Welcome To Earth Science!

Welcome to Earth
Science!
BIG Idea: Earth Scientists
use specific methods to
investigate Earth and beyond.
I. What is Earth Science?
 the study of the Earth and the
universe around it…
 the study of Earth systems and

systems in space; including weather
and climate systems, and the study
of nonliving things such as rocks,
oceans, and planets.
I. ORIGIN AND SRUCTURE OF
THE EARTH
1. Universe and Solar System
a. The Formation of the Universe and the
Solar System
2. Earth and Earth System
a. The Subsystems (geosphere,
hydrosphere, atmosphere, and
biosphere) that make up the Earth
THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
BIG BANG AND THE BIRTH OF THE EARTH

13-14 BYA 4.6 BYA
origin
theories
Big Bang Steady State Vortex collision
Tidal Nebular Solar Nebular

What are the different
Hypothesis /Theories that
explains the origin of the
Universe?
Can we consider these Theories as
a FACT of how the Universe was
created?
Theories
 Is an idea which is intended to explained
something.
 an explanation based on many observations
during repeated investigations
 the best available explanation of a
phenomenon
 a hypothesis that is supported by the
experiments
 may change with the discovery of new data
Creation Myth
 Is a symbolic narrative of the beginning of
the world as understood by a culture.
 These are handed down from generation
to generation through oral tradition such
as stories, poems and songs, and works of
arts, among others.
 According to the Bible, God created the
universe in six days.
Days of Forming Days of Filling

1st Light and dark 4th Sun, Moon, Stars
2nd Sea and Sky 5th Fish and Birds
3rd Land and Plants 6th Land Animals
and Humans
BIG BANG THEORY
Big Bang Model of the Universe
Timing
http://www.hayadan.org.il/BuildaGate4/portals/hayadan/imagesP/sub36/368744087-L-big-bang-theory.jpg
Big Bang Model of the Universe
Describes the universe as originating in an

infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point called
“singularity” between 13-to-14 billion years from where
it has been expanding ever since
It was proposed by Georges Lemaitre and Alexander
Friedman
Had a beginning and end in time
Clarification about Big bang
1. There was no explosion in Big bang Theory
Explosion – is a combustion reaction requiring a
combustible material and an oxidizing agent.
-how can there be an explosion during the birth of
our universe when oxygen was still absent in the
universe?
-oxygen was made in the stars, and stars came to
form only after some one billion years after big bang
2. The theory gives no explanation where and how the
singularity came to be
- the question about what happened before the singularity

doe not even fit into the theory, because time itself began
with big bang.
- Within fraction of second after the initial inflation, time

and space simultaneously came into being.
- Therefore, there was no “before” in the big bang, because

time has not yet come into being.
3. There are proof for Big Bang Theory
- Redshifting
- CMBR cosmic microwave background radiotion

3. There are proof for Big Bang Theory
CMBR cosmic microwave background radiation
Redshifting ( also known as Doppler’s effect)

- The red shift indicates that the universe is expanding outward at an ever
increasing rate of expansion.
- How much the frequency of light from a far away objet has moved toward
the red end of the spectrum
-the slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby
matter and became denser
-dense gas clouds collapsed and eventually gained enough mass to ignite and
produce light
-Huge clouds of gas could be the birthplace for dozens of stars
-the group of stars became the galaxies
-matter began to dominate at the end of the radiation era

-lithium atom began to be formed
-Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small
neutral atoms
-Most of the energy in the universe was in the form of radiation
-included the different wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves,
and ultraviolet rays
- CMBR cosmic microwave background radiation
-protons and neutrons combined to formed hydrogen nuclei,

-hydrogen nuclei began to combine in pairs to form helium nuclei
(nucleosynthesis)
-universe continued to expand
-became distinct, possessing gravity, strong nuclear force, weak
nuclear force and electromagnetic force
-universe was made up of fundamental particles and energy
(quarks, electrons, photons and neutrons)
The universe expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus
to 10³⁵ meters in width
The Big bang timeline includes the existence of the
four fundamental force. These forces speculated to
be unified into a single force at a very high
temperature (Plank scale) but separated when the
temperature dropped
As with many theories, there should be
supporting evidence for it to become
acceptable.
1. Galaxies moving away
- In 1924, Edwin Hubble found that stars are not uniformly distributed in space.
Instead, they gather together, forming clusters called galaxies. By determining
the velocities of the galaxies based on the amount of light they emit, he found
out that nearby galaxies were moving away. The distance between distant
galaxies was increasing with time. If it was expanding, they must have been
closer together in the past, and may even come from a single point in the
beginning.
2. Presence of cosmic microwaves
background
- In 1960, Arno Penzias and
Robert Wilson, discovered a
background radio emission
coming from every direction in
the sky. This radiation was
speculated as the remnant
energy left over from the
formation of the universe. This
energy probably dates back to
recombination era, when atom
were just beginning to form.
The discovery of CMB placed
an end to the steady state
theory of the universe.
3. Abundance of Light Elements
- Elements like helium, with trace amounts of lithium and

beryllium found in the observable universe agrees with the
hypothesis of the big bang theory. Their abundance is
checked from the spectra of the oldest stars and gas clouds.
The ratios of these light elements match with what was
expected from the big bang nucleosynthesis.
STEADY STATE
THEORY
On this illustration, what have
you observed?
This theory says that although the universe is

expanding, its look does not change over time.
Steady State Universe
First proposed by Sir James Jeans (1877-1946)
English astronomer Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) , Thomas Gold

(1920-2004) & Hermann Bondi (1919-2005)
States that the universe is always expanding in a constant

average density
Claims that the universe has no beginning or end in time,

and even though it is expanding, its appearance remains
the same over time.
What contradicts this theory?
Towards 1960s, much evidence was produced that would
contradict the steadiness or the unchanging state of the
universe.
When certain galactic bodies such as quasars and radio

galaxies were found only at far distances in space, it just
disproved the idea that similar bodies are created and found
everywhere.
This implies that the universe is actually evolving (and not

steady)
COSMIC INFLATION
THEORY
Cosmic Inflation Universe
The evolutionary epoch lasted from 10 ¯³⁶ seconds after the

conjectured Big Bang singularity to sometimes between 10 ⁻³³ and
10 ⁻³² seconds after the singularity.
Cosmic Inflation Universe
Alan Guth 1980 American Physicist and Andrei Linde
together with Paul Steinhart and Andy Albercht.
Big Bang as basis and incorporated the exponential cosmic

inflation to solve the horizon and flatness problems of the
standard Big Bang model
The early universe was a rapidly expanding bubble of

pure vacuum energy.
Became an accepted hypothesis because it answered

many “puzzling” observations that arose in the big bang
theory.
1. Homogeneity of object in space – during the
expansion period, objects that used to be in contact
got farther away from one another. Their composition,
however, remained almost intact.
2. Appearance of flatness or smoothness – the

continuous expansion “dilutes” or gradually loses
the curvature of objects
3. Formation of stars and star system in later
years
– asserts that during expansion, small density of
flactuations happen.
- This causes gravity to attract gas into masses,
giving birth to stars and eventually galaxies.
- This also explains why the universe would always
look full of planetary objects instead of appearing
completely empty.
String Theory
The assembly of particle type is replaced by a fundamental
building block called string, with dimension confined to
Planck length (roughly 1.6 x 1o-35 m)
The string may come in two forms: closed or open
closed open
String are free to vibrate at different modes
The different vibrational modes may represent the different

particles types- electron, photon or even a graviton (a particle
carrying the force of gravity).
The speculation of the graviton is an important reason why the

string theory captured the attention of the scientific community.
It provides basis to make sense of the interaction of two graviton
The string theory is consistent with quantum gravity. It is able to

describe interactions of string.
It was at this point that there came great hope in the string theory to
finally unify all known forces and particles into a single “theory of
everything”
M-Theory
Suggests that one or both ends of the strings are attached to a
sheet on brane,
The origin of the universe occurs as a result of the contact of

two hyperdimensional branes.
Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow argue that the

collision of M-Branes leads to a new universe.
The M-Theory used by Hawking can allow for an infinite

number of parallel universes which have the possibility of
interphrasing
Stephen Hawking’s insights regarding the universe can be read

in his books The Grand Design and A Brief History of
Time.
Pre-Laboratory
(The Expansion Of The Universe)
Laboratory Report Template

END

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Welcome To Earth Science!

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Welcome to Earth

 the study of Earth systems and

BIG BANG AND THE BIRTH OF THE EARTH

Big Bang Steady State Vortex collision

Tidal Nebular Solar Nebular

Days of Forming Days of Filling

Describes the universe as originating in an

- the question about what happened before the singularity

- Within fraction of second after the initial inflation, time

- Therefore, there was no “before” in the big bang, because

3. There are proof for Big Bang Theory

- CMBR cosmic microwave background radiotion

CMBR cosmic microwave background radiation

Redshifting ( also known as Doppler’s effect)

-matter began to dominate at the end of the radiation era

-protons and neutrons combined to formed hydrogen nuclei,

- Elements like helium, with trace amounts of lithium and

This theory says that although the universe is

English astronomer Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) , Thomas Gold

States that the universe is always expanding in a constant

Claims that the universe has no beginning or end in time,

When certain galactic bodies such as quasars and radio

This implies that the universe is actually evolving (and not

The evolutionary epoch lasted from 10 ¯³⁶ seconds after the

Big Bang as basis and incorporated the exponential cosmic

The early universe was a rapidly expanding bubble of

Became an accepted hypothesis because it answered

2. Appearance of flatness or smoothness – the

The string may come in two forms: closed or open

The different vibrational modes may represent the different

The speculation of the graviton is an important reason why the

It provides basis to make sense of the interaction of two graviton

The string theory is consistent with quantum gravity. It is able to

The origin of the universe occurs as a result of the contact of

Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow argue that the

The M-Theory used by Hawking can allow for an infinite

Stephen Hawking’s insights regarding the universe can be read

Laboratory Report Template

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