HM150 - 12e - V0.2Orifice Discharge Apparatus

Experiment Instructions
HM 150.12 Orifice Discharge

Apparatus
HM 150.12 ORIFICE DISCHARGE APPARATUS
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 05/2010
Experiment Instructions
This manual must be kept by the unit.
Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.
Version 0.2 Subject to technical alterations
i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Intended Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Structure of the Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Ambient conditions for operating and storage location . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Unit Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1 Unit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1 Losses Due to Jet Deflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Losses Due to Wall Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3 Discharge Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1 Experiment Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2 Preparing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 Performance of Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5.1 Determination of Jet Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5.2 Determination of the Discharge Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
ii
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2 List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3 List of Symbols and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.4 Tables and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.5 Scope of Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
iii
1 Introduction
The unit HM 150.12 Orifice Discharge Appara-

tus is used for investigating flow losses during
discharge into the open through an aperture. The
losses can be studied at different flow rates.
Learning objectives are

• Experiments at the discharge jet (diameter,
velocity)
• Determination of flow rate for various water

heads
• Determination of discharge coefficient
• Comparison between experiment and calcula-
tion.
1 Introduction 1
2 Safety
2.1 Intended Use
The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
2.2 Structure of the Safety Instructions
The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

CAUTION indicate the probability and potential
severity of injury.
An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

hazard or a required action.
Signal word Explanation
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

DANGER death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

WARNING death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

CAUTION minor or moderately serious injury.
Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

NOTICE equipment, or provides instructions on operation of
the equipment.
2 Safety 2
Symbol Explanation
Hand injuries
Notice
2.3 Safety Instructions

CAUTION
Tip of the measuring device spindle.
Risk of hand injuries.
• When screwing a nozzle or adjusting aid into
the tank: Avoid touching the tip of the spindle.
2.4 Ambient conditions for operating and storage location
• Free of contamination.
• Frost free.
2 Safety 3
3 Unit Description
3.1 Unit Design

8
3
1 Base plate 5 Inlet basket

2 Inlet 6 Interchangeable nozzle
3 Overflow 7 Pitot tube
4 Two-tube manometer 8 Measuring device
Fig. 3.1 Unit design
3 Unit Description 4
Channel Different discharge nozzles can be fitted in the

base of the tank for the experiments.
The contraction of the discharge jet is measured
with a measuring device.
Nozzle outlet: The velocity of the jet can be measured with a

cone pitot tube. The water column of the jet velocity and
the water column of the static head are indicated
on a two-tube manometer.
These values permit determination of the contrac-
Nozzle inlet:
orifice tion and edge deceleration of the discharge jet.

Water is supplied either by way of the HM 150
Basic Hydraulics Bench or via the laboratory
mains.
Nozzle inlet:
cone The HM 150 permits construction of a closed
water circuit.
Nozzle inlet:
rounded
Fig. 3.2 Nozzles
3.2 Maintenance
Regularly lubricate the measuring device spindle

with light, resin-free machine oil.
3 Unit Description 5
4 Basic Principles
The basic principles set out in the following make

no claim to completeness. For further theoretical
explanations, refer to the specialist literature.
In contrast to the system losses in pipes, the

losses when a flow is discharged through an aper-
ture into the open are not pressure losses, but
rather volume losses as the kinetic energy
decreases.
Discharge losses are encountered wherever the
discharge cross-section is smaller than the pre-
ceding flow cross-section.
Discharge losses are caused by two different dis-
charge phenomena:
• Losses due to jet deflection in discharge zone
• Losses due to wall friction; the wall flow is
decelerated.
4 Basic Principles 6
4.1 Losses Due to Jet Deflection
Ainlet The constriction of the cross-section on discharge

means that the wall flow has to be deflected in the
jet direction. As a result of the mass inertia of the
fluid particles, this deflection does not take place
at a sharp angle, but rather gradually, i.e. the jet
constricts and shortly downstream of the outlet
assumes a smaller cross-section than the aper-
ture cross-section. This phenomenon is referred
to as jet contraction.
A sharp-edged aperture in the bottom of a tank

Ajet allows particularly good observation of the con-
Fig. 4.1 Jet deflection
traction of the discharge jet.
A jet < A inlet (4.1)
A jet = α ⋅ A inlet with α < 1 (4.2)
In this equation α is the contraction coefficient.
4.2 Losses Due to Wall Friction
Constriction of the jet in the outlet produces addi-

tional friction in the wall zone and decelerates the
wall flow. Consequently, the mean velocity of the
discharge jet is less than it would be without addi-
tional friction.
On discharge from a constricted cross-section,
the energy loss due to friction takes the form of a
loss of kinetic energy. The drop in pressure in the
outlet is fixed by the specified discharge pressure
and cannot be influenced by flow phenomena.
w jet < w theor (4.3)
w jet = ϕ ⋅ w theor with ϕ < 1 (4.4)
ϕ is the velocity coefficient.
The discharge velocity of the jet is calculated in

accordance with the equation below:
w theor = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h stat (4.5)
and as follows for the jet measured with the pitot

tube:
w jet = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h total (4.6)
g = 9,81m/s2
4.3 Discharge Coefficient
Contraction and edge deceleration of the dis-

charge jet combine to produce a situation where
·
the volumetric flow V actually discharged is less
than it would be without the two flow phenomena.
·
V = w jet ⋅ A jet (4.7)
·
V = α ⋅ A inlet ⋅ ϕ ⋅ w theor (4.8)
It is standard practice to combine the two flow

coefficients α and ϕ into a single value, namely

the discharge coefficient μ .
μ = α⋅ϕ (4.9)
Rearrangement of the formulas yields the follow-

ing for calculations
2
A jet d jet
α = ------------
- = ------------ (4.10)
A inlet 2
d inlet
w jet 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h total h total

ϕ = --------------- = --------------------------------
- = ----------------
- (4.11)
w theor 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h stat h stat
α ϕ μ
Sharp-edged 0,61...0,64 0,97 0,59...0,62
aperture
Well-rounded 1 0,97...0,99 0,97...0,99

aperture
Tab. 4.1 Approximate values for water
5 Experiments
The selection of experiments makes no claims of

completeness but is intended to be used as a
stimulus for your own experiments.
The results shown are intended as a guide only.
Depending on the construction of the individual
components, experimental skills and environmen-
tal conditions, deviations may occur in the experi-
ments. Nevertheless, the laws can be clearly
demonstrated.
5.1 Experiment Aim
Determination of
• diameter of the jet
• discharge coefficient μ .
5 Experiments 10
5.2 Preparing the Experiment

12
Fig. 5.1 Adjusting aid
Star screw Knurled Micro- Height adjusting Spindle tip Adjusting

nut meter screw aid
Fig. 5.2 Adjusting the centre of the jet
5 Experiments 11
1. Screw the adjusting aid into the base of the

tank from underneath.
CAUTION
• Avoid touching the tip of the spindle.
2. Using the height adjusting screw, adjust the

spindle so that the tip is at the height of the

adjusting aid.
3. Loosen the knurled nut.
4. Set the micrometer to 4,00mm.
NOTICE
Do not turn the tip of the spindle against the
adjusting aid.
5. Hold a piece of paper between the tip of the

spindle and the adjusting aid and, using the
star screw, adjust the tip so that the sheet of
paper is lightly clamped.
6. Hold the micrometer and securely tighten
the knurled nut.
7. Using the star screw, turn back the spindle
so that the tip of the spindle is no longer
touching the adjusting aid.
5 Experiments 12
8. Unscrew the adjusting aid.
CAUTION
The measuring device is now adjusted so that the

radius is determined as follows in the subsequent
experiments:
10,00mm
– Value read on micrometer
= Radius of jet (5.1)
5 Experiments 13
5.3 Performance of Experiment
In this description the water supply comes from

the HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Bench. Alterna-
tively, the water supply can come from the labora-
tory mains
NOTICE
It is recommended that the measurements are
carried out with the most possible precision.
1. Screw the relevant nozzle and sealing ring

into the base of the tank from underneath.
CAUTION
2. Position test set-up on HM 150 such that

drain and overflow route water into outlet.
3. Make hose connection between HM 150
and unit.
4. Open drain of HM 150.
5. Close main cock of HM 150.
6. Switch on pump of HM 150.
5 Experiments 14
7. Slowly open main cock and adjust discharge

height.
The water level should be below the over-
flow.
8. Adjust the height of the inlet basket so that it
is not immersed in the water.
9. Read off head of water column in tank on left

pressure gauge.
10. Rotate pitot tube into centre of jet and read
off height of water column on right pressure

gauge.
11. Using the star screw, unscrew the spindle
until the tip of the spindle just touches the
water jet. Read off the value on the microm-
eter.
NOTICE
Take measurement as close to the outlet as pos-
sible.
12. Close drain cock of HM150.

Left manometer Right manometer 13. Determine volumetric flow. To do so, estab-
gauge: gauge:
static height total height
lish time t required to raise the level in the
volumetric tank of the HM 150 from e.g. 20L
Fig. 5.3 Reading the manometer to 30L.
5 Experiments 15
5.4 Measurement Results
The measured values for three static heads and

thus for three different flows are listed in Tab. 5.1.
The measurement series was performed with the
nozzle „nozzle inlet: orifice“.
Measurement no. 1 2 3
Static head hstat in mm w.c. 250 305 404

Total head htotal in mm w.c. 249 303 401
Value read on micrometer in mm 5,1 4,9 4,55

·
Flow rate V in L/min 10,52 11,65 13,48
Tab. 5.1 Exemplary measurement results
5.5 Evaluation
5.5.1 Determination of Jet Diameter
The jet radius is determined using the

Formula (5.1), Page 13. This is used to calculate
the jet diameter. The results are shown in
Tab. 5.2.
Value read on micrometer in mm 5,1 4,9 4,55
Jet radius rjet in mm 4,9 5,1 5,45
Jet diameter djet in mm 9,8 10,2 10,9

·
Flow rate V in L/min 10,52 11,65 13,48
Tab. 5.2 Determination of jet diameter
5 Experiments 16
5.5.2 Determination of the Discharge Coefficient
The discharge coefficient is determined according

to Chapter 4.3, Page 9.
Static head hstat

250 305 404
in mm w.c.
Total head htotal

249 303 401
in mm w.c.
Jet diameter djet

9,8 10,2 10,9
in mm
·
Flow rate V –5 –5 –5
3 17 ,53 ⋅ 10 19 ,42 ⋅ 10 22 ,47 ⋅ 10
in m /s
Velocity of the jet wjet

2,210 2,438 2,805
in m/s
Calculated velocity wtheor

2,215 2,446 2,815
in m/s
Contraction coefficient α 0,66 0,72 0,82
Velocity coefficient ϕ 0,998 0,996 0,996
Discharge coefficient μ = α ⋅ ϕ 0,658 0,717 0,817
Tab. 5.3 Determination of discharge coefficient μ
With increasing flow rate, the diameter of the

water jet expands, the contraction coefficient α is
following this tendency.
With increasing flow rate, the velocity coefficient
ϕ is remains almost constant. Thus, the increase
of the discharge coefficient μ has to be assigned
to the geometry of the discharge.
5 Experiments 17
6 Appendix
6.1 Technical Data
Dimensions
Length x Width x Height 400 mm x 400 mm x 870 mm
Weight approx. 18 kg
Tank
Contents approx. 13 L
Height of overflow 400 mm
Flow rate max. 14 L/min
Two-tube manometer
Measurement range 0...500 mm
Micrometer
Measurement range 0...10 mm
Adjusting aid
Diameter in lower section 12 mm
Nozzles
1 x channel
1 x nozzle outlet: cone
1 x nozzle inlet: orifice
1 x nozzle inlet: cone
1 x nozzle inlet: rounded
6 Appendix 18
12
12 24
Channel Nozzle inlet: orifice

24 30
70°
12 12
Nozzle outlet: cone Nozzle inlet: cone
R9
12
Nozzle inlet: rounded
6 Appendix 19
6.2 List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation Explanation
w.c. water column
6.3 List of Symbols and Units
Formula
Mathematical / physical quantity Unit
symbol
A Area
Ainlet Area at nozzle inlet mm2
Ajet Jet area
d Diameter
mm
djet Jet diameter
g Acceleration of gravity m/s2
h Head
hstat Static head mm w.c.
htotal Total head
r Radius
mm
rjet Jet radius
w Velocity
wjet Velocity of the jet m/s
wtheor Calculated velocity

·
V Flow rate m3/s
α Contraction coefficient –
ϕ Velocity coefficient –
μ Discharge coefficient –
6 Appendix 20
6.4 Tables and Diagrams
Unit mm3 cm3 L m3
1mm3 1 0,001 0,000001 0,000000001
1cm3 1.000 1 0,001 0,000001
1L 1.000.000 1.000 1 0,001
1m3 1.000.000.000 1.000.000 1.000 1
Tab. 6.1 Conversion table for volume units

Unit L/s L/min L/h m3/min m3/h
1L/s 1 60 3600 0,06 3,6
1L/min 0,01667 1 60 0,001 0,06
1L/h 0,000278 0,01667 1 0,00001667 0,001
1m3/min 16,667 1000 0,0006 1 60
1m3/h 0,278 16,667 1000 0,01667 1
Tab. 6.2 Conversion table for volume flow units
Unit bar mbar Pa kPa
1bar 1 1000 100000 100
1mbar 0,001 1 100 0,1
1Pa 0,00001 0,01 1 0,001
1kPa 0,01 10 1000 1
Tab. 6.3 Conversion table for pressure units
6.5 Scope of Delivery
1 x HM 150.12 Orifice Discharge Apparatus

1 x Experiment Instructions HM 150.12 Orifice Discharge Apparatus
6 Appendix 21

HM150 - 12e - V0.2Orifice Discharge Apparatus

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Experiment Instructions

HM 150.12 Orifice Discharge

This manual must be kept by the unit.

Before operating the unit:

Version 0.2 Subject to technical alterations

The unit HM 150.12 Orifice Discharge Appara-

Learning objectives are

• Determination of flow rate for various water

2.1 Intended Use

The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.

2.2 Structure of the Safety Instructions

The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

Signal word Explanation

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

2.3 Safety Instructions

2.4 Ambient conditions for operating and storage location

3.1 Unit Design

1 Base plate 5 Inlet basket

Fig. 3.1 Unit design

Channel Different discharge nozzles can be fitted in the

Nozzle outlet: The velocity of the jet can be measured with a

orifice tion and edge deceleration of the discharge jet.

Fig. 3.2 Nozzles

Regularly lubricate the measuring device spindle

The basic principles set out in the following make

In contrast to the system losses in pipes, the

4.1 Losses Due to Jet Deflection

Ainlet The constriction of the cross-section on discharge

A sharp-edged aperture in the bottom of a tank

A jet < A inlet (4.1)

A jet = α ⋅ A inlet with α < 1 (4.2)

In this equation α is the contraction coefficient.

4.2 Losses Due to Wall Friction

Constriction of the jet in the outlet produces addi-

and cannot be influenced by flow phenomena.

w jet < w theor (4.3)

w jet = ϕ ⋅ w theor with ϕ < 1 (4.4)

ϕ is the velocity coefficient.

The discharge velocity of the jet is calculated in

w theor = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h stat (4.5)

and as follows for the jet measured with the pitot

w jet = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h total (4.6)

4.3 Discharge Coefficient

Contraction and edge deceleration of the dis-

It is standard practice to combine the two flow

coefficients α and ϕ into a single value, namely

Rearrangement of the formulas yields the follow-

w jet 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h total h total

Well-rounded 1 0,97...0,99 0,97...0,99

Tab. 4.1 Approximate values for water

The selection of experiments makes no claims of

5.1 Experiment Aim

5.2 Preparing the Experiment

Fig. 5.1 Adjusting aid

Star screw Knurled Micro- Height adjusting Spindle tip Adjusting