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Chordate - Wikipedia
Chordate - Wikipedia
1 = bulge in spinal
11 = pharynx
cord ("brain")
2 = notochord12 = vestibule
13 = cord
3 = dorsal nerve oral cirri
4 = post-anal14tail
= mouth opening
5 = anus 15 = gonads (ovary / testicle)
6 = digestive16
canal
= light sensor
7 = circulatory
17system
= nerves
8 = atriopore18 = metapleural fold
9 = space above
19 = pharynx
hepatic caecum (liver-like sack)
10 = pharyngeal slit (gill)
Anatomy of the cephalochordate Amphioxus. Bolded items are components of all chordates at some point in their lifetimes, and distinguish them from other phyla.
Classification
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata (Acraniata) – (lancelets; 30
species)
Class Leptocardii (lancelets)
Clade Olfactores
Subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) – (tunicates; 3,000
species)
Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
Class Thaliacea (salps, doliolids and pyrosomes)
Class Appendicularia (larvaceans)
Class Sorberacea
Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) (vertebrates –
animals with backbones; 66,100+ species)
Superclass 'Agnatha' paraphyletic (jawless
vertebrates; 100+ species)
Class Cyclostomata
Infraclass Myxinoidea or Myxini (hagfish;
65 species)
Infraclass Petromyzontida or Hyperoartia
(lampreys)
Class †Conodonta
Class †Myllokunmingiida
Class †Pteraspidomorphi
Class †Thelodonti
Class †Anaspida
Class †Cephalaspidomorphi
Infraphylum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
Class †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured
forms; paraphyletic in relation to all other
gnathostomes)
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish;
900+ species)
Class †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks";
paraphyletic in relation to Chondrichthyes)
Class Osteichthyes (bony fish; 30,000+
species)
Subclass Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish;
about 30,000 species)
Subclass Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish:
8 species)
Superclass Tetrapoda (four-limbed
vertebrates; 35,100+ species) (The
classification below follows Benton 2004, and
uses a synthesis of rank-based Linnaean
taxonomy and also reflects evolutionary
relationships. Benton included the Superclass
Tetrapoda in the Subclass Sarcopterygii in
order to reflect the direct descent of
tetrapods from lobe-finned fish, despite the
former being assigned a higher taxonomic
rank.)[16]
Class Amphibia (amphibians; 8,100+
species)[17]
Class Sauropsida (reptiles (including
birds); 21,300+ species – 10,000+
species of birds and 11,300+ species of
reptiles)[18][19][20]
Class Synapsida (mammals; 5,700+
species)
Subphyla
Cephalochordata: Lancelets
Craniata (Vertebrata)
Craniate: Hagfish
Craniates all have distinct skulls. They include the hagfish, which
have no vertebrae. Michael J. Benton commented that "craniates
are characterized by their heads, just as chordates, or possibly all
deuterostomes, are by their tails".[28]
Phylogeny
Overview
All of the earliest chordate fossils have been found in the Early
Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, and include two species that are
regarded as fish, which implies that they are vertebrates. Because
the fossil record of early chordates is poor, only molecular
phylogenetics offers a reasonable prospect of dating their
emergence. However, the use of molecular phylogenetics for
dating evolutionary transitions is controversial.
Hemichordates
Ambulacraria
Echinoderms
Cephalochordates
Deuterostomes
Chordates Tunicates
Olfactores
Craniates
(vertebrates)
Chordata
†Haikouella
Appendicularia (formerly Larvacea)
Tunicata "Ascidiacea" (polyphyletic; sea squirts)
Thaliacea (salps)
Hemichordates
History of name
See also
Chordate genomics
List of chordate orders – All the classes and orders of phylum
Chordata
References
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External links