VECTORS

MATH23-1
CALCULUS 3
 Section Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
Define vectors and differentiate it against scalar quantities.
Find the norms of a vector.
Perform basic algebraic operations with given vectors.
Perform dot product and cross product.
Apply the concepts of dot product to get the angle between two vectors.
Apply cross products in various applications.
Evaluate scalar triple product and applications.
Find equation of lines using various methods.
Determine an equations of a plane and determine the vector of its normal.
Differentiate a vector valued function.
Integrate a vector valued function.
 Vector vs Scalar
Definition: A vector is a quantity which has both a Definition: A quantity which can be described
magnitude and a direction. by a magnitude only is called a scalar.
Examples: Examples:
1. Velocity - The speed and direction of an 1. area
object together form a vector quantity. (i.e 2. mass
20mi/hr northeast)
3. length
2. Displacement- describes a position change,
+/- sign indicates direction.(i.e +3 or 3 4. temperature
describes a position change of 3 units in the
positive direction, and a displacement of -3
describes a position change of 3 units in the
negative direction).
3. Force
 Vector in Rectangular Coordinate System

Vector Defined Geometrically

Vector by Components; Position Vector
 Magnitude/Length/Norm of a Vector

2-space: 3-space:
𝑣 =< 𝑣1, 𝑣2 > 𝑣 =< 𝑣1, 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 >

𝑣 = 𝑣1 2 + 𝑣2 2 𝑣 = 𝑣1 2 + 𝑣2 2 + 𝑣3 2

A 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , B 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 A 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , B 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2

𝑣 = 𝐴𝐵 =< 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 > 𝑣 = 𝐴𝐵 =< 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 >

𝑣 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 𝑣 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
Examples
Examples

4. If 𝑣 =< −2, 0, 1 > and 𝑤 =< 3, 5, −4 >, then

a. 𝑣 + 𝑤 =< −2, 0, 1 >+< 3, 5, −4 > = < 1, 5, −3 >
b. 3𝑣 = 3 < −2, 0, 1 >=< −6, 0, 3 >
c. −𝑤 =−< 3, 5, −4 > = < −3, −5, 4 >
d. 𝑤 − 2𝑣 =< 3, 5, −4 > −2 < −2, 0, 1 >= < 7, 5, −6 >

5. In 2-space, the vector from 𝑃1 1, 3 to 𝑃2 (4, −2) is

𝑃1 𝑃2 =< 4 − 1, −2 − 3 > = < 3, −5 >

6. In 3-space , the vector from 𝐴(0, −2, 5) to 𝐵 3, 4, −1 is

𝐴𝐵 =< 3 − 0, 4 − −2 , −1 − 5 > = < 3, 6, −6 >
Vector Algebra Operations
Properties of Vector Operations; Unit Vectors
 Vector in terms of its Length and Angle
Activity
Vector Determined by Length and Angle

If v is nonzero vector with its initial point at the

origin of an xy coordinate system, and if θ is the
angle from the positive x-axis to the radial line
through v, then the x-components of can be written
as ǁvǁ cos θ and the y-components as ǁvǁ sin θ; and
hence can be expressed in trigonometric form as

v = ǁvǁ <cos θ , sin θ > = ǁvǁ cos θ i + ǁvǁ sin θ j

 Examples

1. Find the norms of 𝑣 =< −2, 3 >, 3. Find the vector 𝑣 of length 5 that extends along
10𝑣 =< −20, 30 >, and 𝑤 =< 2, 3, 6 >. the line through A(0, 0, 4) and B(2, 5, 0). Find the
components of 𝑣.
𝑣 = −2 2 + 3 2 = 13 𝐴𝐵 = < 2, 5, 0 >−< 0, 0,4 >= <2, 5, -4>

10𝑣 = −20 2 + 30 2 = 10 13 2 2 2
𝐴𝐵 = 2 + 5 + −4 =3 5

𝑤 = 2 2+ 3 2+ 6 2=7 𝐴𝐵 2 5 −4
2. Find the unit vector that has the same =< , , >
𝐴𝐵 3 5 3 5 3 5
direction as 𝑣 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘.
𝑣 =< 2, 2, −1 >
𝐴𝐵 2 5
−4
𝑣= 𝑣 = 5(< , , >)
2 2 2 𝐴𝐵 3 5 3 5 3 5
𝑣 = 2 + 2 + −1 =3

1 2 2 1 2 5 −4
𝑢= 𝑣= 𝑖+ 𝑗− 𝑘 𝑣 =< , , >
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Examples
Examples
 Examples

4. Find the vector of length 2 that makes an 5. Find the angle that the vector 𝑣 = − 3𝑖 + 𝑗 makes
𝜋
angle of with the positive x-axis. with the positive x-axis.
4

𝜋 𝜋 𝑣 − 3𝑖 + 𝑗 3 1
𝑣 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑗 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 = =− 𝑖+ 𝑗
4 4 𝑣 2 2 2
− 3 + 1 2

3 1
Thus, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = , from which it can
2 2
5𝜋
be concluded that 𝜃 = .
6
 Dot Product and Angle between Two Vectors

2-Space:
The dot product 𝑢. 𝑣 of vectors
𝑢 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 and 𝑣 = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 )
𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣2
3-Space:
The dot product 𝑢. 𝑣 of vectors
𝑢 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 and 𝑣 = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2, 𝑣3 )
𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣2 +𝑢3 𝑣3

Note:
Dot (Scalar) Product is applicable for vectors in 2-space
or in 3-space.
Vector Projections, Direction Angles and Cosines
 Examples
1. < 3, 5 >•< −1, 2 ≥ 3 −1 + 5 2 = 7 8. Find the orthogonal projection of 𝑣 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 on
2. < 2,3 >•< −3, 2 > = 2 −3 + 3 2 = 0 𝑏 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗, and then find the vector component of 𝑣
3. < 1, −3, 4 >•< 1, 5, 2 > = 1 1 + −3 5 + 4 2 = −6
orthogonal to 𝑏.
4. 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 • −𝑖 + 2𝑗 = 3 −1 + 5 2 = 7
𝑣 • 𝑏 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 • 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 = 2 + 2 + 0 = 4
5. 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 • −3𝑖 + 2𝑗 = 2 −3 + 3 2 = 0
6. 𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 • 𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 2𝑘 = 1 1 + −3 5 + 4 2 = −6
𝑏 2 = 2 2 + 2 2 =8
7. Find the angle between the vector 𝑢 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘 and 𝑣 = −3𝑖 + 6𝑗 +
2𝑘.
𝑢.𝑣 −11 −11 −11 𝑣•𝑏 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = = , 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 2.12 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 121.6° 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑣 = 𝑏 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗
𝑢 𝑣 (3)(7) 21 21
𝑏 2 8
Note:
a. If 𝑢. 𝑣 = 0, 𝜃 = 90°.
𝑣 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑣 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 − 𝑖 + 𝑗 = 𝑘
b. If 𝑢. 𝑣 < 0, then 𝜃 is an obtuse angle.
c. If 𝑢. 𝑣 > 0, then 𝜃 is an acute angle.
 Example

9. Find r so that the vector from the point A(1, -1, 3) 10. If L is a line in 2 space or 3 space that
to the point B(4, 1, 6) is orthogonal to the vector passes through the points A and B then the
from A to the point P( r, r, r). distance from a point P to the line L is equal
to the length of the component of the
vector that is orthogonal to the vector.
Use the method above to find the distance
from the point P(-3,1,2) to the line through
A(1,1,0) and B(-2,3,-4).
Examples
Activity

13. Find r so that the vector from the point A

(1, -1, 3) to the point B (3, 0, 5) is orthogonal
to the vector from A to the point P (r, r, r).
16. Find the direction cosines and direction
angles of
a) v = 3i – 2j – 6.
b) v = 3i – 4k.
 Cross (Vector) Product of Two Vectors in 3-Space

𝑢 =< 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 > Note:

𝑣 =< 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 >
The cross product 𝑢𝑥𝑣 (u cross v) of two vectors
is the vector
𝑢𝑥𝑣 = ( 𝑢 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )𝑛
Cross Product and Scalar Triple Product
 Geometric Interpretation of Scalar Triple Product

The geometric significance of the scalar triple The area of the base parallelogram is:
product can be seen by considering the
parallelepiped determined by the vectors A = |b x c|
a, b, and c.
 Geometric Interpretation of Scalar Triple Product

If 𝜃 is the angle between a and b x c, Hence, the volume of the parallelepiped is:
then the height h of the parallelepiped is:
h = |a||cos 𝜃| V = Ah = |b x c||a||cos 𝜃|
We must use |cos 𝜃 | instead of cos𝜃 in V = |a · (b x c)|
case 𝜃 > π/2.
Thus, we have proved the following formula.

The volume of the parallelepiped determined by

the vectors a, b, and c is the absolute value of
their scalar triple product:

V = |a ·(b x c)|
Examples 1 - 2

2. Find 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 and check that it is orthogonal to

both 𝑢 and 𝑣.
u = 1, 2, −3 , 𝑣 = −4, 1, 3

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗
𝑢𝑥𝑣= 1 2 −3 1 2
−4 1 3 −4 1

𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 = 6𝑖 + 12𝑗 + 𝑘 − −8𝑘 − 3𝑖 + 3𝑗

𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 = 9𝑖 + 9𝑗 + 9𝑘 = 9, 9, 9
Thus, 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 ∙ 𝑢 = 0, 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 ∙ 𝑣 = 0
 Examples 3 - 4

3. Find the two unit vectors that are orthogonal

to both
𝑢 = −4, 3, 1 , 𝑤 = 2, 0, 4
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗
𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 = −4 3 1 −4 3
2 0 4 2 0
= 12𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 6𝑘 − 16𝑗 𝑘

= 12𝑖 + 18𝑗 − 6𝑘

𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 = 6 14

𝑢𝑥𝑣
𝜇=±
𝑢𝑥𝑣

12, 18, −6
𝜇=±
6 14
Examples 5 - 6
 Examples 7 - 8

6. Let 𝑢 =< 1, 2, −2 > and 𝑣 = < 3, 0, 1 >. Find a) 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 b) 𝑣 𝑥 𝑢

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
2 −2 1 −2 1 2
𝑎) 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 = 1 2 −2 = 𝑖− 𝑗+ 𝑘 = 2𝑖 − 7𝑗 − 6𝑘
0 1 3 1 3 0
3 0 1
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
0 1 3 1 3 0
b) 𝑣 𝑥 𝑢 = 3 0 1 = 𝑖− 𝑗+ 𝑘 = −2𝑖 + 7𝑗 + 6𝑘
2 −2 1 −2 1 2
1 2 −2

Note:
a. 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 = − 𝑣 𝑥 𝑢
b. If 𝑣 𝑥 𝑢 = 0, then the vectors are parallel.
c. 𝑖 𝑥 𝑗 = 𝑘 𝑗𝑥𝑘=𝑖 𝑘𝑥𝑖=𝑗

𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 = −𝑘 𝑘 𝑥 𝑗 = −𝑖 𝑖 𝑥 𝑘 = −𝑗
 Example 9

9. Find a vector perpendicular to the plane that We compute the cross product of these vectors:
passes through the points P(1, 4, 6), Q(-2, 5, -1),
R(1, -1, 1).
i j k
The vector 𝑃𝑄 𝑥 𝑃𝑅 is perpendicular to both 𝑃𝑄
and 𝑃𝑅. Therefore, it is perpendicular to the plane PQ  PR  3 1 7
through P, Q, and R. 0 5 5
 ( 5  35) i  (15  0) j  (15  0) k
PQ  (2  1) i  (5  4) j  (1  6) k  40i  15 j  15k
 3i  j  7k

PR  (1  1) i  (1  4) j  (1  6) k
 5 j  5k
 Example 10

Therefore, the vector ‹-40, -15, 15› is 10. Find the area of the triangle with vertices
perpendicular to the given plane. P(1, 4, 6), Q(-2, 5, -1), R(1, -1, 1)
Any nonzero scalar multiple of this vector, such In Example 8, we computed that
as ‹-8, -3, 3›, is also perpendicular to the
plane. PQ  PR  40, 15,15
The area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides
PQ and PR is the length of this cross product.

PQ  PR  (40)  (15)  15  5 82
2 2 2

The area A of the triangle PQR is half the area of this

parallelogram, that is:
5
2 82
 Example 11

11. Use the scalar triple product to show Hence, the volume of the parallelepiped
that the vectors are coplanar. determined by a, b, and c is 0. This means that
a = <1, 4, -7>, b = <2, -1, 4>, c = <0, -9, 18> a, b, and c are coplanar.

We compute their scalar triple product:

1 4 7
a  (b  c)  2 1 4
0 9 18
1 4 2 4 2 1
1 4 7
9 18 0 18 0 9
 1(18)  4(36)  7(18)  0
 Example 12 - 13

12. Find the area of the parallelogram that has 𝑢 13. Find 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑥 𝑤 . 𝑢 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 𝑘, 𝑣 = 4𝑖 +
and 𝑣 as adjacent sides. 𝑢= 𝑗 − 3𝑘, 𝑤 = 𝑗 + 5𝑘
𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘, 𝑣 = 2𝑗 + 𝑘
𝑢 = 1, −1, 2 , 𝑣 = 0 2, 1 2 −3 1 2 −3
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑢∙ 𝑣𝑥𝑤 = 4 1 −3 4 1
𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 = 1 −1 2 1 −1 = −𝑖 + 2𝑘 − 𝑗 + 4𝑖 = −5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘
0 2 1 0 2 0 1 5 0 1

𝑢𝑥𝑣 = (−5)2 +(−1)2 +(2)2 = 30 = 10 + 4 − −60 − 6

= 80
From 𝐴𝑝 = 30𝑢2
 Example 14 -15

14. Use a scalar triple product to find the volume 15. In each part, use a scalar triple product to
of the parallelepiped that has 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 as determine whether the vectors lie in the same
plane.
adjacent edges.
𝑢 = 2, −6, 2 (c) 𝑢 = 4, −8, 1 , 𝑣 = 2, 1, −2 , 𝑤 = 3, −4, 10
𝑣 = 0, 4, −2
𝑤 = 1, 2, −4 4 −8 1 4 −8
𝑢∙ 𝑣𝑥𝑤 = 2 1 −2 2 1
3 −4 10 3 −4
2 −6 2 2 −6
𝑢∙ 𝑣𝑥𝑤 = 0 4 −2 0 4 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑥 𝑤 = 40 + 48 − 8 − 3 − 160 + 32
1 2 −4 1 2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑥 𝑤 = 205
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑥 𝑤 = −32 + 12 − 8 −
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑥 𝑤 = −20
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑥 𝑤 ≠ 0,
From 𝑉𝑝𝑑 = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑥 𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
𝑉𝑝𝑑 = −20
𝑉𝑝𝑑 = 20𝑢3
Activity
Line and Plane in Space
Distance from a Point to a Line; Equation of a Plane
Distance from a Point to a Plane; Angle Between Planes
 Examples

1. Find the parametric equation of the line given 2. Find the equation of plane given P(3,2,1)
P(-1,2,4) and v = <3,-4,1> and n = <1,9,-5>.
Formula: Formula:

𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑎𝑡 ; 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝑡 ; 𝑧 = 𝑧0 + 𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0 + 𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑦0 + 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 0
𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 − 4𝑡, 𝑧 = 4 + 𝑡
1 𝑥−3 +9 𝑦−2 −5 𝑧−1 =0
𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 16 = 0
 Examples

3. Find an equation of the plane that passes 4. Determine whether the planes are parallel,
through the point P and has the vector 𝑛 as a perpendicular, or neither.
normal. 𝑃 1, 1, 3 ; 𝑛 = −1, 7, 6 𝑎)2𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 6 = 0 ∶ 𝑃1
𝜌: −1 𝑥 − 1 + 7 𝑦 − 1 + 6 𝑧 − 3 = 0 −𝑥 + 4y + 3z + 4 = 0 ∶ 𝑃2
: −𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 24 = 0
: 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 + 24 = 0 𝑛1 = 2, −8, −6
𝑛2 = −1, 4, 3

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛1 = 2𝑛2 , 𝑛1 //𝑛2 , then 𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 are parallel.

 Examples

5. Find the distance between the vector v = <- 6. If P1 is perpendicular to P2 and P3 , find P1 .
1,2,1> and Point (1,3,5) where P (2,0,1) is in
vector v. P 1,2, −1 is at P1
𝑃1 2,0,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 (1,3,5) P2 ∶ 3x + y + z = 4 ; P3 ∶ x + 2y + z = 3
𝑃1 𝑃2 = < 1 − 2, 3 − 0, 5 − 1 > = < −1, 3, 4 > 𝑛2 = < 3, 1, 1 > ; 𝑛3 = < 1,2,1 >
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑃1 𝑃2 × 𝑣 = −1 3 4 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
−1 2 1 𝑛2 × 𝑛3 = 3 1 1
= 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 − −3𝑘 − 𝑗 + 0𝑖 = < −5, −3, 1 >
1 2 1
||𝑃1 𝑃2 × 𝑣|| = −52 + −32 + 12 = 35
𝑣 = −12 + 22 + 12 = 6 𝑛2 × 𝑛3 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 6𝑘 − 𝑘 + 2𝑖 + 3𝑖
𝑛2 × 𝑛3 = < −1, −2, 5 >
||𝑃1 𝑃2 × 𝑣|| 35
𝑑= = = 2.42 𝑢
𝑣 6
− 𝑥−1 −2 y−2 +5 z+1 =0
𝑃1 ∶ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 10 = 0
 Examples

7. Find an equation of the plane that passes 8. Find the distance between the two skew lines.
through the point P and has a vector n as a l1: x=3-t, y=4+4t, z=1+2t , l2: x=t y=3, z=2t
normal. Solution: n = v1 x v2
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
P ( 2, 6, 1) , n = < 2, 3, 4> n = −4 3 1 = 8i + 2j − 4k − 2j
Formula to be used: 2 0 4

a(x-x0) + b(y-y0 ) + c(z-z0) = 0 n = < 8, 4, −4 >

Use P(3,4,1) and n to find eq of P1
Solution:
P1 : 8(x-3)+4(y-4)-4(z-1)=0
2(x-2) + 3(y-6) + 1(z-1) = 0 P1 : 2x+y-z-9
2x-4+3y-18+z-1=0
Use P(0,3,0) and n to find eq of P2
P2 : 8(x-0)+4(y-3)+1(z-0)=0
Equation of plane: 2x+3y+z-23=0
P2 : 2x+y-z-3=0
|−9−(−3)| 6
d= 2 2 2
= = 6 units
2 + 1 + −1 6
 Examples

9. Find an equation of the line that satisfies the

stated conditions. 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗
n1 = v x n2 = 3 2 −1 3 2
#26) The plane that contains the line x = -2+3t, y 1 −2 1 1 −2
= 4+2t, z = 3-t and is perpendicular to the plane x-
2y+z = 5. n1 = ( 2i – j – 6k ) – ( 2k + 2i + 3j ) = - 4j – 8k
Solution: n1 = < 0 , -4 , -8 >
Given:
x = -2+3t P ( -2, 4, 3 ) P1 : P ( -2 , 4 , 3 ) , n1 = < 0 , -4 , -8 >
P1: L y = 4+2t 0 (x + 2) + (-4) (y – 4) + (-8) (z – 3) = 0
1
z = 3-t V = < 3, 2, -1 > [-4y – 8z + 40 = 0] -
4
P1 ┴ P2 : x - 2y + z = 5, n2 = < 1, -2, 1 >
y + 2z -10 = 0
Since P1 ┴ P2, then n1 and n2 are orthogonal
 Examples

10. Find an equation of the plane that contains the line 11. Find the distance of the parallel lines:
x=3t, y=1+t, z=2+t and is parallel to the intersection of
the planes y+t=-1 and 2x-y+z=0 L1 : 2x – 3y + z + 17 = 0
Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 L2 : 2x - 3y + z + 6 = 0
𝑣2 = 𝑛2 × 𝑛3 = 0 1 1 d1 −d2
2 −1 1 Solution: from d =
a2 +b2 +c2
17−6
𝑣2 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘 =< 2,2, −2 > d=
(2)2 + −3 2 +(1)2

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 11√14
d= units.
𝑛1 = 𝑣1 × 𝑣2 = 3 1 2 14
2 2 −2

𝑛1 = −6𝑖 + 10𝑗 + 4𝑘 =< −6,10,4 >

𝑃: 𝑃1 0,1,0 𝑛 =< −6,10,4 >
−6 𝑥 − 0 + 10 𝑦 − 1 + 4 𝑧 − 0 = 0

𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
 Examples

12. Find the distance between point (2, -3, 1) and 13. Determine the parametric and symmetric
the plane x – 4y +2z – 18 = 0. equations of <xi + yj + zk>=<2i-4k> + t<i-j+3k>
Solution: Solution:
ax0 +bx0 +cx0 +d
from d =
a2 +b2 +c2
<x, y, z> = <2, 0, -4> + t<1, -1, 3>

n= <1, -4, 2>

Parametric Equation : x=2+t , y=-t , z=-4-3t
x−2 y z+4
(1)(2)+(−4)(−3)+(2)(1)+(−18) Symmetric Equation : = =
d= 1 −1 3
(1)2 +(−4)2 +(2)2

2√21
d= units.
21
 Examples

14. Show that the lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are parallel, and 15. Find the distance between 𝐿1and 𝐿2 .
find the distance between them. 𝐿1 : 𝑃1 0, 3, 2 , 𝐿2 : 𝑃2 1, 0, 0
𝑃1 𝑃2 = 1, −3, −2 ; 𝑉1 = 2, 4, −6
𝐿1 : 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 3 + 4𝑡, 𝑧 = 2 − 6𝑡
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑥 𝑉1
From 𝑑 =
𝐿2 ∶ 𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑡, 𝑦 = 6𝑡, 𝑧 = −9𝑡 𝑉1

𝐿1 : 𝑉1 = 2, 4, −6 𝐿2 : 𝑉2 = 3, 6, −9 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗
𝑉2 = 1.5𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑥 𝑉1 = 1 −3 −2 1 −3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉2 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉1 , 𝑉1 // 2 4 −6 2 4
𝑉2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑥 𝑉1 = 26𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 10𝑘

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑥 𝑉1 = 2 195

𝑉1 = 2 14

2 195
𝑑= = 3.73 𝑢
2 14
Activity
 Vector-Valued Functions

Definition: A vector-valued function or vector Derivatives

function on a domain set D is a rule that assigns a
vector in space to each element in D.
 Vector-Valued Functions and Its Derivatives

Definition: A vector-valued function or vector Derivatives

function on a domain set D is a rule that assigns a
vector in space to each element in D.
Differentiation Rules and Applications
Integrals of Vector-Valued Functions

Integrals
 Examples

1. Find the vector velocity of 2. Find the vector velocity of

𝑣 = 3 cos(𝑡) 𝑖 − 4𝑡𝑗 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑡 2 − 1 𝑖 + 2 𝑡𝑗
𝑣 = < 𝑡 2 − 1, 2 𝑡 >
𝑣 = < 3 cos 𝑡 , − 4𝑡 > Getting the derivative,
1
Getting the derivatives, 𝑣 ′ = < 2𝑡, >
1 𝑡
′
𝑣 = < −3 sin 𝑡 , − >
𝑡
 Examples

3. Find the velocity and acceleration vectors, 4. Find the indefinite integral.
speed and direction of motion.
(2𝑡 𝑖 + 3𝑡 2 𝑗) 𝑑𝑡
𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡 + 1 𝑖 + 𝑡 2 − 1 𝑗 + 2𝑡 𝑘
Solution: (2𝑡 𝑖 + 3𝑡 2 𝑗) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 𝑖 + 𝑡 3 𝑗 + 𝐶
𝑣 = 𝑟 ′ 𝑡 = 𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑣 = < 1,2𝑡, 2 >
𝑎 = 𝑟 ′′ 𝑡 = 2𝑗 =< 0,2,0 >
𝑠 = 𝑣 = (1)2 +(2𝑡)2 +(2)2 5. Evaluate the definite integral.
2 2
𝑠= 4𝑡 2
+5 ( 2𝑡 𝑖 + 3𝑡 2 𝑗) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 𝑖 + 𝑡 3 𝑗 = 4i + 8j
0 0
𝑣 < 1 + 2𝑡 + 2 >
𝑢= =
|𝑣| 4𝑡 2 + 5
1 2𝑡 2
𝑢 =< , , >
4𝑡 2 +5 4𝑡 2 +5 4𝑡 2 +5
Length of a Curve; Curvature
Examples
 References
Calculus Early Transcendentals, Wiley Custom Edition 10ed by
Anton