Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Experiment 4
EEE1300
Aim of experiment: Analysis and verification of Thevenin’s theorem
and prove Maximum Power Transfer theorem practically.
Apparatus
1. DC circuit training system
2. Set of wires.
3. DC Power supply
4. Digital multimeter
5. Analog Ameter
Theory
Thevenin’s theorem: In circuit theory, Thevenin's theorem for linear electrical
networks states that any combination of voltage sources, current sources and
resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source
Eth and a single series resistor R. The Thevenin voltage Eth used in Thevenin’s
theorem is an ideal voltage source equal to the open circuit voltage at the
terminals whereas the Thevenin resistance r used in Thevenin's Theorem is the
resistance measured at terminals AB with all voltage sources replaced by short
circuits and all current sources replaced by open circuits.
The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at its maximum when the
resistance of the load is equal to the internal resistance of the source. On the other
words" A resistive load will be consumptive maximum power from the supply
when the load resister is equal to the equivalent (Thevenin) network resister"
RL = Rth ……. For maximum power transfer.
IL = Vth / (Rth + RL)
= Vth / (Rth + Rth)
= Vth / 2 Rth
Where,
Pmax = IL 2 RL
= Vth 2 / 4Rt
A graph of RL against P is shown in Fig.(1), the maximum value of power which
occurs when RL = Rth.
The efficiency under the condition of maximum power transfer is,

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 100
= 𝐼𝐿 2𝑅𝐿/ 2(𝐼𝐿 2 𝑅𝐿) × 100
= 50%
Figure 1: Maximum Power Graph
Procedure
Test 1: Analysis and verification of Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin Theorem
• Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1 on the breadboard
• Measure the voltage across AB (i.e. across load resistor).
• Remove load resistor (for first case it is 22Ω).
• Measure the open circuit voltage across AB with the help of multimeter
(Placing positive terminal of multimeter at A and negative at B)
• Measure the Thevenin’s resistance with the help of multimeter (with short
circuiting voltage sources and open circuiting current sources (if any)
(Alternatively you can measure the short circuit current through load).
• Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2; replacing E TH and RTH are open
circuit voltage and Thevenin resistance respectively (Use resistance box for
Thevenin’s resistance).
• Connect the load and measure the voltage across load with the help of
voltmeter.
• REPEAT above steps for different load resistor.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Observation
Verification of Thevenin’s theorem
R LOAD V from
AB V from Thevenin
AB I from
L I from Thevenin
L
figure 1 equivalent circuit figure 1 equivalent circuit

22 Ω
10 Ω
82 Ω
Table 1
Test 2: prove Maximum Power Transfer theorem practically.

1. Connect the circuit shown in figure 4 below. From the circuit, we can note
that Rth=100 and Vth=5V.
2. Change the value of RL in steps as shown in table.
3. Measure the voltage "VL " and current "IL " and record it in the table. 2.
Repeat steps (2-3) by using Rth = 150
Observations
R(Ω) 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 180 220 300
IL(mA)
VL(volt)
Power
Table 2
Figure 4
Discussion and calculation:

1. Plot the curve of the power against the load resistance and determine the
maximum power.
2. Compare between the theoretical and practical results.
3. Comment on your results.
4. Find RL for the maximum power transfer in the circuit show.
Figure 5
Questions (Refer to figure 2 and figure 6)
1. At what point does maximum load power occur?

2. At what point does maximum efficiency occur?
3. Is it safe to assume that generation of maximum load power is always a
desired goal? Why / why not?
4. How does the temperature affect for the Power dissipation?
5. What is the condition in an active AC network when the maximum power is
transferred to the load impedance?
6. Derive an equation for maximum power transfer for the below Thevenin’s
AC circuit.
Figure 6
7. .
8. What happened to the power dissipation and efficiency at the load and
source If the load resistance is smaller than source resistance?
9. Compare and reasoning the applications for the below scenarios with
• some applications, it is desirable to transfer maximum power to the
load than achieving high efficiency
• some applications, it is desirable to achieve higher efficiency than
maximized power transfer
10.What are possible issues could occur during the experiments?
11. If you are going to replace your load resistor with a capacitor or inductor
what are the possible outcomes?

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The efficiency under the condition of maximum power transfer is,

Figure 1: Maximum Power Graph

Verification of Thevenin’s theorem

figure 1 equivalent circuit figure 1 equivalent circuit

Test 2: prove Maximum Power Transfer theorem practically.

Discussion and calculation:

Questions (Refer to figure 2 and figure 6)

1. At what point does maximum load power occur?

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