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Summary-OF- Lessons-GSPS

Psychology (Far Eastern University)

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SUMMARY OF LESSONS – GENDER AND SOCIETY WITH PEACE STUDIES

FEMINISM
The term “Feminism” originates from the Latin word “Femina” meaning “woman”, thereby
referring to the advocacy of women’s rights seeking to remove restrictions that
discriminate against women. It essentially relates to the belief that women are equal
power holders, and therefore it stands against any form of discrimination or subjugation
that women face.
Feminism is a movement characterized by various ideologies aimed at defining,
establishing and defending equal political, economic, cultural, and social rights for
women. Feminism emerged as a movement and body of ideas that aimed to enhance
womens status and power. Simply put, feminism affirms women equality with men, and
rejects patriarchy.
Some of the first advocates of women’s emancipation
Olympe de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen of
1791, dedicated to Marie Antoinette. De Gouges served his pro-monarchist political
moderation and Girondin (was denounced by the Republican Women of Paris) ending up
on the guillotine in 1793.The English Mary Wollstonecraft wrote in his A Vindication of the
Rights of Woman that: “it is time to make a revolution in the ways of life of women - it is
time to restore the lost dignity - and make them, as part of the human species, operate
by reforming themselves to reform the world.”
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Born some branches of feminism
There are several types of feminism, but before that, let’s find out what led to this
movement’s emergence. Around fifty years ago, a liberation movement for equality and
freedom was launched by American women. They achieved a revolution in the western
world and created a vision for women and young girls worldwide. Today, for a country to
be called ‘democratically developed’, there has to be equal participation of both men and
women in the economic and social spheres of the society. However, with the changing
trends in society, the new challenges and the new potential allies that didn’t exist back in
the 20th century, the need of the hour is to rethink ‘feminism’ in the 21st century.
Feminism is multicultural and diasporic. The needs of women who live in different
countries are dissimilar, and they are conditioned by several factors governing their
lifestyles. In such a diverse context, it would be far from wrong to associate Indian
feminism with the western, marked by radical norms. Spaces around us are gendered
too. Femininity is associated with enclosed spaces and interiority. Their world outside of
the home is devoid of their control and authority.

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Liberal Feminism

The roots of liberal feminism can be traced back to the Social Contract Theory. It is the
first of the many types of feminism. The purpose of this feminism was to integrate women
into the mainstream structure of society. It primarily focused on achieving gender parity
by ensuring political and legal equality. The proponents of this category of feminism were
Abigail Adams and Mary Wollstonecraft.

Radical Feminism

Next on our list of types of feminism is radical feminism. As the name suggests, radical
feminism is a branch of feminism that emphasizes on radical reordering of society. It calls
for a society where no prejudices exist, and male supremacy is eliminated in the socio-
economic context. However, it also recognizes that women’s experience might vary
depending upon social divisions like race, caste etc.

Marxist Feminism

Moving further in the types of feminism, we have Marxist feminism. It is based on Marx’s
view of capitalist society. Marx says the only way to ensure gender parity would be by
dismantling the capitalist society. As he believes, women are exploited in the capitalist
system as their labour goes uncompensated

Cultural Feminism

Next on our list of types of feminism is cultural feminism. Cultural feminism was a
consequent product of radical feminism. Cultural feminism is more of a pejorative label.
Cultural feminism was an attempt to redefine the values ascribed to the stereotypical
“femaleness”. It also attempts to describe the theories that essentially talk about the
innate differences between men and women.

Eco Feminism

Last but not least, we have ecofeminism. This form of feminism is a part of Green politics.
It attempts to draw parallels between women and nature through culture, religion and
literature and also seeks to establish the connection between the two. The scope of this
form of feminism is broad and dynamic and emphasizes the fact that both women and
nature must be protected at all costs.

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Feminist Empiricism and Postmodernism

Feminist empiricism and postmodernism - Is a sociological approach the studies on why

the difference between genders affects the modern interstate system, and how women
are victims of the modern international relations as the enforcements were very harmful
and dangerous the females and their lives.

• WAVES OF FEMINISM

1. First Wave of Feminism (Late 19th Century). Focused on the women’s suffrage
movement. Women’s Right to Vote was granted in 1920.

2. Second Wave of Feminism (1960s-1970s). Focused on changing the role of women in

society.

− Liberal/Mainstream Feminism. Enhancing the status of women through diplomatic and

political matters, as well as educating women.

− Social Feminism. Focused on expounding on the economic significance of women.

− Radical Feminism. Believed in a revolution approach (sexual revolution) to overturn the

structures of a male-dominated society.

3. Third Wave of Feminism (1990s-Early 2000s). Focused on the ideas of individuality

where both men and women should be able to freely express their sexuality in how they
speak, dress, and act.

4. Fourth Wave of Feminism (Present). Focused on promoting intersectionality and

inclusivity, specifically on including men and women of color in the movement of
empowerment. This is mainly an offset of

‘White Feminism’ where they are only concerned with promoting women empowerment
but excluding those from other races/ethnicities.

• GOALS

− To demonstrate the importance of women and bring about gender equality

− To reveal male subordination of women throughout history

− To release women from the shackles of subordination and oppression

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• CAUSES

1. Gender Roles/Stereotypes. Expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and

activities of males and females. It also constructs behavior socially to create or
exaggerate male/female differences.

2. Patriarchy. A hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political and

economic structures are controlled by men, a hierarchy based on sexual difference.

3. Sexism. Ideology that one sex (male) is superior to the other (female) which results to
a range of attitudes, habits, policies, laws and behavior that discriminate against the
members of one sex (e.g., women as seen as male property).

• GENDER INEQUALITY

− Refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It

arises from the differences in socially constructed gender. This means that people are
given different opportunities due to the perceived differences of their gender.

− Gender relations are unequal with respect to power, property, and employment.

1. Power. Most women are given opportunities to run or be elected in government

positions this is due

to the perception that women are unable to lead because they are too emotional.

2. Property. When a married women buys property, it is automatically shared to her

partner because

she is carrying the last name of her partner.

3. Employment. Women are not given the same opportunities as to men.

− Disparity in Pay.

− Glass Ceiling. Invisible barrier that blocks promotion of a qualified individual because
of gender.

− The 2nd Shift/Double Burden. Women face challenge of juggling work and family. They
still need to clean, cook, and take care of the family after a whole day of work.

− Family Time. 44% of women resign from their jobs because they must take care of their
families full-time.

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GENDER LENS AND THEORIZING GENDER

According to Bem, we see the world through various "lenses," which are "hidden
assumptions about sex and gender [that] remain embedded in cultural discourses, social
institutions, and individual psyches". These lenses are androcentrism, gender
polarization, and biological essentialism. She calls them "lenses" because we are raised
with them and we assume that we are seeing the only possible reality when we look
through them, but if we learn to remove the lenses, we can see a different construction of
reality. The lenses of gender are problematic because they "invisibly and systemically
reproduce male power in generation after generation".

Androcentrism is the privileging of male experience and the "otherizing" of female

experience; that is, males and male experience are treated as a neutral standard or norm
for the culture or the species as a whole, and females and female experience are treated
as a sex-specific deviation from that allegedly universal standard. Androcentrism refers
to the propensity to center society around men and men's needs, priorities, and values
and to relegate women to the periphery. Androcentrism also positions men as the gender-
neutral standard while marking women as gender-specific. The term refers to a male-
centered worldview which does not necessarily present explicitly negative views of
women and girls, but positions men and boys as representative of the human condition
or experience and women and girls as diverging from the human condition. Androcentric
thinking assumes maleness to be normative and attributes gender differences to females.

GENDER POLARIZATION

Gender polarization is a concept in sociology by American psychologist Sandra Bem

which states that societies tend to define femininity and masculinity as polar opposite
genders, such that male-acceptable behaviors and attitudes are not seen as appropriate
for women, and vice versa.

This lens polarizes men and women so that we appear to have vast differences in many
aspects of life, such as biology, modes of dress, social roles, emotions, and sexual
desires. This lens is also the reason why people generally perceive that there are only
two sexes.  Social polarization is the segregation within a society that emerges when
factors such as income inequality, real-estate fluctuations and economic displacement
result in the differentiation of social groups from high income to low-income.  Gender
polarization "defines mutually exclusive scripts for being male and female" and "defines
any person or behavior that deviates from these scripts as problematic –as unnatural or
immoral from a religious perspective or as biologically anomalous or psychologically
pathological from a scientific perspective."

BIOLOGICAL ESSENTIALISM

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The third lens is biological essentialism, which works to rationalize the other two lenses
by claiming that there is a clear biological reason for all the differences between men and
women. Bem places this section first in her book because "Western culture has for so
long analyzed almost all issues related to women and men in terms of biological difference
that this cultural concern with biology must be laid to rest before I can go on with my story.
Bem points out the way in which science has worked "to rationalize and legitimize the
sexual status quo" throughout history and through recent sociobiological theories.

Biological essentialism is the idea that genes and other physical traits of humans are the
main cause of observed behavior patterns. It claims that biology has much more influence
than environment.

THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL THEORIES

THE BIOLOGICALTHEORY

This theory argues that biological attributes such as genes and hormones that determine
the sexuality of individuals are responsible for the different behaviour and differences
among males and females in our society. The theory's proposition is that biological sex
creates gendered behaviour. The theory also delineates the notion that males and
females are uniquely made by nature and possess distinctive biological characteristics
without any external influence; thus, socio-culture and environment have no hand in
female and male behaviour.

Biological traits privileged men with hormones that stimulate sexual hierarchy, such as
physical strength, courage, ambition, and promiscuity, whereas women are made up of
biological traits that stimulate fidelity, nurturance, dependence, and caution. The theory
associates human behaviour with natural factors and that individuals have no internal
control over their behaviour and dispositions and are therefore devoid of responsibilities
for their actions.

THE FUNCTIONALIST THEORY

Functionalism, also called structural-functional theory, sees society as a structure with

interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in
that society.

This theory suggests that gender inequalities exist as an efficient way to create a division
of labor, or as a social systemin which a particular segment of the population is clearly
responsible for certain acts of labor and another segment is clearly responsible for other
labor acts. The division of labor works to maximize resources and efficiency. A structural
functionalist view of gender inequality applies the division of labor to view predefined
gender roles as complementary: women take care of the home while men provide for the
family.

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THE SOCIAL ROLE THEORY

Sociocultural theory, also called social structural theory or social role theory, was
proposed by Eagly and Wood (1999). According to this view, a society's division of labor
by gender drives all other gender differences in behavior. Social role theory is a theory in
social psychology that frames the differences between men and women as the result of
the combined impact of social and biological influences. Social role theory argues that
widely shared gender stereotypes develop from the gender division of labor that
characterizes a society. The theory predicts that women will generally act more
communally and less instrumentally than men in the same context, that these differences
will be greatest when gender is highly salient in the situation, and that gender differences
will be weak or absent when people enact formal, institutional roles.

THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Social learning theory regards gender identity and role as a set of behaviors that are
learned from the environment. The main way that gender behaviors are learned is through
the process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them behaving
in various ways, some of which relate to gender. The Social Learning Theory was
proposed by Bandura as a way of explaining how children acquire their gender identity
based on the influence of other people (particularly their parents).

Stages of Learning

1. Attention. This is merely where the behaviour is noticed and observed.

2. Memory. This is when the behaviour is memorized and committed to memory.

3. Imitation. The behaviour is performed or 'reproduced' based on Imitating what they see
around them.

4. Motivation. Their behaviour is based on the desired consequences or what will be

gained by the behaviour, either immediately or in the near future. Social learning theory
regards gender identity and role as a set of behaviours that are learned from the
environment. The main way that gender behaviours are learned is through the process of
observational learning.

The Intersectionist Theory

Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that
meaning is produced through interactions. Interactionists believe that these meanings are
derived through social interaction, and that these meanings are managed andt
ransformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of, and
handle, the objects that constitute their social world.  Interactionism is a theoretical
perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity
formation) as emerging from human interaction. Scholars of this perspective study how

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individuals act within society, and believe that meaning is produced through the
interactions of individuals.

• Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships

among individuals within a society.
• George Herbert Mead is considered a founder of symbolic interactionism though
he never published his work on it (LaRossa and Reitzes, 1993).
• Social scientists who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking look for patterns of
interaction between individuals.

STRUCTURALIST THEORY

Structuralist theories of gender or sex are generally based on, or attempt to

demonstrate, a relationship that is expressed in terms of the structural
formula: men are to culture what women are to nature, or men are to women
what culture is to nature.

INSTITUTIONAL THEORIES

Institutional theory is also frequently used to explain the adoption and spread of formal
organizational structures, such as written policies, accepted practices, and new types of
organization.

Institutional theory was introduced in the late 1970s by John Meyer and Brian Rowan as
a means to explore further how organizations fit with, are related to, and were shaped by
their societal, state, national, and global environments.

institutional theory is used to explain how institutions seek to find some kind of
consistency in complying with the overall rules and norms of the institutional environment.
Investigate the three different strategies that an institution may employ to achieve
consistency: normative pressures, coercive processes, and mimetic processes.

CRITICAL THEORY ON GENDER

The critical theory of gender revolves around the theory that the gender division is a social
construct and that such division was constructed with the purpose to subjugate women in
addition to other reasons. The critical gender theory is reflective of the social
constructionist concept in which identity categories are the product of specific historical
and cultural developments. According to critical gender theory, while one may be born a
sexed being,' one is not born gendered. One must learn gender presentation.

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INTERSECTIONALITY

intersectionality as “the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race,

class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of
discrimination or disadvantage”. Intersectionality is the acknowledgement that everyone
has their own unique experiences of discrimination and oppression and we must
consider everything and anything that can marginalise people – gender, race, class,
sexual orientation, physical ability, etc. First coined by Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw back
in 1989, intersectionality was added to the Oxford Dictionary in 2015 with its importance
increasingly being recognised in the world of women’s rights.

RACE
Race is defined as “a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical
traits.

Intersectionality recognizes that identity markers (e.g. “woman” and “black”) do not exist
independently of each other, and that each informs the others, often creating a complex
convergence of oppression.

TRANS/TRANSGENDER

An umbrella term for a person whose gender identity does not correspond with their sex
assigned at birth.
This includes: 1. Binary Trans People (trans men and trans women)
2. Non-binary Trans People (gender-queer, bi-gender, a-gender, or gender fluid)
3.Trans men - people whose sex assigned at birth was female, but whose gender identity
is male.
4. Trans women - people whose sex assigned at birth was male, but whose gender
identity is female. 5.Non-binary gender – people whose gender identity are outside the
binary gender.

CLASS

A class is defined as the set or category of things having same property and differentiated
from others by kind, type or quality. Class is also defined as the system of categorizing
society where people are divided into various group based on economy, education, social
status, occupation or race. Classism is differential treatment based on social class or
perceived social class.

AGE

a period of human life, measured by years from birth, usually marked by a certain stage
or degree of mental or physical development and involving legal responsibility and
capacity.

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Age discrimination can be direct or indirect. Direct discrimination - is treating a person

less favorably because of their age than someone in similar circumstances of a different
age. For example, a particular employee not being selected to go on a training course
because their boss thinks they are ‘too close to retirement age’ Indirect discrimination •
Sometimes a rule or policy seems to treat everyone the same, but in fact, some people
end up being treated less favorably. •Indirect discrimination happens when there is an
unreasonable requirement that people with a certain attribute (or characteristic) have
difficultly complying with, compared toothers without that attribute. For example, an
employer requiring job applicants to have ten years’ experience for an unskilled role might
disadvantage younger workers.

DISABILITY/ABLEISM

Ableism is the discrimination of and social prejudice against people with disabilities
based on the belief that typical abilities are superior. At its heart, ableism is rooted in
the assumption that disabled people require 'fixing' and defines people by their disability.

GENDER IN POLITICS

Gender in politics is a branch of political science and gender studies that seeks to
understand the relationship between people's genders and political phenomena. Gender
and politics scholars investigate how people's political participation and experiences
interact with their gender identity, as well as how gender ideas shape political institutions
and decision-making. Women's political participation in patriarchal political systems is a
particular area of research.

As of 19 September 2022, there are 28 countries where 30 women serve as Heads of

State and/or Government. At the current rate, gender equality in the highest positions of
power will not be reached for another 130 years.
Just 13 countries have a woman Head of State, and 15 countries have a woman Head of
Government. Only 21 per cent of government ministers were women, with only 14
countries having achieved 50 per cent or more women in cabinets. With an annual
increase of just 0.52 percentage points, gender parity in ministerial positions will not be
achieved before 2077.

The five most commonly held portfolios by women ministers are:

Family/children/youth/elderly/disabled; followed by Social affairs; Environment/natural
resources/energy; Employment/labour/vocational training, and Women affairs/gender
equality.

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WOMEN IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Pre-colonial Period. Women held in high esteem. They were religious and medical
leaders (Babaylan), warriors, and some were political leaders as well.
2. Spanish Period. Women were urged to be a ‘Maria Clara’. A woman who is overly
religious, submissive, obedient, and great in doing household chores (includes sexual
pleasures).

During the Spanish period, women joined the underground resistance movement
KATIPUNAN in the struggle against colonialism. They fought alongside the men and
acquired significant political skills and know-how. Such struggle enabled women to go
beyond the traditional roles (i.e of homemaker and caregiver) which the highly patriarchal
Spanish regime had imposed upon them.

The list of prominent Filipino women in history include Gabriela Silang, Gregoria de Jesus,
Agueda Kahabagan, Teresa Magbanua, Melchora Aquino, Trinidad Tecson among
others. These women did not only attend to the sick and wounded or solicit food and
money for the revolution; they also served in the more dangerous tasks of transmitting
messages and hiding documents. A few actually fought and reached the rank of general
in the revolutionary army.

3. American Period. Women were introduced to universal education, specifically primary

(elementary) education. There were also other social reforms implemented since the
feminism movement continued to progress in the United States.
4. Japanese Period. This was the darkest time for women in Philippines for they were
treated as prostitutes or ‘comfort women’ by Japanese and some Filipino soldiers.
5. Post-colonial Period. There were significant improvements especially on providing
education until the tertiary level, employment and job opportunities, and relative
independence. However, social injustice
and discrimination continues to persist due to strong patriarchal institutions such as the
family, government, religion, and media. Females are still perceived as weaker and
submissive, and home makers while men as breadwinners and heads of families.

6. MARTIAL LAW

At the height of anti-dictatorship activism, a new form of women’s organization emerged.

In 1970, the Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan or MAKIBAKA (Free Movement
of New Women) was established with an explicitly feminist agenda, as manifested by its
initial activity – an all-women picket of the Bb. Pilipinas coronation night on April 18, 1970.
Unfortunately, MAKIBAKA abandoned such agenda when Martial Law was imposed in
1971 and instead merged with the Communist Party of Philippines to struggle for class
issues and national liberation.

On October 28, 1983, women from these groups staged the first broad-based women’s
march. An organizing committee, composed of representatives from the broad political
spectrum, was formed to prepare for such an event. This committee later paved the way

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for the formation of the General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity,
Equality, Leadership and Action (GABRIELA) in March 1984.

7. POST MARTIAL LAW/1987 CONSTITUTION

The Philippines is known for its very liberal and progressive Constitution that was
formulated during the euphoria of People Power Revolution in 1986. Gender equality is a
key element of this Charter and as enshrined in Article II Section 14 of the 1987
Constitution, “the State recognizes the role of women in nation-building and shall ensure
the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.”

Considering the unequal gender relations in the country, the Constitution further provided
for women representation (as one of the 9 marginalized sectors) in the legislature through
the party-list system (which should cover 20% of the lower house).

Finally, Article 13 Section 14 specifically mentioned that the “State shall protect working
women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their
maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare
and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation”.

Local Government Code of 1991. Provides for the election of sectoral

representation, including women, in local legislative councils.
Party List Law. Provides for the creation of women-oriented or women-based parties to
compete under the party-list system. Women is one of the 9 sector identified in the law

GENDER DIVERSITY

Sexual Diversity means that everyone has different understandings about what sexuality
means to them. It is often used in the context of sexual orientation. Also refers to all sex
characteristics and
gender identity.

CULTURE AND GENDER

ender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially
constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman,
man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender
varies from society to society and can change over time.

Culture and gender are closely intertwined with biological factors creating predispositions
for sex and gender development. However, sociocultural factors are critical determinants
leading to gender differences in roles and behaviors that may be modest but culturally
important

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Culture can maximize, minimize, or even eliminate gender differences in social behaviors
and cognitions. Indeed, it is impossible to separate gender and culture.

DIMENSION OF GENDER

Body: our body, our experience of our own body, how society genders bodies, and how
others interact with us based on our body.

Gender identity is our internal experience and naming of our gender. It can correspond to
or differ from the sex we were assigned at birth.

Social gender is the third dimension. This includes gender expression, which is the way
we communicate our gender to others through such things as clothing, hairstyles, and
mannerisms.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, “By age four, most children have a
stable sense of their gender identity.” This core aspect of one’s identity comes from within
each of us. Gender identity is an inherent aspect of a person’s make-up. Individuals do
not choose their gender, nor can they be made to change it

How does gender identity develop in children?

• Around age two: Children become conscious of the physical differences between
boys and girls.

• Before their third birthday: Most children can easily label themselves as either a
boy or a girl.

• By age four: Most children have a stable sense of their gender identity.

- By age 6, most children spend most of their playtime with members of their own
sex and may gravitate towards sports and other activities that are associated with
their gender.

Children typically express their gender identity in the following ways:

• Clothing or hairstyle

• Preferred name or nickname

• Social behavior that reflects varying degrees of aggression, dominance,

dependency and gentleness.

• Manner and style of behavior and physical gestures and other nonverbal actions
identified as masculine or feminine.

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• Social relationships, including the gender of friends, and the people they decide to
imitate.

LITERACY RATE

There is a gender gap in the global literacy rate. Although literacy rates have generally
increased worldwide for both men and women, males are on average more literate than
females. As of 2020, about 90 percent of males and a little over 83 percent of females in
the world were literate. Adult literacy rate is defined as the percentage of people aged 15
years and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple
statement about their everyday life.

PHIL LITERACY RATE

- The literacy rate in Philippines reached 99.27% in 2021

- Between 2010-2021, the literacy rate was highest in the year 2021 and lowest in the
year 2010
- On a year-on-year basis, the literacy rate increased by 0.03% in 2021

Literacy Rate

The percentage of the population in each age group who is literate serves as a measure
of literacy. The literacy rate for adults is 15 years of age or older, the rate for youth is 15
to 24 years of age, and the rate for the elderly is 65 years of age or older. The ability to
comprehend brief, straightforward statements about daily life is typically how it is
measured. In general, computing ability is a component of literacy, and basic computation
tests may be used as metrics.

SEXUAL ORIENATION

Sexual Diversity means that everyone has different understandings about what sexuality
means to them. It is often used in the context of sexual orientation. Also refers to all sex
characteristics and
gender identity.

Sexual identity is how one thinks of oneself in terms of to whom one is romantically or
sexually attracted. Sexual identity may also refer to sexual orientation identity, which is
when people identify or dis-identify with a sexual orientation or choose not to identify with
a sexual orientation.

Heterosexual (straight). People who are heterosexual are romantically and physically
attracted to members of the opposite sex: males are attracted to females, and females
are attracted to males. Heterosexuals are often called "straight."

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Homosexual (gay or lesbian). People who are homosexual are romantically and
physically attracted to people of the same sex: females are attracted to other females;
males are attracted to other males. Homosexuals (whether male or female) are often
called "gay." Gay females are also called lesbian.
Bisexual. People who are bisexual are romantically and physically attracted to
members of both sexes.
Asexuality is the lack of sexual attraction to others, or low or absent interest in or desire
for sexual activity. partnerships, or a combination of both absent sexual desires and
behaviors."
Pansexuality, or omnisexuality, is the sexual, romantic or emotional attraction towards
people regardless of their sex or gender identity. Pansexual people may refer to
themselves as gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are not determining factors in
their romantic or sexual attraction to others. Pansexuality may be considered a sexual
orientation in its own right or a branch of bisexuality, to indicate an alternative sexual
identity.
Polysexuality is sexual attraction to multiple, but not all, genders. A polysexual person
is one "encompassing or characterized by many different kinds of sexuality."
Polysexuality is distinct from polyamory, the desire to be intimately involved with more
than one person at once, or pansexuality, which is attraction to all genders and sexes.
Polysexuality is sexual attraction to many, but not all, genders.

The Genderbread Person by Sam Killerman

The Genderbread Person is a visual guide and approachable model for understanding
the social construction of gender. It was developed by Sam Killerman. It is used to explain
the four main components of gender – sex, expression, identity and attraction.

The Four Main Components:

1. Sex. It is the biological difference that distinguishes people as manifested by a

combination of anatomical (our internal reproductive organs and our genitals), genetic,
and hormonal distinctions, as
well as other sexual characteristics. Intersex is called person who were born with both
female and male genitals.

2. Gender identity refers to one’s inner sense of self of being a girl/woman, boy/man,
other genders, all, or neither.

3. Gender expression refers to how an individual expresses his or her sense of self. Our
gender expression is influenced by our assigned sex, our sexual orientation, and/or
gender identity, and it may or may not reflect a society’s expectations. So if sex is the
“container” and gender is the “content”, gender expression is the container’s decorations.

4. Attraction can be broken down into two categories – Sexual and Romantic. Sexual
attraction is desire for physical relationship while romantic attraction is more on emotional
attraction.

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Children become conscious of the physical differences between

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