonexpanding Space-3, and, eventually, to expanding SPACE-1. Most incoming short-wave energy [about 64%] is reflected back to Spaces 3, 2 and eventually absorbed in the deepest-coldest VOIDS/SPACE-1 [THE MASTER BLACK SINK] as long-wave radiation that results from the suns energy undergoing complex processes in the earths atmosphere and on the earth surface. Thus, all incoming suns energy (plus about 6% of heat from the earths interior], is proceeding further into the depths of Spaces 3, 2 and 1. Unlike planets, all active stars generate and spread out radiation energymatter that is generated in their very hot interiors by fusion. The sun, for instance, emits this energy-matter as solar wind, which spreads in all directions and is eventually dissipated in SPACE-1. On its way to SPACE-1, the solar wind engulfs earth and the other solar planets. No equivalent amount of this incoming radiation energy remains with this and the other planets, as many wrongly assume. Part of it is reflected immediately by our upper atmosphere to outer, cold-dark spaces 3, 2 and, eventually, to Space-1. The rest of the solar wind enters our atmosphere, and following complicated thermal-ecological-hydrological cycles it dissipates irreversibly in outer cold-dark Space 1. The outgoing energy includes additional, small amount of energy from the earths interior.

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On its way to SPACE-1 the solar wind first undergoes through a huge shock wave that is generated at the solar system outer boundary. It is there where it clashes with opposing solar winds from nearby stars. Together with similar solar winds generated by billions of stars in our galaxy, this radiation reaches SPACE 1 -- the unsaturable, limitless, universal sink of all radiation energies pouring into it from all stellar and galactic sources [12-18]. That one-way, irreversible energy dissipation in SPACE-1 -- the Master Black Sink -- is driven by the radiation energy gradients formed between Spaces 3 to 2, and between Space 2 and 1. About 2 billion years post genesis, most gravity-induced, proto-massiveentities have already been condensed by gravity so as to ignite nuclear fusion inside their cores and radiate the produced energy from their outer surfaces. Figs. 1 and 3 provide proof of an isotropic and homogeneous universe in terms of large-scale distribution of cold voids, hot matter-structuresemitters and their maximum temperature. There are no net energy flows across adiabatic envelopes in SPACE-1. Matter (gas, plasma) has been aggregated by the force of gravity to form selfgravitating entities -- the early massive stars -- possibly include some quasars. 9. Galactic Centers. The center of our galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It is a very compact source of radio waves that originate from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees K as they are postulated to fall into the galactic center, which is further postulated to contain a super-massive black hole. Galactic centers of other galaxies are postulated to contain such a super massive black hole. They may contain huge amounts of matter [mass], each in the range of hundreds of thousands to tens of billions of the mass of the entire solar system. 10. Symmetry-Asymmetry & Super symmetries. Various branches of super symmetries are postulated in string theories. For instance, some theorists introduce to theoretical physics a kind of primitive symmetry: If the universe is eternal into the future it must be eternal into the past, or prior to creation [the big-bang], there must have been a symmetric contraction into an all-containing black hole.. As the density had
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increased during that pre-creation contraction, gigantic black holes are claimed to be formed, and, at the instant of maximum contraction, they had switched to expansion, and only one of them has turned into our expanding universe. Upcoming tests at CERN or by the Planck Satellite or by the ground-based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational radiation that are claimed to be associated with such postulated effects, say, on the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation. 11. Merging-Colliding Galaxies

Our galaxy is predicted by some models to collide with the Andromeda galaxy in about 5 billion years. The rate of galactic collisions was much higher in the past, mainly because the galaxies were closer to each other. Andromedas system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in our local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a satellite. Our satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, Sag DEG, etc.

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Lecture 2
Socio-Gravitism
Many aspects of animals social organization and evolution can be predicted on the basis of gravity-induced environmental variables. Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resource monopolization develops in all levels of sociobiological systems.

Gravity Selection as a key Component of Natural Selection

The first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system have already contained atoms and simple molecules, and it was gravity that stratified these compounds in horizontal layers according to their specific gravity.

The atmosphere and geological strata are ordered-selected by the specific

gravity of their chemical components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at one and the same strata. Gravity Selection is therefore a key component of Natural selection. Gravity is also the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the cores of gravitationally pressed-heated stars [See fusion in Lecture I], geological strata, earth morphology the entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded symbols, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books, shelves, houses.

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1. Gravity-Induced Orientation, Order, Linguistics

Using gravity pointers up, down, left, right, we generate signs and record numbers and letters for a later use and for other to read.

Assertion 1 The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical influences. Even innate patterns" are frequently associated with simple orientation movement in the field of gravitation, i.e., as "up-ward-downward" balancing of the biological body vis-vis the gravity pointer. Gravity periodicities around the sun emerge as prime sources of order via time and the arrow of time.

Animals are no exception. Each

is 'conscious' of the commonlyshared "up-down" surroundings, and about "weight" and acceleration. Plants also harbor innate sensors that guide them in which direction to grow even on a mountain slope.

Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes and gravityinduced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in water.

3. Gravity-Induced Plant Growth and Animal Behavior

The

sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception" ("gravity receptors", "g-perception", "bioaccelerometers", "gravity-induced biological clocks", etc.) are not yet well understood, even though a voluminous literature has been published on this subject. But what we already know justifies the central role we claim gravity plays in living systems and society.

Assertion 2 Plants know to grow vertically upward when they start growing in total darkness as seeds inserted deep into the ground; -- even when they grow on a steep mountain slope. As most high-growing trees they align their growth under the control of the gravity vector.

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If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position,

some tens of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.) Gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of an organism may occur when an organism orients itself by a gravity-induced gradient of density differences or hydrostatic pressure. Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but they are affected by it.

Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically exhibit innate

patterns that depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals that are high on the evolutionary scale. While the latter show some signs of innate patterns, they harbor a greater capacity to produce a much more flexible mechanism to respond to a variety of other external changes that stimulate them. The evolutionary origin of the so-called "innate ideas" may, therefore, be external rather than internal.

Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and
nuclei, which are heavier than the rest of the cell. These are key instruments in our lives, in our orientation, balancing, walking, reading, etc. Plants and animals always obey the gravity-induced commanding-guiding force, for a reason. They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from other trees. We form no exception. Even with closed eyes. we always feel and obey the ever-present gravity force. We and all animals detect it to orient ourselves anyplace on earth, and balance our motion.
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4.

Gravity-Induced Property, Domains, Wars

Assertion 3

When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries economic and social standing, or "lebensraums" involving "welldefined territories" and "Gravity-induced Natural Selection"; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to disputes over territories. In fact, as discussed below, much of the currently known socio-biological evolution, and much of human history may be reassessed along these lines.

Gravity-induced changes develop territoriality in a given spatial region or

in a given assembly of individuals, especially when key resources are not sufficiently abundant and stable through long periods of historical times. Inequality in human society begins with land demarcation and property, private and tribal, stated owned or company run. Envy then drives competition, company ads, TV and academic rating, political candidates, religious rivalry and key human traits, sometimes stronger than as death.

One species, or one sex, may control a larger quantity of resources, say,
scarce water ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes key resources. We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of socio-biology. In humans these gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, strategy and wars.

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Other

possible links between human evolution and gravity-induced changes in the environment are illuminated by empirical results that emerge from studies in geology, mt-DNA-based anthropology and archaeology.

5. Gravity-Induced Law, Seconds, Minutes, Days, Year

Whole cultures, civilizations

and religions have been constructed on gravity-induced human orientability, concepts, spirituality, art, music, home structure, village structure, wells, canals, boats, trade, agriculture, and even law enforcement by hanging [17].

Assertion 4 Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom,laft, right margins, footnotes, first and last pages. And it takes time to read them and to comprehend them; the time that always advances from past to future; the time that we term Linguistic-Musical Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of shelves, files, documents and books in a library introduces order into our life.

History

testifies that such gravity-induced cultural phenomena may proceed Such gravity-induced order dominates not beyond grammar and social only composition-order-asymmetry of order far into the spiritual and everyday life, but our brain-mind hierarchical domains: High perception and arrow of time [17]. priest, low deck, high commissioner, and highness, heaven, lofty, go to the bottom of the subject, etc.

Letter

orientation, from cuneiform writing to later written languages, includes past-present-future linguistic laws [modern grammar].

Gravity pointers, when combined with Mitochondrial-DNA [mtDNA], are

key tools in archaeology, anthropology and geology: Human trash is ordered by gravity and useful in such studies. Such a gravity-induced science is translated into gravity-rooted history, chronology, natural Selection-Orientation, biological clocks, etc.
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6. Gravity-Induced Perception and Aggregated Brain Entities'

We train our brain-mind to appreciate only gravity-induced, configurationorder-orientation and reject chaos and disorder. In short, we reject what does not well align with gravity-induced posture, standing and sitting modes. Our brain-mind searches for what is 'right' via gravitationally induced symmetries and asymmetry standards. Each picture we observe, each letter-symbol, word and sentence that we read, or hear, forms in our brain-mind a specific aggregated, configurationboundary, gravity-oriented asymmetry in three-dimensional reality, or its equivalents in examining a two-dimensional page-space, or a computer display page-space. The three-dimensional configuration is than completed in our mind. Each letter-symbol, each word and each sentence generates an aggregated, configuration-boundary-asymmetry in our brain-mind, where it had been irreversibly recorded and compared with what has been forced on our brainmind by previous forces of our education; -- the STANDARDS at home, school, social group, tribe, nation, religion or a specific branch of civilization. Time reversal of musical notes destroys our pleasure. One cannot enjoy it if it is played in reverse. The structure and modulation of voice and the sentences a human mind seeks to identify with are similarly affected.

Even a minor deviation from one's pre-trained language, intonation, accent,

symmetry and asymmetry -- in face, body and walking way -- destroys our gravity-induced, inner motivations for what is 'right', young, healthy, and what is not.

In observing a person our mind generates a gravitationally induced structural

asymmetry that is compared with the stored standard

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Any picture is gravitationally oriented in our brain-mind: up/down or horizontal/left/right. Thus, inversion of a picture, or reversing the direction of symbols, words and a meaningful text, destroys the meaning. It takes us some time 'to read' a text, and more to 'comprehend' its meaning vis--vis our pre-conceptions and standards. We maintain that this process generates an irreversible 'Structural SpaceTime Arrow' in our brain-mind, in terms of 'Space-Aggregated-AsymmetricPicture', which points from gravity-induced form-orientation-configuration, or, 'head' and 'lower figure', to 'beginning' and 'end'.

7. Biological Clocks and Gravitation

The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and
out to external physical influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of order and information in all non-living and living systems. Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.

8. Vertigo, Loss of Coordination-Balancing & Gravity

Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis--vis space

and the gravity-induced horizon. We shall employ this well-known phenomenon to explain how gravity-detectors in our ear operate to help our thinking.

Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a

fluid that moves, by gravity force, with respect to the gravity vector and activates a system that transmits linear and rotational motions vis--vis the gravity vector to the vestibular nerve, which carries these signals through the

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brainstem to our brain cerebellum, which, in turn, uses them to control our balancing, orientation, coordination and movement. The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular canals, which are used to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations.

The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that
control our eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and helps maintain clear vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector.

9. Biological Cells, Reproduction, Immunity System & Gravity

Gravity causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunity

system. Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate into mature cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space crafts. The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector its size increases in larger local gravitational field-force values. Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they cannot. Without the gravity force-field they float around and perish.

Protoplasmic motion, cytoplasmic viscosity and specific gravity of cell

components -- relative to the ground-plasma are also vital components. Moreover, when animals evolve on land, outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis--vis the reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier lifeforms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-like configuration. Without strong skeletons land animals could not come into being.

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10. Animals and Gravity-Induced Effects

Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and
nuclei, which are heavier than the rest of the cell. These are key instruments in our lives, orientation, balancing, walking, reading, etc.

Plants

and animals always obey the gravity-induced commandingguiding force, for a reason. They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from other trees. We form no exception. Even with closed eyes, we always feel and obey the ever-present gravity force, and detect it to orient ourselves anyplace on earth, and balance our motion.

Gravimorphism, gravitropism and tropism are directional movements

of a plant with respect to a directional stimulus. One such tropism is gravimorphism -- the growth or movement of a plant with respect to gravity. Plant roots grow in the direction of gravity while shoots and stems grow against it.

Blood

circulation and its pressure are also affected by gravity.

Space travel may involve living in zero or low gravity values (hypo gravity). During post-stall supermaneuverability attainable by future [jet-steered or thrust-vectored] fighter aircraft, the gravity-acceleration forces on both aircraft and pilot are critical.

RECAP:
Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds,
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valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems connected with them. Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given written language. Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals. Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us, say, from reversals of W to M. There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range from preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravityinduced structures as reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth, ocean, etc. Gravity-sensing cells function as detectors of the direction of gravity. The fluid-particles systems inside cells initiate inner convective currents that cease under zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their membrane potential and their cytoskeletons.

11. Gravity-Induced Village and City Structures

ravity generates structures and

controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds and uplifts, valleys, village and city structures, transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.

12. Gravity and Global Warming

Gravity affects global warming and all ecological systems. [See Solar System in Lecture I].

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13. Gravity and Health

The evolution and everyday functioning of our bones, legs, hips, joints, cartilages, ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis and muscles, has been "in response" to the force and direction of gravity. Moreover, gravity plays a key factor in heart failure associated with swollen legs, in flooded lungs, walking, sleeping needs etc. Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravityinduced disorders in biological systems, human perception, health and longevity, has been largely overlooked by health providers and researchers, partly because the key role of gravity as the universal generator of all biostructures, socio-biology and physiological forms has not yet been well investigated.

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