Stoichiometry

2 Stoichiometric Calculations
REVIEW Recall the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY
chemical reaction a process in which the atoms of one or more
chemical reaction
substances are rearranged to form different substances

Identify the tools needed for stoichiometric calculations.

All stoichiometric calculations start with mole ratios based on a

balanced chemical equation . Finally, mass-to-mole conversions
are required.

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 2 Stoichiometric Calculations (continued)
Sequence the steps needed to convert from the balanced equation
to the mass of the unknown.

Step 1
Start with a balanced
equation. Interpret the
equation in terms of
moles.

no direct conversion
Mass of given substance Mass of unknown substance
Step 2 Step 4
Convert from grams Convert from moles
1 mol number of grams of unknown to
to moles of the given
number of grams 1 mol grams of unknown.
substance. Use the
inverse of the molar Use the molar mass
mass as the as the conversion
moles of unknown factor.
conversion factor.
moles of given

Step 3
Convert from moles of the given
Moles of given substance to moles of the Moles of unknown
substance unknown substance. Use the substance
appropriate mole ratio from the
balanced chemical equation as
the conversion factor.
C11_006A-904239
C11_006A-904239
Identify the steps in stoichiometric calculations by completing the
summary below.

1. Write a balanced chemical equation . Interpret the

equation in terms of moles .

2. Determine the moles of the given substance using a mass-to-mole

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conversion . Use the appropriate mole ratio from the balanced

chemical equation as the conversion factor.

3. Determine the moles of the unknown substance from the

moles of the given substance. Use the appropriate mole ratio from

the balanced chemical equation as the conversion factor.

4. From the moles of the unknown substance, determine the mass

of the unknown substance using a mole-to-mass conversion.

Use the molar mass as the conversion factor.

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173
2 Stoichiometric Calculations (continued)
Solve Read Example Problem 2 in your text.

YOU TRY IT
Problem
How many moles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are produced when
4.0 mol of aluminum (Al) are combined with oxygen gas (O2)?

1. Analyze the Problem

Known: moles of aluminum = 4.0 mol Al

Unknown: moles of aluminum oxide = ? mol Al2O3

Both the known and the unknown are in moles; therefore, you
will do a mole-to-mole conversion.

2. Solve for the Unknown

Write the balanced chemical equation. Label the known and
unknown.

4 AI(s) + 3 O2 → 2 AI2O3(s)

List the mole ratios for this equation. (Hint: Draw arrows that
show the relationships of the substances in this equation.)
Circle the mole ratio that converts moles of AI to moles of AI2O3.
_________
​​ 
4 mol AI
 ​​ and ​​ ___________
  
  
2 mol AI2
 ​​
3 mol O2 1 mol AI2O3

​​ _________ ​​ and ___________

3 mol O2 3 mol O2
​​     ​​
  
4 mol AI 2 mol AI2O3

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___________
​​    
    ​​ and ___________
2 mol AI2O3
​​ 
  
1 mol AI2O3
 ​​
3 mol O 2 2 mol AI

Multiply the known number of moles Al by the mole ratio to find

the moles of Al2O3.

4.0 moles AI × _________________

1.0 mol AI2O3
​​     ​​ = 2.0 mol AI2O3
  
2.0 mol of AI

3. Evaluate the Answer

The given number of moles has 2 significant figures. Therefore,
the answer must have 2 significant figures, which it does.

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174
 2 Stoichiometric Calculations (continued)
Solve Read Example Problem 3 in your text.

YOU TRY IT
Problem
How many grams of solid iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) are produced when
2.00 mol of solid iron (Fe) are combined with chlorine gas (Cl2)?

1. Analyze the Problem

Known: moles of iron = 2.00 mol Fe

Unknown: grams of FeCl3 = ?

You are given the moles of the reactant, Fe, and must determine
the mass of the product, FeCl3; therefore, you will do a mole-to-
mass conversion.

2. Solve for the Unknown

Write the balanced chemical equation. Identify the known and
unknown substances.

2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 FeCl3(s)

List the mole ratios for this equation. (Hint: Draw arrows that
show the relationships of the substances in this equation.) Circle
the mole ratio that relates moles of Fe to FeCl3.
___________
​​     ​​ and ​​ _________ ​​
1 mol Fe 2 mol Fe
1 mol FeCI 3 3 mol CI 2

​​ ___________  ​​ and ___________

1 mol FeCI3 2 mol FeCI3
   ​​    
    ​​
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1 mol Fe 3 mol CI2

​​ ___________  ​​ and ​​ _________ ​​

3 mol CI2 3 mol CI2
  
  
2 mol FeCI3 2 mol Fe
Multiply the number of moles of Fe by the mole ratio.

2.00 mol Fe × _____________

1.00 mol FeCI3
​​     ​​ = 2.00 mol of FeCI3
  
1.00 mol Fe
Multiply the moles of FeCl3 by the molar mass of FeCl3.

2.00 mol FeCI3 × ____________

162 g FeCl3
  
​​​​   
1 mol FeCl3
 ​​ = 324 g FeCI3

3. Evaluate the Answer

The given number of moles has 3 significant figures, so the
mass of FeCl3 must have 3 significant figures, which it does.

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2 Stoichiometric Calculations (continued)
Solve Read Example Problem 4 in your text.

YOU TRY IT
Problem
Determine the mass of ammonia (NH3) produced when 3.75 g of
nitrogen gas (N2) react with hydrogen gas (H2).

1. Analyze the Problem

Known: mass of nitrogen gas = 3.75 g

Unknown: g NH3 = ?

You are given the mass of the reactant, N2, and must determine
the mass of the product, NH3. Do a mass-to-mass conversion.

2. Solve for the Unknown

Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

1 N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)

Convert grams of N2(g) to moles of N2(g) using the inverse of

molar mass as the conversion factor.
___________
1 mol N2
3.75 g N2 (g) × ​​     ​​ = 0.13 mol N2
28.01 g N2
List the mole ratios for this equation.

​​ _________ ​​ __________ _________

1 mol N2 1 mol N2 3 mol H2
​​     ​​ ​​   ​​
3 mol H2 2 mol NH
3 1 mol N2

__________
3 mol H2 __________
2 mol NH3 __________
2 mol NH3

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​​     ​​ ​​    ​​ ​​    ​​
2 mol NH 3 3 mol H2 1 mol N2

Multiply moles of N2 by the mole ratio that converts N2 to NH3.

____________
2 mol NH3
  
0.13 mol N2 × ​​     ​​ = 0.26 mol NH3
1 mol N2

Multiply moles of NH3 by the molar mass.

0.26 mol NH3 × ____________

17.03 g NH3
  
​​   
1 mol NH3
 ​​ = 4.43 g NH3

3. Evaluate the Answer

The given mass has 3 significant figures, so the mass of NH3
must have 3 significant figures, which it does.

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 2 Stoichiometric Calculations (continued)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
17. Explain why a balanced chemical equation is needed to solve a stoichiometric
problem.

The coefficients in the balanced equation indicate the molar relationship between each

pair of reactants and products.

18. Explain how units can be used to guide calculations in the four steps used in
solving stoichiometric problems.

Units can be used to ensure that the mole ratios used in stoichiometric calculations have been set

up correctly. All units should cancel apart from the desired unit at the end of each step.

19. Describe how a mole ratio is correctly expressed when it is used to solve a
stoichiometric problem.

moles of unknown/moles of known

20. A
 pply How can you determine the mass of liquid bromine (Br2) needed to react
completely with a given mass of magnesium?

Write a balanced equation. Convert the given mass of Mg to moles. Use the mole ratio from

the balanced equation to convert moles of Mg to moles of Br2. Convert from moles of Br2 to

mass of Br2.

21. Calculate Hydrogen reacts with excess nitrogen as follows:

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N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

If 2.70 g of H2 reacts, how many grams of NH3 is formed?

15.2 g NH3

22. Design a concept map for the following reaction.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The concept map should explain how to determine the mass of CaCl2 produced from a
given mass of HCl.

Concept maps will vary, but all should show the use of these conversion factors: the inverse of
molar mass, the mole ratio, the molar mass.

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