PREFACE

This book on "Electrodynamics" has been specially written as per latest syllabus of "Electrodynamics ” in
CSIR NET PHYSICAL SCIENCE EXAM.
In addition, this book will prove very useful for students preparing for various national level competitive
examinations such as SET, GATE, TIFR, JEST, Private, State, and Central University PhD Entrance Exams.
The author possesses a very long and rich experience of teaching Electrodynamics and has firsts hand
experience of the problems and difficulties that students generally face.

The salient features of this book are:

1. The matter has been presented in a simple and lucid language so that student themselves shall be
able to understand the concepts given and solution of the problems.
2. Each chapter open with necessary definitions and proofs of a standard results and theorems. These
in turn are followed by solved examples which has been classified in various types and methods. This
classification will help the students to revise the subject matter at the time of examination without
losing any confidence.
3. Care has been taken not to omit important steps so that student can understand everything by
themselves. Furthermore, a set of unsolved assignments is given in end of each chapter to instill
confidence in the students.
4. The presentation in book is uncluttered, with plenty of clear outline diagrams.

In view of this special features, it is sincerely hoped that this book will surely serve its purpose.
All valuable suggestions for further improvement of the book will be highly appreciated
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Writing this book “Electrodynamics” has been an incredible journey. All the chapters have taken a final
shape after endless inputs of time and effort. Though many colleagues assisted me in compiling this book,
I first of all would like to thank all students at Institute for advanced Studies (IFAS), who have helped me
to learn and implement the concepts and ideas of in its simplest form.

I would like to specially mention the effort made by Mr. Radheshyam Choudhary, Director IFAS
Publications, who extended immense support in myriad ways for bringing out the book in its present form.
My special thanks to Mr. Lalit Kumar, Mr. Shubham Malik, Mr. Shubham Rastogi, Mr. Pradhumn Dixit and
Mr. Siddharth Gangwar, Mr. Sourav Paul for suggestions and providing valuable contributions.

This book is a team effort, and producing it would be impossible without outstanding people of IFAS
publication. I am thankful to the team at IFAS Publication, It has been a pleasure to work with
Mr. Vikendra Mehta and Mr. Kuldeep Singh Rathore who took great care during the copy-editing and
production processes of this book and finally my humble greetings to all who put their significant efforts
and are unmentioned.
 INDEX
ELECTRODYNAMICS

CHAPTER NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

1 Vector Analysis 1

2 Electric Force & Field 14

3 Gauss Law 26

4 Image Charge Method 45

5 Magnetostatics 71

6 Electrodynamics 98

7 Electromagnetic Wave 118

8 Reflection & Refraction at Dielectric Interface 142

9 Radiation 162
Chapter 1

Vector Analysis
VECTORS → Physical Quantities having both magnitude & direction and which follows the vector law of addition are known as
vectors Eg → Force, Electric field.

Polar vectors:- Are those vectors whose sense of direction is independent of handness of the coordinate system.
Or
Which change sign under inversion of co-ordinates (parity Inversion).
i.e. Whose sense of direction depends on handedness of the co-ordinate system.
Or
Which does not change sign under Inversion of coordinates.
Polar vector is also called true vector & Pseudo vector is also called Axial vector.
On the basis of parity Inversion we can define Pseudo or true vector.

Parity Inversion:- If some vector changes sign under parity Inversion Then it is called true vector.
𝐾𝑞 𝐾𝑞
2
(𝑟̂ )𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 → 2 (−𝑟̂ )
𝑟 𝑟
So Electric field is called a true vector.
Magnetic field does not change sign under parity so it is called pseudo vector.

CURVILINEAR COORDINATES
Spherical Polar Coordinates

The spherical polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙) at a point p are defined is shown in figure
𝑟 → Is the distance from the origin (the magnitude of the position vector)
𝜃 → Is called the polar vector (the angle down from the z axis)
𝜙 → Is the azimuthal angle (the angle around from the 𝑥 axis)
The relation to Cartesian coordinate (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) can be read from the figure.
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
And 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑧
𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
𝑟
2 Electrodynamics
𝑦
𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
Figure shows three unit vectors 𝑟̂ , 𝜃̂, 𝜙̂
Pointing in the direction of increase of the coordinates. They constitute an orthogonal (mutually perpendicular) basis set (just
like 𝑥̂, 𝑦̂, 𝑧̂ ) and any vector 𝐴⃗ can be expressed in term of them in the usual way.
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑟 𝑟̂ + 𝐴𝜃 𝜃̂ + 𝐴𝜙 𝜙̂
Where 𝐴𝑟 , 𝐴𝜃 and 𝐴𝜙 are the radial, polar and Azimuthal components of A.

Length Element 𝜽
An Infinitesimal displacement in the 𝑟̂ direction is simply dr (figure a), just as an Infinitesimal element of length in the x
direction is 𝑥𝑑𝑙𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟.

Similarly, an Infinitesimal element of length in the 𝜃̂ direction (figure b) is 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

Similarly, an infinitesimal element of length in the 𝜙̂ direction (figure c) is 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜙

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Vector Analysis 3
Thus the general infinitesimal displacement 𝑑̂ 𝑙 is
𝑑̂ 𝑙 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑟̂ + 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝜃̂ + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜙𝜙̂
The range of r is 0 → ∞, 𝜃 goes from 0 → 𝜋 and 𝜙 goes from 0 to 2𝜋.

Area Element
Just like the line element we also have three Area element.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆𝑟 = surface which does not change in r will be fix
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜃 × 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜙
2
= 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑟̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆𝜃 → surface where 𝜃 will not change 2 dimension version of sphere is disc, for a dis c 𝜃 will not change.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝜙 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝑟
= 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙𝜃̂
~ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆𝜙 → In this area element 𝜙 will not change
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆𝜙 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝜃
= 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑 𝜃𝜙̂
Volume element:- The volume element in the spherical polar coordinate is given by
𝑑𝜏 = 𝑑𝑙⃗𝑟 . (𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜃 × 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜙 )
𝑑𝜏 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙

Relation between Unit Vectors.

Just like the 𝑥̂, ̂𝑦, 𝑧̂ are the unit vectors in Cartesian coordinates similarly 𝜃 𝑟̂ , 𝜃̂&𝜙̂ are the unit vectors in spherical polar
coordinates.
𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
𝑧
𝜃=( )
𝑟
𝑧
𝜃=( )
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑦
𝜙 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜙
𝑥
𝑦
𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
𝑟⃗ = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑥̂ + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑦̂ + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧̂
𝜕𝑟⃗
𝑟̂ = 𝜕𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑥̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑦̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧̂ ….. (1)
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑟
| |
𝜕𝑟

𝜕𝑟⃗
𝑟̂ = | | = √𝜃 𝜙 + 𝜃 𝜙 + 𝜃
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑟⃗
𝜕𝜃 = 𝜃̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑥̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑦̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑧̂ . …… (2)
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑟
| |
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑟⃗
𝜙̂ = 𝜕𝜙 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑥̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑦̂ …….. (3)
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑟
| |
𝜕𝜙

𝜕𝑟⃗
| | = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜕𝜙
Using these (1), (2) & (3) convert spherical to Cartesian
1 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃}𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟̂ = 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑥̂ + 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑦̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑧̂

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4 Electrodynamics
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜃̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑥̂ + 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑦̂ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑧̂
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜃̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑥̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑦̂ ….. (4)
Eq. (4) × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 − (3) × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
𝑥̂ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑟̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝜃̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝜙̂
(4) × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 + (3)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑦̂ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑟̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜃̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝜙̂
(1) × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − (2) × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑟̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜃̂

(B) Cylindrical co-ordinate system

(Image 1)
Let the point P (in above figure) has Cartesian coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and cylindrical coordinates (𝑟, 𝜙, 𝑧) so the relation
between Cartesian and cylindrical co-ordinates.
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
𝑧=𝑧
In Cylindrical co-ordinate
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
𝜙 = tan−1 ( ) angle which 𝑄 makes with positive x-axis
𝑥
𝑧 = height of that point above the x-y plane.
Unit vector in cylindrical coordinates
The position vector of the point is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
Putting the value of (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in the above relation.

𝑟⃗ = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑖̂ + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

The unit vector along r is given by
𝜕𝑟⃗/𝜕𝛿
𝑟̂ = 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑗̂
| |
𝜕𝛿
𝜙̂ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑗̂
𝑧̂ = 𝑘̂

Here 𝑟̂ , 𝜙̂ and 𝑧̂ are orthogonal to each other and they follow.

𝑟̂ × 𝜙̂ = 𝑧̂
𝜙̂ × 𝑧̂ = 𝑟̂
𝑧̂ × 𝑟̂ = 𝜙̂.

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Vector Analysis 5
Line element
Line element between r to r +dr is
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑟̂ (along r curve)
Line element between 𝜙 to 𝜙 + 𝑑𝜙
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜙 𝜙̂ (along𝜙 curve)
Line element z to z+dz is
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑧̂ (along z curve).
𝑑𝑙

Surface Element
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑑𝑙
Constant r surface: 𝑑𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜙 × 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑧 𝑟̂
𝑑𝑆
(curved surface of circular cylinder)
Constant 𝜙 surface: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆𝑧 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙𝜙
= 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙𝑧̂ (plane surface of a circular cylinder parallel to x-y plane)

Volume Element
The volume element in the cylindrical polar coordinate is given by
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜙 × 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 )
= 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧.

Gradient:- It is defined for a scalar.

We cannot take gradient of any vector suppose a function varry with 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) then
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = ( ) ⏟𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
This derivative shows how 𝑓 increases with 𝑥. This is the slope of the graph.
Now consider a function 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) now T is changing with 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. It can’t describe by one variable.
Its differential
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑑𝑇 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 + ( ) 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
We know that
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̂
So we can write
𝑑𝑇 = (𝛻𝑇). ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟
Gradient of a function.
Gradient of a scalar is a vector quantity.
𝑑𝑇 = 𝛻𝑇 𝑑𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Magnitude of grad of scalar
If 𝜃 = 0
Then change is maximum

If 𝜃 = 90° , then change is minimum direction of grad of scalar shows direction of maximum Increases of the function.

E.g. 𝐸 = −𝛻𝑉
Direction of electric field is the direction of maximum decrease of potential (because there is-ve sign) Let us consider a
conducting sphere on which electric field is the normal to the surface. It is equipotential surface so electric field is the
direction of maximum decrease in potential.

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6 Electrodynamics
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝛻⃗⃗𝑇 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

In Cartesian
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛻⃗⃗𝑇 = 𝑟̂ + 𝜃̂ + 𝜙̂
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
In spherical polar coordinate.
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝛻⃗⃗𝑇 = 𝑟̂ + 𝜙̂ + 𝑧̂
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
In Cylindrical

Divergence → It is defined for a vector divergence means spread (how much a vector can spread in space). How much a
vector diverges from a point in the space.
For source → +𝑣𝑒 divergence.
For 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 → −𝑣𝑒 divergence.
Outward direction is +ve

Inward direction is –ve

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
If 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
If the divergence of a vector is zero then it is called solenoidal vector
𝛻⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 0.

Graphical

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Vector Analysis 7

Curl → It is defined for a vector. Curl of a vector is also a vector. Curl is related to rotation (how much a vector is rotates
about a point in the space) It curl of a vector is zero then vector is irrotational.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗ = |𝑖̂𝑗̂𝑘̂ 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
This is the curl in Cartesian co-ordinate system. If vector in x-direction then it will change in perpendicular direction i.e. 𝐴𝑥
change with y & z axis then curl is non zero but if 𝐴𝑥 is changes with 𝑥-axis then we have zero curl.

Table for general formula

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8 Electrodynamics
Gradient
1 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛻𝑇 = 𝑢̂ + 𝑣̂ + 𝑤̂
𝐹 𝜕𝑢 𝑔 𝜕𝑣 ℎ 𝜕𝑤
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻⃗⃗. 𝐴⃗ = [ (𝑔ℎ 𝐴𝑢 ) + (𝑓ℎ 𝐴𝑣 ) + (𝑓𝑔 𝐴𝑤 )]
𝑓𝑔ℎ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
Curl
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗ = |𝑓𝑢̂𝑔𝑣̂ℎ𝑤
̂ 𝑓𝐴 𝑔𝐴 ℎ𝐴 |
𝑓𝑔ℎ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤

Laplacian:
Laplacian is defined for both scalar and vector
𝛻⃗⃗. 𝛻⃗⃗ = 𝛻 2
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘̂
𝜕2𝐴 𝜕2𝐴 𝜕2𝐴
𝛻 2𝐴 = + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
If 𝛻 2 𝐴 = 0 Laplacian equation

Spherical polar
1 𝜕 2 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕2𝐴
𝛻 2𝐴 = 2
𝑟 𝐴+ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐴+ 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2
Cylindrical
1 𝜕 𝜕𝐴 1 𝜕 2 𝐴 𝜕 2 𝑇
𝛻 2𝐴 = 𝑟 + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜙 2 𝜕𝑧 2

Dirac-Delta Function:-This is not a ordinary function but generalized function or distribution function. It is has the property
that it is ∞ when 𝑥 = 0
i.e. 𝛿(𝑥) = ∞(𝑥 = 0)
= 0 (𝑥 ≠ 0)
Where this function is centralized it is ∞ at other point, it is 0.

Physical ex- density

𝑟̂ 𝑟̂
𝐴⃗ = =
𝑟2 𝑟2
3
𝑟̂
𝛻. 𝐴⃗ = 𝛻. ( 2 ) = 4𝜋 ∮ (𝑟)
𝑟
1 2
4𝜋 ∫−1 𝛿 3 (𝑟)𝑑𝜏 ≠ 0&4𝜋 ∫1 𝛿 3 (𝑟)𝑑𝑧 = 0
This Integral will be non-zero when limits of r enclose it

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Vector Analysis 9
Properties
For 1 dim
∞
1. ∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1
2. 𝑓(𝑥)𝛿(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)𝛿(𝑥)
∞ ∞
3. ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝛿(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(0) ∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(0)
Limit must enclose the origin of dirac delta function.
If centre at 𝑥 = 𝑎 then
𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎) = ∞𝑥 = 𝑎
= 0𝑥 ≠𝑎
∞
∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 = 1
E.g. 𝛿(𝑥 − 2) centre at 2
4
∫ 𝛿(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = 0
3
Because 2 is not between 3 & 4 i.e. limits are not enclosing 𝑥 = 2.

2. 𝑓(𝑥)𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑎)𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)

∞ ∞
3. ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎) ∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑎)

# Area of Dirac-Delta function is 1.

(height × width = finite)
1
If 𝛿(𝑘𝑥) = |𝐾| 𝛿(𝑥)
1
E.g.:- 𝛿(−3𝑥) = |3| 𝛿(𝑥)

Dirac Delta Function is Even Function

𝛿(−𝑥) = 𝛿(𝑥)
Derivative of dirac delta function
1 −1
𝛿(𝑥) = 𝛿 ′ (𝑥) = 𝛿(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

If there is a polynomial is dirac delta function as 𝛿[𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1]

First find the roots 𝑥 = −1, −1
If 𝛿[(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)] is a dirac delta function who has two centres then.
1
𝛿[(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)] = [𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑏)]
|𝑎 − 𝑏|
1
𝛿(𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) = [𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝛿(𝑥 + 𝑎)], 𝑎 ≠ 0
2|𝑎|

# For nth derivative of dirac-delta function

∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝛿 𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (−1)𝑛 𝑓 𝑛 (0)
−∞
∞
E.g. ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 𝛿 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (−1)1 2𝑥
=0

# For nth derivative of dirac-delta function

Spherical-polar 𝛿 3 (𝑟)
Cartesian 𝛿(𝑥)𝛿(𝑦)𝛿(𝑧)

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10 Electrodynamics
Properties
(1) ∫𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 If limit of 𝑟 enclosing the 𝑟 = 0 then its value is 1 otherwise 0
E.g. for this sphere

∫ 𝛿 3 (𝑟)𝑑𝑟 = 0
Because sphere is not enclosing centre at 𝑟 = 0
𝑟̂
(2) 𝛻. ( 2) = 4𝜋𝛿 2 (𝑟)
𝑟
(3) 𝑓(𝑟)𝛿 2 (𝑟) = 𝑓(0)𝛿 3 (𝑟)
𝛿
Note 𝛻. 𝐸 =
∈0
1 𝑞
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑟̂
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑟 2
𝑟̂
In 𝛻⃗⃗. 𝐸⃗⃗ we use 𝛻⃗⃗. ( 2) = 4𝑟𝛿 3 (𝑟)
𝑟
& 𝛿 3 (𝑟) = 1, 𝑟 = 0
= 0, 𝑟 ≠ 0
1
Ex. ∫−1 9𝑥 2 𝛿(3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
1 11 −1 2 1
∫ 9( ) =
3 −1 3 3 3
3
Ex. ∫−1(𝑥 2 + 2)𝛿(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4)
3
∫ (𝑥 2 + 2)𝛿[(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)]
−1

𝛿(𝑥−𝑥𝑖)
# 𝛿[𝑓(𝑥)] = ∑ |𝑓′(𝑥𝑖)|
# 𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝛿(𝑏 − 𝑥) = 𝛿(𝑏 − 𝑎)

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Vector Analysis 11
SOLVED EXAMPLED:

1. For the function 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 at the point (1, 2, −1) 2

[𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
2

find its rate of change with distance in the direction

2 1
𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ⇒ 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑡]
20
(a) 10/√14 (b) 5/√14 1
Now 𝑎 =
4
(c) 20/√14 (d) 0
1 1
Solution: ⇒ = =2
2𝑎 2 × 1
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 4
∇𝜙 = (𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧) ⇒ Correct option is (d)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖̂ + (𝑥 2
+ 𝑧)𝑗̂ + 𝑦 𝑘̂
Therefore ∇𝜙|(1,2,−1) = 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂ 4. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝜆𝑐⃗⃗⃗then , which of the following is correct
Therefore, rate of change with distance in the option (a, b, c) are along unit direction)
direction 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is 𝑐 = 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗
(a) 𝑎⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗ (b) 𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = −𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗
𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ (c) 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ (d) 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝐶⃗
⃗⃗𝜙)(𝑎̂) = (4𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂)
(∇
√14 Solution:
4+6 𝑎⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑐
=
√14 ⇒ (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝜆𝑐⃗) × 𝑐⃗
10
= = 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ + 𝜆 𝑐⃗ × 𝑐⃗
√14
= 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗Here𝑐⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = 0
Option a is correct
2. Find value of the integral
5

∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑆 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)𝑑𝑥 5. Find the minimum distance from point P with

−5 coordinates (1,2,1) to the line 𝑣⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗ where
(a) 4.9 (b) 3.4 𝑎⃗ = 1 + 𝑗 + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘
(c) 8.1 (d) 10.6 13 9
(a) √ (b) √
Solution: 14 14
5
11 1
(c) √ (d) √
∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑆 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6) 14 2

−5 Solution:
5
1 Show that line passes through the point (1, 1, 1) and
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) × [𝑆(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑆(𝑥 + 2)]𝑑𝑥 has direction (2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘)
5
−5 1
5 𝑏̂ = (2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘)
1 √14
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑆(𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
5 The position vector of P is
−5
5 𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗 + 𝑘We find
1 1
+ ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑆(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 |(𝑝⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × 𝑏⃗⃗| = (𝑗 × (2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘) )
5
−5 √14
1 1 16 1 17 1
= [9 + 6 + 1] + [4 − 4 + 1] = + = = (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑘̇ )
5 5 5 5 5 √14
= 3.4
13
=√
∞ −𝑥 2 /4
14
3. The value of the integral ∫0 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 is
(a) 10 (b) 1
6. The position vector of a particle at fine t in cartesian
(c) 0 (d) 2
coordinate is given by
Solution:
∞ 0 𝑟(𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑐(3𝑡 − 2)𝑗̂ + (3𝑡 2 − 1)𝑘̂
−𝑎𝑥 2
−1 1 Find the speed of particle at t = 1 n
∫𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
2𝑎 2𝑎
0 1

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12 Electrodynamics
(a)= 3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗 + 6𝑘 (b)= 4 𝑖 + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̇ [NET/JRF DEC – 2017]
(c)= 3𝑗 − 13𝑗 + 𝑘̇ (d)= 4𝑖 + 4 𝑗 + 6𝑘̇ 3. Let A be a non-singular 3x3 matrix, the columns of
Solution: which are denoted by the vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗
𝑑 respectively. Similarly𝑢 ⃗⃗, 𝑣⃗ and 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ denote the vectors
𝑣(𝑓) = 𝑟 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 that form thecorresponding columns of
𝑑 (𝐴𝑇 )−1 .Which of the following is true?
= ( 2𝑡 2 + ( 3𝑡 − 2)𝑗 + (3𝑡 2 − 1)𝑘)
𝑑𝑡
(a) 𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0, 𝑢
⃗⃗. 𝑎⃗ = 0, 𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 1
= 4 𝑡 𝑖̂ + (3t-2)j +6 𝑡 𝑘̂
̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑡𝑘̂
= 4𝑡𝑖 (b) 𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 1, 𝑢
⃗⃗.𝑎⃗ = 0, 𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0
= 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ (c) 𝑢
⃗⃗. 𝑎⃗ = 1, 𝑢 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗. 𝑏 = 0, 𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0
(d) 𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0, 𝑢
⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0, 𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Solution: (c)
1 0 0 1 0 0
[NET/JRF Dec 2019] Take 𝐴 = [0 2 0] ⇒ (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = [0 1/2 0 ]
1. The values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 for which the force 𝐹 = 0 0 3 0 0 1/3
(𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘̂ is conservative are Column of both the matrices are vector
(a) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3 (b) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 For A=>vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗
(c) 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 6 (d) 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2 (𝐴𝑇 )−1 => 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑢 ⃗⃗, 𝑣⃗ and 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗
Solution: (a) We see that
Function given: 𝑢
⃗⃗. 𝑎⃗ = 1.1 + 0.0 + 0.0 = 1
𝐹⃗ = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑗̂ = 𝑏𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 1.0 + 0.2 + 0.0 = 0
𝑢
For function to be conservative 𝑢
⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 1.0 + 00 + 0.3 = 0
⃗∇⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 0 [NET/JRF DEC-2014]
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 4. Let 𝑟⃗ denote the position vector of any point in three-
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 dimensional space, and 𝑟 = |𝑟⃗|.Then
⃗∇⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = || ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (a) ⃗∇⃗. 𝑟⃗ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗∇⃗ × 𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗/𝑟
(𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥𝑧 2 (b) ⃗∇⃗. 𝑟⃗ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∇2 𝑟 = 0
= 𝑖̂|0 − 0| + 𝑗̂|3𝑧 2 − 𝑏𝑧 2 |
(c) ⃗∇⃗. 𝑟⃗ = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∇2 𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗/𝑟 2
Thus 𝑏 = 3𝑎 = 2
(d) ⃗∇⃗. 𝑟⃗ = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗∇⃗ × 𝑟⃗ = 0
[NET/JRF JUNE-2018]
Solution: (d)
2. Consider the three vectors 𝑣⃗1 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑣⃗2 = 𝑖̂ +
As
2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑣⃗3 = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑘̂ where 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂are the
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
standard unit vectors in a three-dimensional
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Euclidean space. These vectors will be linearly ⃗⃗. 𝑟⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ +
∇ 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) . (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
dependent if the value of a is = (1 + 1 + 1) = 3
31 23
(a) (b) 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
4 4 ⃗∇⃗ × 𝑟⃗ ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) × (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) = 0
(c)
27
(d) 0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
4 ⃗∇⃗. 𝑟⃗ = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗∇⃗ × 𝑟⃗ = 0
Solution: (a)
Given vector will be linearly dependent PRACTICE QUESTION
If and only if determinant is zero.
Thus, 1. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ will
for a constant vector field𝑎⃗, the value of 𝛁 (𝑎⃗. 𝑟)
2 1 5 be
|0 2 1| = 0 (a) 4𝑎⃗ (b) 0
3 2 𝑎
(c) 𝑎⃗ (d) 2𝑎⃗
2(2𝑎 − 2) − (−3) + 5(−6) = 0
31
𝑎= 2. Consider a conservative field𝐴⃗. What will be the work
4
done by the conservative field along a closed curve
x2 + y2 = 1

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Vector Analysis 13
(a) 0 (b) -2
(c) 2 (d) ½

−𝑦 𝑖̂ + x 𝑗̂
3. For a vector field 𝐴⃗ = 2 2 , what will be the work
x +y

done by 𝐴⃗ over a square having sides 1 unit and

centre at (1,1)
(a) 13 (b) 9
(c) 0 (d) -25

−𝑦 𝑖̂ + x 𝑗̂
4. For a vector field 𝐹⃗ = 2 2 , what will be the work
x +y

done by 𝐴⃗ over a curve x 2 + y 2 = 12

(a) 0 (b) π
(c) 2 π (d) - π

5. ̂ is:
The vector field 𝐴⃗ =−(𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + y 𝑗)
(a) Solenoidal (b) Irrotational
(c) both a and b (d) none of these

Answer Key
1 2 3 4 5
(c) (a) (c) (c) (b)

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Chapter 2

Electric Force & Field

INTRODUCTION
The study of electric charge at rest is known as electrostatics. In the present chapter, we shall study two fundamental laws
namely Coulomb’s law and and Electric field. Based on Coulomb’s law, the concept of Electric field, electric potential will be
introduced and applied in cases involving point, line, surface and volume charge distribution.

COULOMB’S LAW AND SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE

The electric force on a test charge Q due to a single point charge 𝑞, which is at rest and a distance 𝑅 apart is given by
Coulomb’s law
1 𝑄𝑞
𝐹⃗ = ̂
2 𝑅.
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅

The constant 𝜀0 is called the permittivity of free space.

𝐶2
In mks units, 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝑁.𝑚2
𝑅⃗⃗ is the separation vector from ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟′ (the location of 𝑞) to 𝑟⃗ (the location of 𝑄): 𝑅⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟′: 𝑅 is its magnitude, and 𝑅̂ is its
direction. The force points along the line from 𝑞 to 𝑄; it is repulsive if 𝑞 and 𝑄 have the same sign, and attractive if their signs
are opposite.

Limitations of Coulomb’s Law:

(1) Coulomb’s law is applicable in case of point charge at rest. The charged bodies, whose sizes are much smaller than
distance between them, are referred as point charges.
(2) This law holds good over the wide range from 10-13meter to many kilometres. For distances less than 10-13meter, it
breaks down due to predominance of nuclear force.

ELECTRIC FIELD
We have seen that like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other. To explain how the charges exert a
force on each other, even though there is no physical contact between them, the concept of electric field or electrostatic field
has been introduced by Faraday. According to this concept, an electric charge produces an electric field in its surrounding
space. When another charge is brought in this region of space, it experiences an electric force.
Thus, an electric field is said to exist in the region if another charge experiences an electric force in that region. The strength
of electric field at any point in the region is described in terms of Quantity called electric intensity or intensity of electric field.
It is denoted by 𝐸⃗⃗ The intensity of an electric field at any point in an electric field is defined as the force acting on a unit
positive charge placed at that point.
To determine the electric intensity at a point in an electric field, imagine a small positive test charge 𝑞0is placed at that point.
If𝐹⃗ is force acting on the test charge, the electric intensity at that point is given by,
Electric Force & Field 15

𝐹⃗
𝐸⃗⃗ =
𝑞0
Electric Intensity is a vector quantity and its direction is the direction of force experienced by positive test charge. Here, a test
charge 𝑞0should be so small that it should not change the original electric field.
Therefore, above equation in correct form is expressed as,
𝐹⃗
𝐸⃗⃗ = lim
𝑞0 →0 𝑞0
If we have many point charges 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , ….At distances 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 … from test charge 𝑄, then according to the principle of
superposition the total force on 𝑄 is
𝑄 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗1 + 𝐹⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + ⋯ = ( 𝑅̂ + 𝑅̂ + ⋯ )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅12 1 𝑅22 2
⇒ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑄𝐸⃗⃗

1 𝑞
Where 𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑃) = 4𝜋𝜀 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑅2𝑖 𝑅̂𝑖
0 𝑖

𝐸⃗⃗ is called the electric field of the source charges. Physically 𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑃) is the force per unit charge that would be exerted on a test
charge placed at 𝑃.

If charge is distributed continuously over some region, then 𝒙𝒚𝒛

1 1
𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑟) = 4𝜋𝜀 ∫𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅2 𝑅̂𝑑𝑙′.
0
The electric field of a line charge is (𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑙′ )
1 𝜆(𝑟 ) ′
𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑟) = 4𝜋𝜀 ∫𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅2 𝑅̂𝑑𝑙′where 𝜆 is charge per unit length.
0
For surface charge (𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝑎′ )
1 𝜎(𝑟 ) ′
𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑟) = 4𝜋𝜀 ∫𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑅2 𝑅̂ 𝑑𝑎′where 𝜎 is charge per unit area.
0
For a volume charge (𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝜏 ′ )0
1 𝜌(𝑟 ) ′
𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑟) = 4𝜋𝜀 ∫𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑅2 𝑅̂𝑑𝜏′where 𝜌 is charge per unit volume𝝀
0

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16 Electrodynamics

SOLVED EXAMPLE

1. Two-point charges of equal mass m, and charge Q are 2. The electrostatic potential V(x, y) in free space in a
suspended at a common point by two threads of region where the charge density ρ is zero is given
negligible mass and length l. The system attains V(x,y) =10𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑦 2 . Given that the x-
equilibrium at angle α such that α is really small. The component of the electric field Ex, and V are zero at
inclination angle is the origin, f ( x) is
3 𝑄2 3 𝑄2 a) 10𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 b) 10𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 5
a) √16𝜋𝜀 2 b) √4𝜋𝜀 2
0 𝑚𝑔𝑙 0 𝑚𝑔𝑙 c) 5𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 d) 5𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 10
3 𝑄2 3 𝑄2 Solution:
c) √8𝜋𝜀 𝑚𝑔𝑙2
d) √16𝜋𝜀 2 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 10 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑦 2
0 0 𝑚𝑔𝑙

Solution: Since 𝜌 = 0 ∇2 V = 0
→ 40𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑓"(𝑥) + 2 = 0
Since 𝐸𝑥 = 0 𝐸 = −∇ 𝑉
=−[20𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑓′(𝑥)] = 0 at 𝑥 = 0
So we can write
−[20 − 𝑓 ′ (0)] = 0
𝑓 ′ (0) = 20
V at (0,0) is 0
[10 − 𝑓(0)] = 0
𝐹𝑒 → coloumb force 𝑓(0) = 10
𝑇 → Tension in each thread Solve equation
𝑚𝑔 →Weight of each charge 40𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑓"(𝑥) − 2 = 0
At A and B
𝑓"(𝑥) = 40𝑒 2𝑥 − 2
𝑇 sin 𝛼 = 𝐹𝑒
𝑇 cos 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 20𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐1
sin 𝛼 𝐹𝑒 1 𝑄2 𝑓 ′ (0) = 20 + 𝑐1
∴ = =
cos 𝛼 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
20 = 20 + 𝑐1
𝑟 = 2𝑙 sin 𝛼 (from trigonometry)
𝑄2 cos 𝛼 = 16𝜋𝜀0 𝑚𝑔𝑙2 sin3 𝛼 𝑐1 = 0
𝑄2 = 16𝜋𝜀0 𝑚𝑔𝑙2 sin3 𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 Again 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 20𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 0
Now, when 𝛼 → 0 then sin 𝛼 → 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2
tan 𝛼 = 𝛼 𝑓(0) = 10
𝑄 = 16𝜋 𝑚𝑔𝑙2 𝛼 3
2
10 = 10 − 0 + 𝑐2
3 𝑄2
𝛼= √ 𝑐2 = 0
16𝜋 𝑚𝑔𝑙2
𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

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Electric Force & Field 17
3. Three charges are located on the circumference of a 𝑑𝑉 → volume element = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1 1 1
circle of radius R. The two charges Q subtend an angle
600 at the center of the circle. The charge q is ∫ ∫ ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
symmetrically placed with respect to the charges Q. If −1 −1 −1

the electric field at the center of the circle is zero, Because cube is at Centre 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 From -1 to 1
what is the magnitude of Q? similarly for 𝑦, z
1 1 1
𝑞
a) b) √3𝑞
√3 𝑄 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑞
c) √2q d) √2 −1 −1 −1

Solution: ∬ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 |𝑧|1−1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

∬ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (1 + 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 1

= ∫ ∫ 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
1
4𝑥 3
= ∫ 𝑦2 | | 𝑑𝑦
3 −1
1
8 8𝑦 3 16
∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = | | =
3 9 −1 9
Force at center is 0 16
= 9
C charge
This means that net force 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 to both Q should be
equal and opposite due to charge q
5. Find the force by the lower hemisphere applies on
Net force due to both
upper hemisphere of a sphere of total charge Q and
𝑄, 𝐹 = √𝐹12 + 𝐹22 + 2𝐹1 𝐹2 cos 60 radius R
𝐾𝑄 𝐾𝑄 𝑄2 3𝑄2
Where 𝐹1 = 𝐹2 = a) 64𝜋𝜀 b) 128𝜋𝜀
𝑅2 𝑅2 0 𝑅2 0𝑅
2

3𝑄2 𝑄2
𝐾𝑄 2 𝐾𝑄 2 𝐾𝑄 2 1 c) d) 16𝜋𝜀
Net force 𝐹 = √( 𝑅2 ) + ( 𝑅2 ) + 2 ( 𝑅2 ) × 2 64𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2 0𝑅
2

Solution:
𝐾𝑄 2 𝐾𝑄 2 𝐾𝑄 2 Electric field inside solid sphere
𝐹 = √( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅2 E= 4𝜋𝜖
𝑄𝑟
3
0𝑅
2 Force per unit volume
𝐾𝑄 𝐾𝑄
𝐹 = √3 ( ) = √3 2
𝑅 2 𝑅 𝑄 𝑄𝑟 3 𝑄 2
= 𝑓 = 𝜌𝐸 = 4𝜋 3
= ( ) 𝑟
Now this force must be equal to force due to charge 𝑞 𝑅3 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 𝜖0 4𝜋𝑅3
3
𝐾𝑞 𝐾𝑄 Force in z direction on 𝑑𝜏 is
= √3 2
𝑅2 𝑅 3 𝑄 2
𝑞 = √3𝑄 𝑑𝐹2 = 𝑓2 𝑑𝜏 = ( ) 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜖0 4𝜋𝑅3
𝑞
𝑄= (𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙)
√3
The total force on upper hemisphere is
4. A charge distribution is given by ρ=2x2y2 C/m3• 𝐹2 = ∫ 𝑓𝑑𝜏
Determine the total charge enclosed by a cube of side 𝑅 𝜋/2 2𝜋
2 m centered at the origin and whose edges are 3 𝑄 2
= ( ) ∫ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 ∫ cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜙
parallel to the axes. 𝜖0 4𝜋𝑅3
0 0 0
a) 9/16 C b) 16/9 C 3 𝑄 2 𝑅4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝜋/2 2𝜋
c) 10 C d) 8 C = ( ) (− | )
𝜖0 4𝜋𝑅3 4 2 0 2
Solution: 3𝑄 2
𝜌 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 =
6 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅2
Total charge ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉

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18 Electrodynamics
6. If a third charge +q place at 𝑄. What is the force on
the charge → zero. If small charge is displaced a small
distance 𝑥 toward the charge placed at A. Find the
freq. of oscillation of the charge placed at 𝑄.

𝑘𝑑𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑟2
𝑘𝑄 𝑑𝑙 𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1
2𝜋𝑎 (𝑎2 + 𝑧 2 ) (𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
𝐾𝑄 𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑑𝐸 ∫ 𝑑𝑙
Oscillating charges is in stable equilibrium. If –ve is 2𝜋𝑎 (𝑎2 + 𝑧 2 )32
placed between +ve charges then there will be 𝑄𝑧
unstable equilibrium. 𝐸= 3
4𝜋 ∈0 (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )2
In simple harmonic motion
𝐹 ∝ +𝑥
Now if the distance z is small & put a charge q at the
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
small distance z from the centre of ring If total charge
𝑘
𝑤 = √𝑚 … (i) =q
If the mass of +q charge is m then resultant force on Then force on it
D
1 𝑞2 1 𝑞2
𝐹⃗𝐷 = (−𝑥̂) + (𝑥̂)
4𝜋 ∈0 (𝑎 − 𝑥) 4𝜋 ∈0 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2
−𝑞 2 1 1
𝐹⃗0 = [ 2
− ]
4𝜋 ∈0 (𝑎 − 𝑥) (𝑎 + 𝑥)2
−𝑞 (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝐹⃗𝐷 = [ ] 𝑥≪𝑎
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎4
−𝑞 𝑥 2
𝐹⃗𝐷 = 𝜋∈ 𝑎3 .. (ii)
0 𝐾𝑞 2 𝑧
Comparing (i) & (ii) 𝐹= 3

2
(𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )2
𝑞
𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑞 2 𝑧
𝜋 ∈0 𝑎3 𝐹= 3
𝑎
𝑘 𝑞2 𝐹∝𝑧
𝑤=√ =√ 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑧
𝑚 𝜋 ∈ 𝑎3 𝑚
𝑞2
𝑘=
𝑞2 4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎3
𝑤=√
𝜋 ∈0 𝑎3 𝑚 𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑘
𝑤 𝑞 1
𝑓= = √ 𝑚4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎3
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 ∈0 𝑎3 𝑚 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑞2

7. Electric field of a circular ring of radius a having 𝑘 𝑞 1

uniform line density 𝜆 at a dist z above the centre? 𝑤=√ = √
𝑚 2𝑎 𝜋 ∈0 𝑎𝑚

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Electric Force & Field 19

8. An electric field in a region is given by 𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = Let the tension be increased by 𝑇, to balance this
𝑎𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑧𝑗̂ + 6𝑏𝑦𝑘̂. For which of a, b, c does this force 𝐹𝑒 . The increase in tension is given by
𝑑𝜃
represent an electrostatic field? = 2𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )𝛳
(a) 13, 1, 12 (b) 17, 6, 1 𝑑𝜃
(c) 13, 1, 6 (d) 45, 6, 1 = 2𝑇 ( )
2
Solution: We have 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑧𝑗̂ + 6𝑏𝑦𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑙
= 𝑇 ( ) (∵ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃)
For electrostatic field 𝑟
𝛻⃗⃗ × 𝐸⃗⃗ should be zero.
∴ 𝛻⃗⃗ × 𝐸⃗⃗ = 0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
|𝑖̂𝑗̂𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑥𝑐𝑧6𝑏𝑦| = 0 ⇒ 6𝑏 = 𝑐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Only option (c) satisfy the condition.
Correct option is (c)

9. A circular loop of radius 𝑅, carries a uniform line

charge density 𝜆. The electric field. Calculated at a
distance z directly above the center of the loop, is 𝑑𝑙 2 𝑄𝑑𝑙 𝑞
Hence, 𝑇 = − 4𝜋𝜀 (2𝜋𝑟) (𝑟2 )
maximum if z is equal to? 𝑟 0
𝑅 𝑅 𝑄𝑑
(a) (b) Therefore, 𝑇 = 8𝜋2𝜀 2 .
√3 √2 0𝑟
𝑅
(c) 2 (d) 2𝑅
11. Two points charges +2𝑞 and −𝑞 are placed distance
Solution:-
𝑑 apart. Find the locus of all points at which the
resultant electric field is parallel to the line joining the
charges?
In. Let the two point charges −𝑞 and +2𝑞 are placed
at point 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively which are 𝑑 distance
apart as shown in figure.

1 𝜆𝑑𝑙 1 𝜆2𝜋𝑅
𝜙= . =
4𝜋𝜀0 √𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 4𝜋𝜀0 √𝑅2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝜙 𝜆 𝑅𝑧
∴𝐸= =
𝜕𝑧 2𝜀0 (𝑅 + 𝑧 2 )3/2
2
𝜕𝐸
For 𝐸⃗⃗ = 0𝜕𝑧
1 3 2𝑧 2
∴ 3 − 5 = 0 Net electronic field at point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 0) due to this
(𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 )2 2 (𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 )2
charge distribution is
𝑅
⇒ (𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 ) − 3𝑧 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑞 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ (𝑥 − 𝑑)𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂
√2 𝐸⃗⃗ = − [ 3 +2 3]
Correct option is (b) 𝝀 4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 [(𝑥 − 𝑑)2 + 𝑦 2]2
If 𝐸⃗⃗ is parallel to line AB
10. A thin conducting ring of radius 𝑟 has an electric 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 0
charge +𝑄 what would be the increase in the tension 𝑦 2𝑦
2 2 3/2
− 3 = 0
of the wire, if a point charge +q is placed at the centre (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) [(𝑥 − 𝑑)2 + 𝑦 2 ]2
of the ring? (𝑥 − 𝑑)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
The situation is shown in figure. Charge on a small 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑑 + 𝑑2 = 0
𝑄
element 𝑑𝑙 of the ring 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑙, outward electric (𝑥 + 𝑑)2 + 𝑦 2 = 0
2𝜋𝑟
1 𝑄𝑑𝑙
force on this element ?𝐹𝑒 = 4𝜋𝜀 (2𝜋𝑟) (𝑟2 ).
𝑞 𝑦 = ±(𝑥 + 𝑑)
0
At every point on this straight line 𝐸⃗⃗ is parallel to line
𝐴𝐵.

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20 Electrodynamics
12. A thin half ring of radius 𝑅 = 20 cm is uniformly 14. Three charges 𝑞, −𝑞, and 2q are placed at
charged with a total charge 𝑞 = 0.70𝑛𝐶. Find the (𝑎, 𝑎, 𝑎)(𝑎, −𝑎, 𝑎) and (𝑎, −𝑎, −𝑎) respectively.
field at the centre of curve. Line charge density? Calculate net force on 2𝑞?
𝑞
Solution: 𝜆 = 𝜋𝑅 Solution.
Therefore, the field at centre due to elementary 2𝑞 will experience force due to two other charges.
length 𝜃 Let 𝑞1 = 𝑞, 𝑞2 = −𝑞, 𝑞3 = 2𝑞
𝑟⃗1 = 𝑎(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂), 𝑟⃗3 = 𝑎(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
Force on 2𝑞
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗31 + 𝐹⃗32
1 𝑞3 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2
= [ 3 𝑟⃗31 + 3 𝑟⃗32 ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟31 𝑟32
2
1 2𝑞 2𝑞 2
= [ (𝑟⃗3 − 𝑟⃗1 ) − (𝑟⃗ − 𝑟⃗2 )]
4𝜋𝜀0 |𝑟⃗3 − 𝑟⃗1 |3 |𝑟⃗3 − 𝑟⃗2 | 3
𝑞 2 𝑎(−2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) 𝑎(−2𝑘̂)
1 𝜆𝑑𝑙 = [ − ]
𝑑𝐸 = 2𝜋𝜀0 16√2𝑎3 8𝑎3
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅2 𝑞2 1
It has two components, 𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑑𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2
[− (𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ − 2√2𝑘̂)]
16𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 √2
but to symmetry 𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 will be cancelled out. −𝑞 2
𝜋 = [𝑗̂ + (1 − 2√2)𝑘̂]
1 2 𝜆𝑅𝑑𝜃 16√2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2
∴𝐸= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4𝜋𝜀0 −𝜋 𝑅2 𝑞2
2 = [(2√2 − 1)𝑘̂ − 𝑗̂]
𝑞 16√2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2
= 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ]𝜋/2
−𝜋/2
4𝜋 𝜀0 𝑅2
𝑞 𝑞
= 2 2= 2 15. A charge distribution has the charge density given by
4𝜋 𝜀0 𝑅2 2𝜋 𝜀0 𝑅2
𝜌 = 𝑄{𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) − 𝛿(𝑥 + 𝑥0 )}. For this charge
0.70 × 10−9 𝑘𝑉
= = 0.10 distribution the electric field at (2𝑥0 , 0,0) ?
2 × (3.14)2 × 8.85 × (0.2)2 𝑚 2𝑄𝑥̂ 𝑄𝑥̂
(a) 9𝜋∈ 2 (b) 4𝜋∈ 3
0 𝑥0 0 𝑥0
13. Let us choose coordinate system as shown in figure. 𝑄𝑥̂ 𝑄𝑥̂
(c) 4𝜋∈ 2 (d) 16𝜋∈ 2
0 𝑥0 0 𝑥0
Three forces acting on 𝑞/√2 due to other three
Solution:
charges are also shown in the figure?
We have one dimension charge density
𝜌 = 𝑄{𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) − 𝛿(𝑥 + 𝑥0 )}
Therefore, the total charge,
𝑄 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑥 = 𝑄 ∫ 𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑄 ∫ 𝛿(𝑥 + 𝑥0 )𝑑𝑥
= 𝑄(𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥0 ) + (−𝑄)(𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑥0 )
Therefore, the field at (2𝑥0 , 0,0) point is s
1 𝑄 𝑄
𝐸⃗⃗ = { − }
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑥02 (3𝑥0 )2
𝑄 9−1 2𝑄
Therefore, 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗1 + 𝐹⃗2 + 𝐹⃗3 = [ ]− 𝑥̂
4𝜋𝜀0 9𝑥02 9𝜋𝜀0 𝑥02
𝑞2
𝑞 2 /√2 4 ° °
= 𝑖̂ + 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠45 𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛45 𝑗̂)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2 4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑎√2)
𝑞 2 /√2
+ 𝑗̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2
𝑞2 1 Correct option is (a)
= [𝑖̂ + (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) + 𝑗̂]
4√2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2 8
9𝑞 2 9𝑞 2
= [𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂] ⇒ |𝐹⃗ | =
32√2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2 32𝜋𝜀0 𝑎2

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Electric Force & Field 21
16. Consider a particle of electric charge ‘e’ and mass ‘m’ = 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
moving under the influence of constant horizontal 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑘𝜎2𝜋𝑥 ∫
electric field E and constant vertical gravitational field 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
described by acceleration due to gravity ‘g’. If particle 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑘 𝜎2𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
starts from rest, what will be its trajectory? 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
(a) Parabolic (b) Elliptic ∫ 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑘 𝜎2𝜋 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(c) Straight line (d) Circular
Solution:- 𝑅
𝑥 1 1
Let at 𝑡 = 0, electron origine (0,0) at 𝑡 = 𝑡 the 𝐸 = −𝑘𝜎2𝜋 [ ] = −𝑘𝜎2𝜋 [ − ]
√𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑅2 𝑥
particle is at (𝑥, 𝑦).
𝑒𝐸
1 1
Acceleration along 𝑥-axis is and acceleration along 𝐸=[ − ]
𝑚 𝑥 √𝑅2 + 𝑥 2
𝑦-axis is 𝑔. 𝑥
1 𝑒𝐸 2
𝐸 = 𝐾𝜎2𝜋 [1 − ]
Therefore, the position of at a time 𝑡 is 𝑥 = 𝑡 √𝑅 + 𝑥 2
2
2𝑚
1
and 𝑦 = 2 𝑔𝑡 2
17. If E is field of a finite object having total charge Q
𝑦 𝑔𝑚 𝑘 𝑄 𝑥𝛽
∴ =( ) then what is value of 𝛽 𝐸 = ?
𝑥 𝑒𝐸 5
𝑔𝑚 (𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 )2
𝑦 = ( )𝑥 Solution:
𝑒𝐸
𝑘𝑄 𝑥 𝛽
𝐸= 5 If 𝑥 ≫ 𝑎
(𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 )2
𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑥2
2 2

𝑘 𝑄 𝑥𝛽
𝐸=
𝑥5
𝐾𝑄
If 𝛽 = 3 then 𝐸 =
𝑥2
This can be possible only if 𝛽 = 3
It is the equation of straight line.
⇒ Calculate electric field due to a uniformly charged 18. 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑘 (𝑥𝑦 𝑥̂ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑦̂ + 3𝑥𝑧𝑧̂ )
ring. 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑘(𝑦 2 𝑥̂ + (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑦̂ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑧̂ )
Find weather these two electric fields are possible
electrostatic fields.
Which one of the following is impossible electrostatic
field.
(i) 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑘(𝑥𝑦 𝑥̂ + 2𝑦 𝑧 𝑦̂ + 3𝑥𝑧𝑧̂ )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻⃗⃗ × 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑘 |𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑧̂ 𝑥𝑦2𝑦𝑧3𝑥𝑧|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜋𝑅2 → 𝑄 = 𝑘[𝑥̂(0 − 2𝑦) − 𝑦̂(3𝑧 − 𝑎) + 𝑧̂ (0 − 𝑥)]
𝑄
1→ = 𝑘[−2𝑦𝑥̂ − 3𝑧𝑦̂ − 𝑥𝑧̂ ]
𝜋𝑅2
𝑄 𝛻 × 𝐸⃗⃗ ≠ 0
𝑑𝑞 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟 (ii) 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑘 [𝑦 2 𝑥̂ + (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 )𝑦̂ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑧̂ ]
𝜋𝑅2
𝑘𝑑𝑞 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2
𝑑𝐸 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝛻 × 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑘 |𝑥̂𝑦̂𝑧̂ 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 2𝑦𝑧|
(𝑥 + 𝑟 2 ) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑘𝑄 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑘 [𝑥̂(2𝑥 − 2𝑥) = 𝑦̂(0 − 0) + 𝑧̂ (2𝑦 − 2𝑦)]
𝑑𝐸 =
𝜋𝑅2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 )3/2 = 𝑘[0𝑥̂ + 0𝑦̂ + 0𝑧̂ ] = 0
𝑅
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 (i) Impossible electric field
𝑑𝐸 = 𝐾 𝜎2𝜋𝑥 ∫ 2 + 𝑟 2 )3/2
0 (𝑥 (ii) Possible electric field
Put 𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
(𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 )3/2 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)3/2

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22 Electrodynamics
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Solution:- (c)

[NET JUNE 2020]

1. Three-point charges q are placed at the corners of an
equilateral triangle. Another point charge −𝑄 is
placed at the centroid of the triangle. If the force on
each of the charges q vanishes, then the ratio Q/ q is
1
(a) √3 (b)
√3
1 1
(c) 3√3 (d) 3
Solution:- (b)
Force on 𝑞 should be zero (𝐹 = 0)

Consider particle is at point P which is at a distance

(a) from the centre O.
𝐸1 & 𝐸2 be the electric field due to charges present at
A & B resp.
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 because distance & charges are equal due to
which we calculate electric field at point P.
𝑘𝑄
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 2
𝑅 𝑅 𝑎 2
[( ) + ( + ) ]
2 2 2
Resultant of electric field’s present at point P due to
𝑎 2 𝑎2 3𝑎2 √3𝑎 charges present at A & B are.
𝑃𝑇 = √𝑎2 − ( ) ⇒ √𝑎2 − ⇒√ ⇒
2 4 4 2 𝐸2,𝑦 = 2 𝐸1 cos 𝜃
2 2𝑘𝜃 𝑅 2𝑘𝜃 𝑅
𝑃𝑆 ⇒ 3 of 𝑃𝑇 𝐸12,,𝑦 = 3 [𝑎 + ) 3 (𝑎 + )
𝑅 2 𝑅 2 2
2 𝑅2 2 2
2 √3𝑎 𝑎 [(𝑎 + ) + ( ) ] [ ]
𝑃𝑆 =
× ⇒ 2 2 2
3 2 √3 4√2𝑘𝜃 𝑅
Angle of equilateral triple is 60°. So 𝐸12,𝑦 ⇒ [𝑎 + ] …… (1)
𝑅3 2
Force on 𝑞 due to all 3 charpes 𝑞, 𝑞 & − 𝑄.
𝑘𝑞 2 cos 30° 𝑘𝑞 2 cos 30° 𝑞𝑄
+ ⇒𝑘
𝑎 2 𝑎 2 𝑄 2
( )
√3
[NET JUNE 2016]
2. Four equal charge of +𝑄, each are kept at the
vertices of a square of side 𝑅. A particle of mass 𝑚
and charge +𝑄 is placed in the plane of the square at
a short distance 𝑎(≪ 𝑅) from the centre. If the
motion of the particle is confined to the plane, it will
undergo small oscillations with an angular frequency
𝑄2 𝑄2
(a) √2𝜋𝜀 𝑅3𝑚
(b) √𝜋𝜀 3 𝑘𝜃
0 0𝑅 𝑚
Similarly, 𝐸3 = 𝐸4 = 𝑅 2 𝑅 2
√2𝑄2 𝑄2 [( −𝑎) +( ) ]
2 2
(c) √𝜋𝜀 3 (d) √4𝜋𝜀 3
0𝑅 𝑚 0𝑅 𝑚 2𝑘𝜃 𝑅−𝑎
Resultant 𝐸3 4,𝑦 = 2𝐸3 cos 𝑑 = 3 ( )
2 𝑅2 2 2
𝑅
[( −𝑎) + ]
2 4
4√2𝑘𝜃 𝑅
𝐸34,𝑦 = [ − 𝑎] … (2)
𝑅3 2
Now, add equation (1) & (2)

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Electric Force & Field 23
4√2𝑘𝜃 𝑅 𝑅 8√2𝑘𝜃
Resultant 𝐸 ⇒ [( − 𝑎) − ( + 𝑎)] ⇒ − 𝜆0 2𝜋 𝜆0
𝑅3 2 2 𝑅3 𝐸⃗⃗ ⇒ −𝑖̂ ( )( ) = − 𝑖̂
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎 2 4𝜖0 𝑎
−8√2 𝜃𝑎
𝐸⇒ −𝜆0 𝑖̂
𝑅3 4𝜋 ∈ 𝐸⃗⃗ =
−2√2𝜃 4 ∈0 𝑎
𝐸⇒ [NET DEC. 2012]
𝜋 ∈0 𝑅3
4. Three charges are located on the circumference of a
Force on that charge present at point P is 𝐹 ⇒
−2√2𝑄𝑎 circle of radius ′𝑅′ as shown in the figure below. The
𝑄𝐸𝐹 ⇒ two charges 𝑄 subtend an angle 90˚ at the centre of
𝜋∈0 𝑅 3
the circle. The charge ‘q’ is symmetrically placed with
2√2𝑄2
𝑤⇒√ respect to the charges Q. If the electric field at the
𝜋 ∈0 𝑚 𝑅3
centre of the circle is zero, what is the magnitude of
[NET DEC. 2016]
Q?
3. The charge per unit length of a circular wire of radius
𝑎 in the 𝑥𝑦 − plane, with its centre at the origin, is
𝜆 = 𝜆0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , where 𝜆0 is a constant and the angle 𝜃
is measured from the positive 𝑥 −axis. The electric
field at the center of the circle is
𝜆 𝜆
(a) 𝐸⃗⃗ = − 0 𝑖̂
4∈0 𝑎
(b) 𝐸⃗⃗ = 0 𝑖̂ 4∈0 𝑎
𝜆 𝜆
(c) 𝐸⃗⃗ = − 4∈0𝑎 𝑗̂ (d) 𝐸⃗⃗ = 4∈0𝑎 𝑘̂
0 0 𝑞
Solution:- (a) (a) (b) √2𝑞
√2
Given Angle measured From 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. (c) 2𝑞 (d) 4𝑞
Solution: (a)
Electric field due to the two equal charges Q will be

Correct option is from a & b.

Electric field due to a charged element at P is.
𝑑𝐸 = −𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑖̂ − 𝑑𝐸 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂ 1 𝑄
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 =
So, the total electric field at at the centre is. 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2
𝜆 𝑑𝑙 𝜆 𝑑𝑙 1 𝑞
𝐸⃗⃗ = −𝑖 ∫ cos 𝜃 − 𝑗̂ ∫ sin 𝜃 Electric field due to the charge q will be 𝐸3 = 4𝜋𝜀 2
0𝑅
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎2 4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎2
Given:- 𝜆 = 𝜆0 cos 𝜃 Resultant of 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 is = √𝐸12 + 𝐸22 = √2𝐸1 ,
2𝜋 √2𝑄 𝑞
𝜆0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 4𝜋∈ 2 = 4𝜋∈ 4
0𝑅 0𝑅
𝐸⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ ∫ (𝑎 𝑑𝜃) 𝑞
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎2 ⇒𝑄=
0 √2
𝜆0 cos 𝜃 (𝑎 𝑑 𝜃) sin 𝜃 [NET DEC. 2011]
− 𝑗̂ ∫ [𝑑𝑙
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎2 5. Four equal point charges are kept fixed at the four
= 𝑎 𝑑𝜃] vertices of a square. How many neutral points (i.e.
2𝜋
−𝑖̂𝜆0 points where the electric field vanishes) will be found
𝐸⃗⃗ ⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃 inside the square?
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎
0 (a) 1 (b) 4
𝜆0 (c) 5 (d) 7
− 𝑗̂ ∫ cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑎

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24 Electrodynamics
Solution:- (c) the electron in the first Bohr orbit (or radius 𝑟𝐵 ) of a
Inside the square, there is only five points where the hydrogen atom is closest to the following value.
field vanishes due to symmetry one at the centre and (a) 2 × 1039 (b) 2 × 1049
42
other 4 also present due to the 4 charges present at (c) 2 × 10 (d) −2 × 1035 /𝑟𝐵
the vertices.
7. Three point charges are placed at the corners of an
PRACTICE PROBLEM equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ as shown in the figure.
Magnitude of force on charge at A is:
1. In terms of mass (M), length (L), time (T) and charge
(C) dimension of permittivity is:
(a) 𝑀𝐿3 𝑇 −2 𝐶 −2 (b) 𝑀−1 𝐿−3𝑇 2 𝐶 2
(c) 𝑀−1 𝐿−2 𝑇 2 𝐶 2 (d) 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 𝐶 −2

2. A charge q is placed at the center of the line joining

two equal charges Q. The system of these charges will
be in equilibrium of q is equal to
𝑄 𝑄
(a) 2 (b) − 2
√3𝐾𝑞2 𝐾𝑎 2
𝑄 𝑄 (a) (b)
(c) 4 (d) − 4 𝑎2 𝑎2
2𝐾𝑞2 𝐾𝑞2
(c) (d) 2𝑎2
𝑎2
3. The ratio of repulsive Coulomb force and the
attractive gravitational force between two protons is 8. In the previous question if a point charge 𝑞 is placed
(a) 1.24 × 1036 (b) 2.31 × 1039 at the centroid of the triangle force on it will be:
(c) 3.21 × 1026 (d) 1.91 × 1032 (a)
2𝐾𝑎 2
(b)
3𝐾𝑞2
𝑎2 𝑎2
6𝐾𝑞2 3√3𝐾𝑞2
4. Three positively charged particles lie on a straight line (c) (d)
𝑎2 𝑎2
at positions 0, 𝑥 and 10 as indicated in the figure
below. Their charges are 𝑄, 20 and 4𝑄 cm 9. Consider two points charges 𝑞 and 𝜆𝑞 located at the
respectively. points, 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝜇𝑎, respectively. Assuming
that the sum of the two charges is constant, what is
the value of 𝜆 for which the magnitude of the
electrostatic force is maximum?
If the charges at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 10 are fixed and the (a) 𝜇 (b) 1
charge at 𝑥 is movable, the system will be in 1
(c) 𝜇 (d) 1 + 𝜇
equilibrium when 𝑥 =
(a) 8 (b) 2
(c) 20/3 (d) 10/3 10. Five negative electric charges of magnitude 𝑒 are
placed symmetrically on a circle of radius R. The
5. Two points charges +𝑞1 abd +𝑞2 are fixed with a magnitude of the electric field at the center of the
finite a distance ‘d’ between them. It is desired to put circle is
𝑒
a third charge 𝑞1 in between these two charges on (a) 2 (b) 0
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
the line joining them so that the charges 𝑞1 is in (c)
𝑒
sin
2𝜋
(d)
5𝑒
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2 5 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2
equilibrium. That is:
(a) Possible only if 𝑞3 is positive
11. When five equal point charges are placed at the
(b) Possible only if 𝑞3 is negative
corners of regular hexagon, electric field the centre is
(c) Possible irrespective of the sign of 𝑞3.
𝐸0. If another charge is removed such that charges
(d) Not possible at all.
from two adjacent corners are missing then electric
field at centre will be
6. The ratio 𝐹𝑐 /𝐹𝐺 of the electrostatic Coulomb force 𝐹𝐶
to the gravitational force 𝐹𝐺 between the proton and

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Electric Force & Field 25
𝐸0
(a) 2𝐸0 (b) 15. Three charges are located on the circumference of a
2
circle of radius ‘R’ as shown in the figure below. The
(c) √3𝐸0 (d) 2√3𝐸0
two charges Q subtend an angle 900 at the centre of a
circle. The charge ‘q’ is symmetrically placed with
12. Two free point charges +4Q and +Q are placed at a
respect to the charges Q. It the electric field at the
distance r. A third charge q is so placed that all the
centre of the circle is zero, what is the magnitude of
three are in equilibrium.
1 Q?
(a) q is placed at a distance 𝑟 from 4Q
3
1
(b) q is placed at a distance 3 𝑟 from Q
4𝑄
(c) 𝑞 =
9
4𝑄
(d) 𝑞 = − 9

13. Two equal charges are 2d’ distance apart. How far
form the mid point should another charge be placed (a) 𝑞/√2 (b) √2𝑞
on perpendicular bisector so that it experiences (c) 2q (d) 4q
maximum force?
(a) d (b) d/2
(c) 𝑑/√2 (d) √2𝑑

14. Four charges 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , 𝑄3 and 𝑄4 of same magnitude

are fixed along the 𝑥-axis at 𝑥 = −2𝑎, −𝑎, +𝑎 and
+2𝑎 respectively. A positive charge q is placed on the
positive axis at a distance 𝑏 > 0. Four options of the
signs of these charges are given in List-I. The direction
of the forces on the charges q is given in List-II. Match
List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using
the code given below the lists.

List-I List-II
P. 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , 𝑄3 , 𝑄4 all positive 1. +𝑥 ANSWER KEY
Q. 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 positive 𝑄3 , 𝑄4 negative 2. −𝑥 1 2 3 4 5
R. 𝑄1 , 𝑄4 positive, 𝑄2 , 𝑄4 negative 3. +𝑦 (b) (d) (a) (d) (c)
S. 𝑄1 , 𝑄3 positive, 𝑄2 , 𝑄4 negative 4. −𝑦 6 7 8 9 10
(a) (b) (c) (b) (b)
(a) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2 (b) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1 11 12 13 14 15
(c) P-3, Q-1, R-2, S-4 (d) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3 (c) (b, d) (c) (a) (a)

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Chapter 3

Gauss Law
GAUSS’S THEOREM IN ELECTROSTATICS
This theorem gives a relation between the electric flux through any closed hypothetical surface (called a Gaussian Surface)
and the total charge enclosed by the surface).
𝑞
Gauss’s theorem states that the total electric flux 𝜙 through any closed surface is equal to 𝜀0
, where, 𝑞 is the total charge
inside the closed.
i.e. Φ𝐸 = 𝑞
ℰ0

It can be stated in two forms:

(a) Integral form
(b) Differential form

(a) Integral Form

Electric flux passing through small surface element 𝑑 𝑆⃗ is
𝑑Φ𝐸 = 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆⃗
Now, total electric flux passing through closed surface is ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑 𝑆⃗
If ′𝑞′ is the total charge enclosed by the closed surface, then,
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑 𝑆⃗ = …………………. (Equation 1)
ℰ0
This equation is known as integral form of Gauss’s law. If the charge is situated outside the closed surface, the total electric
flux through the closed surface is zero.
i.e. ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑 𝑆⃗ = 0

Differential form of Gauss’s Law:

We know that when a charge is distributed continuously in a certain volume, charge on object or body is expressed in terms
of volume charge density. If 𝜌 is volume charge density, then the total charge enclosed by surface enclosing the volume V is
given by,
𝑞 = ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉……………. (Equation 2)
𝑣
Substituting equation (2) in Equation (1) we get
∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆⃗ = 1 ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑠 𝜖0 𝑉
According to Gauss’s divergent theorem, we have
∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆⃗ = ∫ ⃗∇⃗ . ⃗E⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑠 𝑉
𝜌
𝑑𝑖𝑣 E⃗⃗ =
𝜖0
This equation represents differential from Gauss’s Law.
Gauss’s law is the basic theorem of electrostatics. This law is always true, but is not always useful. Gauss’s law provides an
easy method of finding 𝐸⃗⃗ due to a point charge or due to a given charge distribution. The usefulness of Gauss’s law depends
on our ability to evaluate ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆⃗ . We can easily evaluate∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆⃗, if the given charge distribution is uniform and symmetric. It
means that Gauss’s law is useful, if the charge distribution is uniform and symmetric. It must be noted that, if the charge
distribution is not symmetric and uniform, the Gauss’s law is still obeyed but we cannot use it to determine𝐸⃗⃗ . In such a case,
Coulomb’s law may be used to determine𝐸⃗⃗ .
Gauss Law 27
Flux-: If change Q is enclosed in a sphere of radius R what is the flux passing through the sphere of surface.
𝑞
Flux passing through the sphere =
𝜀0
𝑞
Through cylinder =
𝜀0
I.e. flux depends upon charge not a surface
𝑞
→ If a charge q is placed in the cube, then total five passing, through the surface of cube 𝜀
0
𝑞
Flux passing through each face (6 faces are here)= 6𝜀
0

(1) If charge placed at a corner

Then flux pass through 1 surface = 0
Then flux pass through 4 surface = 0
Then flux pass through 6 surface = 0

This charge placed at corner is not enclosed jo cover this charge we need 8 cubes
Faces in one cube = 6
Faces in 8 cube = 48
Out of 48 faces form some face flux pass & from some face not pass.
Surface = 0
𝑞
The flux is shared by 8 cubes 𝜀 → 8
0
𝑞 1 𝑞
So flux pass through the each single cube = 8𝜀 × 3 = 24𝜀
0 0

(2) Now change is placed at face centred position

Toenclosed the changed we need one more cube

𝑞
In two cubes → 12 faces flux pass through this whole cube = 2𝜀
0
𝑞 1 𝑞
& out of 6 faces, flux pass through 5 faces so flux pass through the cube = 2𝜀 = 10𝜀
05 0

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28 Electrodynamics
(3) To enclose charge we need 3 more cube

𝑞
4𝜀0
Out of 6 → flux pass through 4 faces
𝑞 1 𝑞
So flux = 4𝜀 × 4 = 16𝜀
0 0

(4) How much flux pass through the hemisphere surface

𝑞
To cover this charge we need full sphere flux = 2𝜀
0

3 4 2
Problem – The electric field in a region is given by 𝐸 = 5 𝐸0 𝑖̂ + 5 𝐸0 𝑑̂ + 3 𝐸0 𝑘̂
Where 𝐸0 = 2 × 103 𝑉/𝑚
Find the flux of this field through a rectangular surface of area 0.2 𝑚2 parallel to 𝑦 − 𝑧 plane?

𝜙𝑒 = 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝐴⃗
3
= 𝐸0 × 0.2
5
3
× 2 × 103 × 0.2
5
𝜙𝐸 = 240 𝑉 − 𝑚

Mag of electric field is not depending on space coordinate so field is uniform

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Gauss Law 29
Note -: If any close surface (sphere, cylinder, cube) placed in the uniform electric field the net electric flux passing through
the closed surface is Zero always
Net flux = 0

If we cut a hallow sphere then we’ll get open hemisphere & if we place a disc on it then it become close hemisphere
Area of cross section 𝜋𝑅2
Flux entering in cross section = −𝜋𝑅2 𝐸
Let angel between 𝐸0&𝑟̂ is 𝜃
Because area vector is changing the direction flux through curved surface
𝜙𝐸 = 𝜙 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑⃗ 𝑠
𝜋
2 2𝜋
2
= 𝐸 ∫ 𝑅 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜙
0 0
= 𝜋𝑅2 𝐸

Problem calculate the total flux passing through the hemisphere Net 𝜙𝐸 = 0

Electric flux passing through the hemispherical surface

𝜙𝐸 = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑠

= ∫ 𝐸 𝑆 cos 𝜃
= 𝐸𝜋𝑅2 cos 30
√3 2
= 𝜋𝑅 𝐸
2

Flux passing through their hemispherical surface

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30 Electrodynamics

𝜙𝐸 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐸 cos 60
𝜋𝑅2 𝐸
=
2
* In non-uniform electric field, electric flux passing through a closed surface is not zero

Ques. Calculate the electric flux for a cube of side a as shown in the figure where?
1
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑏 × 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑧 = 0
2
𝑎 = 10 𝑐𝑚𝑏 = 800 𝑐/𝑚2

Leaving flux is more than entering flux be z electric field is increasing with dist 𝜙 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝜙𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜙2 − 𝜙1
1 1
= 𝑏 [(2𝑎)2 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑎2 𝑎2 ]
5
𝜙 = 𝑏 𝑎 2 [√2 − 1]
Note -: In problem based on symmetry, we can easily find out electric field using Gauss law but if symmetry is not present
then we use coulomb’s law to calculate electric field.

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Gauss Law 31
Ques. Flux through a circular area due to field of a point charge placed at its axis
Ans.

𝑘𝑞
𝐸= 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟
√𝑟2 +𝑑 2
𝑘𝑞
𝜙= ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜀0 √𝑟 2 + 𝑑2
𝑅
𝑞 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝜙= ∫ 2 3/2
2𝜀0 (𝑟 + 𝑑2 )
0
𝑞 𝑑
𝜙𝐸 = [1 − ]
2𝜀0 √𝑅 + 𝑑2
2

Ques.

In fig shown what is flux through curved surface of the hemisphere?

𝑄 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
Ans. (𝜙𝐸 )𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝜀0
0
[𝜙]𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 + 𝜙𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 =
𝜀0
𝑞 𝑑
𝜙𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 = [1 − ]
2 𝜀0 √𝑅2 + 𝑑2

⇒ Differential form of gauss law

𝑄 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
Integral form ∮ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑠 = (valid everywhere vacuum or medium)
𝜀0

Using gauss divergent theorem = ∫(𝑣⃗. 𝐸⃗⃗ )𝑑𝜏

1
∫(𝑣⃗. 𝐸⃗⃗ ) 𝑑𝜏 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝜏
𝜀0

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32 Electrodynamics
In a medium Q enclosed all types charges (free charge, bound charge)
In a medium 𝛿Include all type of charge density
In a medium 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝛿𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 + 𝛿𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝛿
∇. 𝐸 = It is used to find 𝛿 when E is given.
𝜀0

Ques. There exists a electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝛼 𝑟 𝑟̂ calculate charge density in the region?
𝛿
Ans. ∇. 𝐸 = 𝜀
0
𝛿
∇. (𝛼 𝑟 𝑟̂ ) =
𝜀0
𝛿
𝛼 3 𝑟̂ =
𝜀0
3 𝛼 𝜀0 = 𝛿

Validity of Gauss Law: - It is always valid but not useful it is useful only if there is symmetry in this problem (it can be
spherical symmetry, cylindrical symmetry or plane symmetry)
Gauss law cannot be used to calculate the electric field if monopole moment is zero.
(Monopole moment → total charge)
Gauss law can be used only if inverse sequence law is valid”.
1
𝐸𝛼 2
𝑟
1
𝐹 = 𝑞 𝐸So𝐹𝛼 𝑟2
If we have a closed surface bounded volume V there place tow equal & opposite charge separated by a finite distance so
Charge enclosed is = 0
Monopole moment = 0
𝜙 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 0
𝑞 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝜙 𝐸. 𝑑𝑠 =
𝜀0
𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
∫(∇. 𝐸)𝑑𝑉 =
𝜀0
𝛿
∇. 𝐸 =
𝜀0
Ques. if 𝐸 = 𝛼 𝑟̂ then find 𝛿
𝑟⃗
∇. 𝐸 = 𝛼 ∇
𝑟
1 1
𝛼 [ ∇. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟⃗. ⃗∇⃗ ]
𝑟 𝑟
3 (−𝑟⃗)
𝛼 [ + 𝑟⃗ 3 ]
𝑟 𝑟
3 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝛼 [ − ]
∇.
𝑟 𝑟
2𝛼
⃗⃗. 𝐸⃗⃗ =
∇
𝑟
𝑟⃗
nd ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
2 method ∇. 𝐸 = 𝛼 ∇. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟
𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕
𝛼[ ( )+ ( ) + ( )]
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
𝛿 2𝛼
=
𝜀0 𝑟

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