Acopladores Opticos

Optocouplers Data Book 1996
Contents
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selector Guide Alphanumeric Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product Information Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optocouplers Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optocouplers Optical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification Chart for Opto Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conventions Used in Presenting Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomenclature for Semiconductor Devices According to Pro Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type Designation Code for Optocouplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type Designation Code for Optical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symbols and Terminology Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example for Using Symbols According to DIN 41 785 and IEC 148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Sheet Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Data Thermal Resistances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optical and Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dimensions (Mechanical Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Description Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Tables Optoelectronic General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurements on Emitter Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurements on Detector Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Static Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switching Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taping of SMD Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top Tape Removal Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordering Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assembly Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soldering Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8 8 9 10 12 12 13 13 14 17 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 26 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 31
TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
Contents (continued)
Handling Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protection against ElectrostaticDamage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mounting Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Quality Flow Chart Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process Flow Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assembly Flow Chart for Standard Opto-Coupler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualification and Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistical Methods for Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Early Failure Rate (EFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activation Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-Term Failure Rate (LFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optocouplers in Switching Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VDE 0884 - Facts and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layout Design Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEMIC Optocoupler Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6PIN STD Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application of Optoelectronic Reflex Sensors TCRT1000, TCRT5000, TCRT9000, CNY70 . . . . . . . . Drawings of the Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optoelectronic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parameters and Practical Use of the Reflex Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coupling Factor, k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resolution, Trip Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity, Dark Current and Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ambient Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application Examples, Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application Example with Dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circuits with Reflex Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross Reference List Opto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opto Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opto Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 33 34 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 41 41 41 43 44 44 42 45 45 46 48 48 48 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 61 63 68 77 77 313 419
Optoisolators
Characteristics VIO Package Type VRMS CTR IF=10 mA % V(BRCEO) IC=1 mA V V mA mA VCEsat @ IF and IC ton / toff @ IC RL=100 W
ms
mA
6 Pin Optoisolators with Transistor Output

4N252) 4N262) 4N272) 4N282) 4N352) 4N362) 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 100(>20) 100(>20) 100(>10) 100(>10) 150(>100) 150(>100) >32 >32 >32 >32 >32 >32 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.3 <0.3 50 50 50 50 10 10 2 2 2 2 0.5 0.5 4 4 4 4 <10 <10 10 10 10 10 2 2 2
4N372) 3750 150(>100) >32 <0.3 10 0.5 <10 2) Water-proof construction: Suitable for cleaning process with pure water. For your orders, attach S to the order-no. (e.g., 4N25(G)VS)
6 Pin Optoisolators with Darlington Output

4N322) 4N332)
2) Water-proof
3750 3750
>500 >500
>55 >55
<1 <1
8 8
2 2
50 50
50 50
construction: Suitable for cleaning process with pure water. For your orders, attach S to the order-no. (e.g., 4N25(G)VS)
Multichannel Optoisolators with Transistor Output

MCT6 CNY742 MCT62 K827P CNY74-4 K847P
1)
2800 2800 2800 2800 2800 2800
>60 50600 1) >100

1)
>70 >70 >70 >70
<0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3
10 10 10 10
1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6
2 2 2 2
50600 1) 50600 1) 50600 1)
IF = 5 mA
Surface Mount Optoisolators with Transistor Output

MOC205 MOC206 MOC207 TCMT1020 TCMT1021 TCMT1022 TCMT1023 TCMT1024 2500 2500 4080 63125 100200 <40 4080 63 125 63125 100200 160320 >90 >90 <0.3 10 1 6 5
t0 3 0.3
10
Characteristics VIO Package Type VRMS CTR IF=10 mA % V(BRCEO) IC=1 mA V V mA mA VCEsat @ IF and IC ton / toff @ IC RL=100 W
ms
mA
Surface Mount Optoisolators with Transistor Output

MOC211 MOC212 MOC213 MOC215 MOC216 MOC217 TCMT1030 TCMT1031 TCMT1032 TCMT1033 TCMT1034
1)
>20 >50 2500 >100 >20 1) >50 1) >100 1) >10 1) >20 1) 2500 >50 1) >100 1) >200 1) >90 <0.3 10 1 6 5 >90 <0 3 <0.3 10 1 6 5
IF = 1 mA
Metal Can Optoisolators

CNY18III CNY18IV CNY18V K120P 3C91C 500 500 500 800 1000 2550 4080 60120 50 (>25) 100 (>40) >32 >32 >32 >35 >50 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.3 <0.3 10 10 10 20 20 1 1 1 2.5 2.5 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 3 2
3C92C
800
100 (>40)
>50
<0.3
20
2.5
Characteristics VIO Package Type VDC CTR IF=10 mA % V(BRCEO) IC=1 mA V V mA mA VCEsat @ IF and IC ton / toff @ IF RL=100 W
ms
mA
Optoisolators for Intrinsic Safety Requirements, with Transistor Output

CNY21Exi Ex-90.C.2106U CNY65Exi Ex-81/2158U 10000 80(>50) >32 <0.3 10 1 5 5
11600
63125
>32
<0.3
10
ms
mA
VDE 0884 Approved Optoisolators

Standard Optoisolators with Transistor Output
4N25(G)V1) 4N35(G)V1)
1) Water-proof
6000
100(>20)
>32
<0.5
50
10
6000
150(>100)
>70
<0.3
10
0.5
10
No Base Connection
TCDT1110(G) 6000 150(>100) >70 <0.3 10 0.5 10 2
Order G devices e.g., TCDT1110(G) with wide spaced 0.4 lead form, for 8 mm PC board spacing safety requirements!
With CTR Ranking

CQY80N(G)1) CNY17(G)-11) CNY17(G)-21) 6000 6000 6000 90(>50) 4080 63125 >32 >32 >32 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 10 10 10 1 1 1 9 9 9 5 5 5 5
CNY17(G)-31) 6000 100200 >32 <0.3 10 1 9 1) Water-proof construction: Suitable for cleaning process with pure water. For your orders, attach S to the order-no., e.g., 4N25(G)VS
No Base Connection
TCDT1100(G) TCDT1101(G) TCDT1102(G) TCDT1103(G) 6000 6000 6000 6000 90(>50) 4080 63125 100200 >32 >32 >32 >32 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5
With CTR Ranking and High Output Voltage

CNY75(G)A1) CNY75(G)B1) CNY75(G)C1)
1) Water-proof
6000 6000 6000
63125 100200 160320
>90 >90 >90
<0.3 <0.3 <0.3
10 10 10
1 1 1
4 6 7
10 10 10
ms
mA
No Base Connection
TCDT1120(G) TCDT1122(G) TCDT1123(G) 6000 6000 6000 63 63125 100200 >90 >90 >90 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 4 5 6 7 10 10 10 10
TCDT1124(G) 6000 160320 >90 <0.3 10 Order G devices, e.g., CNY75GA with wide spaced 0.4 lead form, for 8 mm PC board spacing safety requirements!
Optoisolators for High Isolation Voltages

CNY21N CNY64 CNY64A CNY64B CNY65 CNY65A CNY65B CNY66 8000 8000 8000 8000 60(>25) 50300 63125 100200 50300 63125 100200 50300 >32 <0.3 10 1 5 5 >32 <0.3 10 1 5 5 >32 <0.3 10 1 5 5 >32 <0.3 10 1 5 5
Characteristics Package Type VIO VIOTM VDRM V ITRMS mA IFT mA VTM V dv/dt V/ms
Optoisolators with Triac Driver Output

K3010P(G) K3011P(G) K3012P(G) K3020P(G) K3021P(G) K3022P(G) 6000 500 100 250 100 <15 <10 <5 <30 <15 <10 <3 10 <3 10
K3023P(G) <5 Order G devices e.g., K3011PG with wide spaced 0.4 lead form, for 8 mm PC board spacing safety requirements! 1) VDE 0884 certificate is applied
Optical Sensors
Characteristics IC Package Type mA % CTR @ IF mA V(BR)CEO @ 1 mA V V VCEsat @ IF and IC mA mA
Reflective Optical Sensors

CNY70
TCRT1000
>0.3
>1.5
20
>32
<0.3
20
0.1
TCRT1010
TCRT5000
>0.35
>3.5
10
>32
<0.4
10
0.1
Transmissive Optical Sensors

with Aperture with Transistor Output
TCST1103 TCST2103 TCST1202 TCST2202 TCST1300 TCST2300
*)TCST2103 /TCST2202 /TCST2300
4(>2) 4(>2) 2(>1) 2(>1) 0.5(>0.25) 0.5(>0.25)
20(>10) 20(>10) 10(>5) 10(>5) 2.5(>1.25) 2.5(>1.25)
20 20 20 20 20 20
70 70 70 70 70 70
3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2
1 1 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25
without Aperture with Transistor Output

TCST1000 0.5(>0.25) 2.5(>1.25) 20 70 3.1 0.8
TCST2000
0.5(>0.25)
2.5(>1.25)
20
70
3.1
0.8
Miniature Transmissive Optical Sensors with Transistor Output

TCST1230 TCST1030 TCST5123 1(>0.5) 2.5(>1.2) 5(>2.4) 5(>2.5) 25(>12) 25(>12) 20 10 20 70 70 70 3 3 2.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Miniature Optical Encoder with Transistor Output (Dual Channel)

TCVT1300 0.6(>0.4) 2(>1.3) 30 70 1.5 0.2 0.2
Characteristics IC Package Type mA % CTR @ IF mA V(BR)CEO @ 1 mA V Gap mm Resolution mm Aperture mm
Matched Pairs (Emitter and Detector)

TCZT8012 2(>1) 10(>5) 20 70 <0.4 20 0.1
TCZT8020
0.5(>0.25)
2.5(>1.25)
20
70
<0.4
20
0.025
Characteristics IFT Package Type mA ton / toff tr / tf VCC V Gap mm Resolution mm Aperture mm
ms
ms
Transmissive Optical Sensors with Schmitt Trigger Logic1)

TCSS1100 TCSS2100 <10 <10 2 2 0.03 0.03 5 5 3.2 3.2 0.6 0.6 1 1
Matched Pairs (Emitter and Detector) with Schmitt Trigger Logic1)

TCZS8000 <20 2 0.03 5
TCZS8100 1) Inverted, open collector output
<10
0.03
4.516
Optical Sensors with Wires and Connectors

Characteristics IFT Package Type mA VOL V IS mA VCC V Gap mm Resolution mm Aperture mm
Transmissive Optical Sensors with Schmitt Trigger Logic Output

TCYS5201 0.35 30 5 5 0.4 0.5
TCYS6201
0.35
30
0.4
0.5
Product Information Card

Optocouplers Isolators
Market Segment, Recommended TEMIC Devices Description On-off external control circuit, feedback circuit, overvoltage detection circuit. Main features: Insulation input-to-output and small transformers are replaced. Key features: Isolation test voltage (std is 3.750 KV RMS) and CTR (ratio output current/ input current). Different models request different CTR rank. Coupler with no base connection is very popular because it prevents interferences. Most usable parts: CQY80N/ TCDT1100 and CNY75/ TCDT1120 all couplers also available in G version. G stands for extended creepage distance of 0.4I lead to lead. Isolation of dc input circuit, isolation of dc output circuit, signal serve motor control circuit. Isolation for signal transfer system for automatic door control, circuit lamp and relay drive circuit. Motor driving power-supply circuit (primarysecondary circuit isolation), high-voltage control circuit of static electric printer, printer driver circuit interface between input and output circuit. Interface between input and output circuit type selection circuit. Applications Power supply in monitors, computers, copy machines, printers, faxmachines, TV, VCR, medical equipment, washing machines etc.

Switchmode power supply CQY80N/ TCDT1101-03 CNY75A-C/ TCDT1121-23 CNY64 or CNY65 for larger creepage distances Control equipment please recommend: 4N35-4N37 Programmable controller, numerical control, PPC tele-facsimile, automatic door control, others PPC tele-facsmile equipment, printer Office automation equipment please recommend: CNY64, CNY65 Vending machine please recommend: 4N35-4N37 Household appliance please recommend: CNY64, CNY65 K3010P-K3023P Audio signal isolation, video signal interface, power-supply circuit, motor control circuit. Triac driver interface between input and output Base amplification circuit of inverter control over-current detection circuit. TV, electrical sewing machine, microwave oven, warm air heating equipment, air conditioner Compact disc player Audio equipment see switch-mode power supply Telecommunication please recommend: K3010P-K3023P, 4N35-4N37, 4N32 Power supply circuit (primary-secondary circuit isolation) Isolation for signal transfer system, pulse-dial circuit, ring-detector circuit, loop monitor circuit Push-button telephone system 8 TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
Optocouplers Optical Sensors

TV, audio please recommend: TCRT1000, 5000, TCST5123, 1030, 1230 TCVT1300 Detection of rotation speed, position pick-up head, home position tape counter, tape-end detection VCR, VDP, CD player, tape deck Home electric please recommend: TCRT5000, TCST1103, TCST1300, IR single parts Automotive please recommend: optical pairs: TCZT8020, TCZT8012, TCZS8100, TCRT1000 Control and measure please recommend: TCVT1300, TCRT1000 Office automation please recommend: TCST1030, 1230, TCST1300, TCRT1000 TCRT5000 Others TCST1103, TCRT5000, TCST1300 Scattering reflection light, detection of washing water contaminiation, detection of salt level, mechanical position detection, movement of needle, cloth feeder Engine speed detection, point-position detection, steering angle detection, detection of door lock Smoke detector. washing machines, dish-washer, health equipment, sewing machines Tachometer, speedometer, steering wheel, door Speed rotation, motor position, distance detection, mechanical position detection, object sensor Rotary encoder measuring, devices, robots, electricity meters Detection of paper, paper position, home position, print timing, detection of paper feeding, detection of paper exhaustion index, write-protect detection, zero tracking detection, detection of scan timing Detection of coins, detection of paper money, detection of prints, detection of weight, object sensor/ on/ off position, liquid-level detection Copier, printer, typewriter, facsimile, FDD, tape drives, handy, scanner Slot machine ticket/ vending machines, validator, film cutter, electronic scales, watertab, liquid, container TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96 9
Market Segment, Application
Description
Usability
Classification Chart for Opto Isolators

General purpose
4N27/28 CTR>10% Standard Transistor output 4N25/26 CTR>20% 4N3537 CTR>100% Base n.c. Transistor output High CTR Darlington output American pin connection 4N32/33 CTR>500% TCDT1110 CTR>50%
4N-Series
CNY742 CTR>50600% MCT6/62 CTR>100% K827P CTR>50600% CNY744 CTR>50600% K847P CTR>50600% 2800 V 3550 V 3750 V 6000 V
2 Channels Transistor output Multichannel
American pin connection
Japanese pin connection American pin connection 4 Channels Transistor output Japanese pin connection 1500 V
96 11941
10
Classification Chart for Opto Isolators

VDE-tested devices for e.g., switching power supply
CNY64/65/66 Thickness of isolation > 2mm use for: IEC 335 / VDE 700; safety standard Transistor output CTR>50% CNY21N CTR>25% base n.c. TCDT110.(G) CTR>50% base n.c. TCDT1110(G) CTR>100% base n.c. Creepage distance 8mm Transistor output TCDT112.(G) CTR>63% 4N25(G)V CTR>20% 4N35(G)V CTR>100% CQY80N(G) CTR>50% CNY17(G) Thickness of isolation > 0.75mm use for: IEC 435 / VDE 0805 IEC 380 / VDE 0806 Triac driver CTR>40% CNY75(G) CTR>63% K3010P(G) VDRM=250V, IFT 15mA K3020P(G) VDRM=500V, IFT 30mA CNY65Exi Creepage distance > 8mm PTB-tested device use for: intrinsic safety CNY18 CTR>25% K120P Hermetically-sealed package JEDEC TO72 Different pin connections Transistor output CTR>25% 3C91C CTR>40% 3C92C CTR>40% 500 V 1000 V 6000 V 8000 V 10000 V 11000 V 15000 V Thickness of isolation > 3.3mm Transistor output CTR 63125% CNY21Exi CTR>50%

96 11940
11
Conventions Used in Presenting Technical Data Nomenclature for Semiconductor Devices According to Pro Electron
The type number of semiconductor devices consists of two letters followed by a serial number C N Y75
Material
Function
Serial number
The first letter gives information about the material used for the active part of the devices. A B C R GERMANIUM (Materials with a band gap of 0.6 1.0 eV) 1) SILICON (Materials with a band gap of 1.0 1.3 eV) 1) GALLIUM-ARSENIDE (Materials with a band gap > 1.3 eV) 1) COMPOUND MATERIALS (For instance Cadmium-Sulphide)
N P Q R S T U X Y Z
PHOTO COUPLER DIODE: Radiation sensitive DIODE: Radiation generating THYRlSTOR: Low power TRANSISTOR: Low power, switching THYRISTOR: Power TRANSISTOR: Power, switching DIODE: Multiplier, e.g., varactor, step recovery DIODE: Rectifying, booster DIODE: Voltage reference or voltage regulator, transient suppressor diode
The second letter indicates the circuit function: A B C D E F G H K L M DIODE: Detection, switching, mixer DIODE: Variable capacitance TRANSISTOR: Low power, audio frequency TRANSISTOR: Power, audio frequency DIODE: Tunnel TRANSISTOR: Low power, high frequency DIODE: Oscillator, miscellaneous DIODE: Magnetic sensitive HALL EFFECT DEVICE: In an open magnetic circuit. TRANSISTOR: Power, high frequency HALL EFFECT DEVICE: In a closed magnetic circuit
The serial number consists of:
D Three figures, running from 100 to 999, for devices

primarily intended for consumer equipment.
D One letter (Z, Y, X, etc.) and two figures running from

10 to 99, for devices primarily intended for professional equipment.
A version letter can be used to indicate a deviation of a single characteristic, either electrically or mechanically. The letter never has a fixed meaning, the only exception being the letter R, which indicates reversed voltage, i.e., collector-to-case.
1)
The material mentioned are examples
12
Type Designation Code for Optocouplers
F
TEMIC TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors
F
Case varieties C = Metal can D = Dual inline G = Casting products H = Metal can parts mounted in plastic case M= SMD package
F
Number of coupler systems 1 = 1 system 2 = 2 systems 3 = 3 systems 4 = 4 systems
F
Main type
Coupler
Output D = Darlington E = Split-Darlington H = High speed L = Linear IC S = Schmitt Trigger T = Transistor V = Triac
IF T on 4. position Pin connection please refer to data sheet
Selection type
Type Designation Code for Optical Sensors
F
TEMIC TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors
F
Package varieties 1 = without mounting flange 2 = with mounting flange 3 = with mounting flange on emitter side 4 = with mounting flange on detector side 5 = special package without flange 6 = special package with flange 7 = TO92 Mini 8 = single part 9 = special part
F
Main type
F
Appendix U = Unmounted
Function/ Case varieties N = SMD reflective sensor O = Reflective sensor with wire terminals R = Reflective sensor S = Transmission sensor (polycarbonat) U = SMD transmissive sensor V = 2 channel transmissive sensor X = Transmission sensor with wire terminals Y = Transmission sensor with connector Z = Emitter and detector matched pairs without package
Selection type
Coupler
Output D = Darlington L = Linear IC S = Schmitt Trigger T = Transistor
Aperture 0 = without 1 = 1 mm 2 = 0.5 mm 3 = 0.25 mm
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Symbols and Terminology Alphabetically

A Anode, anode terminal A Radiant sensitive area That area which is radiant-sensitive for a specified range a Distance between the emitter (source) and the detector AQL Acceptable Quality Level, see Qualification and Monitoring B Base, base terminal C Capacitance C Cathode, cathode terminal C Collector, collector terminal C Celsius Unit of the centigrade scale; can also be used (besides K) to express temperature changes Symbols: T, DT T(C) = T(K)273 CCEO Collector emitter capacitance Capacitance between the collector and the emitter with open base Measurement is made by applying reverse voltage between collector and emitter terminals. Cj Junction capacitance Capacitance due to a PN-junction of a diode It decreases with increasing reverse voltage. Ck Coupling capacitance Capacitance between the emitter and the detector of an opto isolator CTR Current Transfer Ratio Ratio between output and input current CTR Critical rate of rise of commutating voltage (IF IFT) Highest value of rate of rise of commutating voltage. It will not switch-on the device again until after the voltage has decreased to zero and the trigger current is switched to zero (If IFT). E Emitter, emitter terminal f Frequency Unit: Hz (Hertz) fg Cut-off frequency The frequency at which the modules of the small signal current transfer ratio has decreased to 1 of its lowest 2 frequency value. GB Gain bandwidth product Gain bandwidth product is defined as the product of M times the frequency of measurement, when the diode is biased for maximum of obtainable gain. hFE DC current gain IB Base current IC Collector current ICB Collector base current ICEO Collector dark current, with open base At radiant sensitive devices with open base and without illumination/radiation (E = 0) ICM Repetitive peak collector current ICX Cross talk current For reflex-coupled isolators, collector emitter cut-off current with the IR emitter activated, but without reflecting medium IDRM Repetitive peak off-state current The maximum leakage current that may occur under the conditions of VDRM IF Forward current continuous The current flowing through the diode in direction of lower resistance IFAV Average (mean) forward current TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
Dv/Dt crq
+ 100 II %
C F
d Distance Critical rate of rise of off-state voltage (IF = 0) Highest value of rate of rise of off-state voltage which will cause no switching from the off-state to the on-state. 14
Dv/Dt cr
IFM Peak forward current IFSM Surge forward current IFT Threshold forward current The minimum current required to switch from the offstate to the on-state IH The minimum current required to maintain the thyristor in the on-state Io DC output current IOH High level output current IR Reverse current, leakage current Current which flows when reverse bias is applied to a semiconductor junction Iro Reverse dark current Reverse dark current which flows through a photoelectric device without radiation/ illumination ISrel Relative supply current IT On-state current The permissible output current under stated conditions K Kelvin The unit of absolute temperature T (also called the Kelvin temperature); also used for temperature changes (formerly K) Ptot Total power dissipation Pv Power dissipation, general RIO Input/ output isolation resistor RL Load resistance RthJA Thermal resistance, junction ambient RthJC Thermal resistance, junction case S Displacement T Period (duration)
T Temperature 0 K = 273.16C Unit: K (Kelvin), C (Celsius) t Time Tamb Ambient temperature It self-heating is significant: Temperature of the surrounding air below the device, under conditions of thermal equilibrium. If self-heating is insignificant: Air temperature in the immediate surroundings of the device Tamb Ambient temperature range As an absolute maximum rating: The maximum permissible ambient temperature range. Tcase Case temperature The temperature measured at a specified point on the case of a semiconductor device Unless otherwise stated, this temperature is given as the temperature of the mounting base for devices with metal can td Delay time tf Fall time, see figure 17 Tj Junction temperature It is the spatial mean value of temperature which the junction has acquired during operation. In the case of phototransistors, it is mainly the temperature of collector junction because its inherent temperature is maximum. TC Temperature coefficient The ratio of the relative change of an electrical quantity to the change in temperature (T) which causes it, under otherwise constant operating conditions. toff Turn-off time, see figure 17 ton Turn-on time, see figure 17 tp Pulse duration, see figure 17 tr Rise time, see figure 17 ts Storage time
15
Tsd Soldering temperature Maximum allowable temperature for soldering with specified distance from case and its duration (see table 2) Tstg Storage temperature range The temperature range at which the device may be stored or transported without any applied voltage VBEO Base-emitter voltage, open collector V(BR) Breakdown voltage Reverse voltage at which a small increase in voltage results in a sharp rise of reverse current It is given in technical data sheets for a specified current. V(BR)CEO Collector emitter breakdown voltage, open base V(BR)EBO Emitter base breakdown voltage, open collector V(BR)ECO Emitter collector breakdown voltage, open base VCBO Collector-base voltage, open emitter Generally, reverse biasing is the voltage applied to anyone of two terminals of a transistor in such a way that one of the junction operates in reverse direction, whereas the third terminal (second junction) is specified separately. VCE Collector-emitter voltage VCEO Collector-emitter voltage, open base (IB = 0) VCEsat Collector emitter saturation voltage Saturation voltage is the dc voltage between collector and emitter for specified (saturation) conditions i.e., IC and IF, whereas the operating point is within the saturation region.
IC Saturation region
VDRM Repetitive peak off-state voltage The maximum allowable instantaneous value of repetitive off-state voltage that may be applied across the triac output VEBO Emitter base voltage, open collector VECO Emitter collector voltage, open base VF The voltage across the diode terminals which results from the flow of current in the forward direction VIO The voltage between the input terminals and the output terminals VIORM The maximum recurring peak (repetitive) voltage value of the optocoupler, characterizing the long-term withstand capability against transient overvoltages VIOTM The impulse voltage value of the optocoupler, characterizing the long-term withstand capability against transient overvoltage VIOWM The maximum rms. voltage value of the optocoupler, characterizing the long-term withstand capability of its insulation VR Reverse voltage Voltage drop which results from the flow of reverse current Vs Supply voltage VTM On-state voltage The maximum voltage when a thyristor is in the on-state VTMrel Relative on-state voltage Angle of half sensitivity The plane angles through which a detector, illuminated by a point source, can be rotated in both directions away from the optical axis, before the electrical output of the device falls to half the maximum value Angle of half sensitivity The plane angles through which an emitter can be rotated in both directions away from the optical axis, before the electrical output of a linear detector facing the emitter falls to half the maximum value
IF given given IC
96 11694
VCESat
VCE
Figure 1.
16
Example for Using Symbols According to DIN 41 785 and IEC 148
a)
Transistor
AC value Ic Icav ICAV ICM IC iC ic
Icm
IC ICAV ICM;IC IC ICM;IC iC iC
Collector current
dc value, no signal Average total value Maximum total value RMS varying component Maximum varying component value Instantaneous total value Instantaneous varying component value
The following relationships are valid: ICM = ICAV + Icm iC = ICAV + ic
93 7795
without signal
with signal
Figure 2.
b)
VF VFSM VFRM VFWM
Diode
VF VR VFSM VRSM VFRM
0 t VRWM VRRM VRSM VR

93 7796
VRRM VFWM VRWM
Forward voltage Reverse voltage Surge forward voltage (non-repetitive) Surge reverse voltage (non-repetitive) Repetitive peak forward voltage Repetitive peak reverse voltage Crest working forward voltage Crest working reverse voltage
Figure 3.
17
c)
Triac
Quadrant I +I +IT Forward Breakover Voltage / Current +VT +IDRM V VDRM +VDRM +V IDRM VT Reverse Breakover Voltage / Current IT Quadrant III I
96 11881
+IH
Repetitive peak off-state current IFT Threshold forward current IH Holding current IT On-state current VDRM Repetitive peak off-state voltage VTM On-state voltage
IDRM
IH
Figure 4.
d)
Designation and symbols of optoelectronic devices are given so far as possible according to DIN 44020 sheet 1 and IEC publication 50 (45).
18
Data Sheet Structure

Data sheet information is generally presented in the following sequence:
Thermal Data Thermal Resistances

Some thermal data (e.g., junction temperature, storage temperature range, total power dissipation) are given under the heading Absolute maximum ratings; (This is because they impose a limit on the application range of the device). The thermal resistance junction ambient (RthJA) quoted is that which would be measured without artificial cooling, i.e., under worst case conditions. Temperature coefficients, on the other hand, are listed together with the associated parameters under Optical and electrical characteristics.
D Description D Absolute maximum ratings D Thermal data thermal resistances D Optical and electrical characteristics D Diagrams D Dimensions (mechanical data)
Optical and Electrical Characteristics

Here, the most important operational, optical and electrical characteristics (minimum, typical and maximum values) are listed. The associated test conditions, supplemented with curves and an AQL-value quoted for particularly important parameters (see Qualification and Monitoring) are also given.
Description
The following information is provided: Type number, semiconductor materials used, sequence of zones, technology used, device type and, if necessary, construction. Also, short-form information on special features and the typical applications is given.
Diagrams
Besides the static (dc) and dynamic (ac) characteristics, a family of curves is given for specified operating conditions. These curves show the typical interpendence of individual characteristics.
Absolute Maximum Ratings

These define maximum permissible operational and environmental conditions. If any one of these conditions is exceeded, it could result in the destruction of the device. Unless otherwise specified, an ambient temperature of 25 3 C is assumed for all absolute maximum ratings. Most absolute ratings are static characteristics; if measured by a pulse method, the associated measurement conditions are stated. Maximum ratings are absolute (i.e., not interdependent). Any equipment incorporating semiconductor devices must be designed so that even under the most unfavorable operating conditions the specified maximum ratings of the devices used are never exceeded. These ratings could be exceeded because of changes in
Dimensions (Mechanical Data)

This list contains important dimensions and the sequence of connection, supplemented by a circuit diagram. Case outline drawings carry DIN-, JEDEC or commercial designations. Information on the angle of sensitivity or intensity and weight completes the list of mechanical data. Please Note: If the dimensional information does not include any tolerances, the following applies: Lead length and mounting hole dimensions are minimum values. Radiant sensitive (or emitting area respectively) are typical values, all other dimensions are maximum. Any device accessories must be ordered separately, quoting the order number.
D Supply voltage, the properties of other components

used in the equipment
Additional Information
Preliminary specifications This heading indicates that some information on preleminary specifications may be subject to slight changes. Not for new developments This heading indicates that the device concerned should not be used in equipment under development. It is, however, available for present production. 19
D Control settings D Load conditions D Drive level D Environmental conditions and the properties of the
devices themselves (i.e., ageing). TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
+5 V
270 W
M 0.1 mF
X VAC
TTL
Galvanical separation
Figure 5. Basic application of an optocoupler
96 11706
General Description
Basic Function
In an electrical circuit, an optocoupler ensures total electric isolation, including potential isolation, as in the case of a transformer, for instance. In practice, this means that the control circuit is located on one side of the optocoupler, i.e., the emitter side, while the load circuit is located on the other side, i.e., the receiver side. Both circuits are electrically isolated by the optocoupler (figure 5). Signals from the control circuit are transmitted optically to the load circuit, and are therefore free of retroactive effects. In most cases, this optical transmission is realized with light beams whose wavelengths span the red to infrared range, depending on the requirements applicable to the optocoupler. The bandwidth of the signal to be transmitted ranges from a dc voltage signal to frequencies in the MHz band. An optocoupler is comparable to a transformer or relay. Besides having smaller dimensions in most cases, the advantages of optocouplers compared to relays are the following: it ensures considerably shorter switching times, no contact bounce, no interference caused by arcs, no mechanical wear and the possibility of adapting a signal, already in the coupler, to the following stage in the circuitry. Thanks to all these advantages, optocouplers are outstandingly suitable for circuits used in microelectronics and also in data processing and telecommunication systems. Optocouplers are used to an increasing extent as safety tested components, e. g., in switchmode power supplies.
D Low coupling capacitance D No uncontrolled function by field strength influences

These factors are essentially dependent on the design, the materials used and the corresponding chips used for the emitter/receiver. TEMIC has succeeded in achieving a design with optimized insulation behavior and good transfer characteristics. TEMIC offers various mechanical designs. The 6-lead DIP package optocoupler is used most widely throughout the world. Since this design deviates fundamentally from manufacturers designs, it is necessary to explain its characteristics. In TEMICs 6-lead DIP couplers, the emitter and receiver chips are placed side by side. A semi-ellipsoid with best reflection capabilities is fitted over both chips. The entire system is then cast in a plastic material impermeable to the infrared range and of high dielectric strength. The whole system is enveloped in a light-proof plastic compound to ensure that no external influences such as light or dust, etc. will disturb the coupler, see figure 6. The design offers several advantages in comparison to conventional coupler designs. The mechanical clearance between the emitter and receiver is 0.75 mm and is thus mechanically stable even under thermal overloads, i.e., the possibility of a short circuit caused by material deformation is excluded. This is important for optocouplers which have to fulfill strict safety requirements (VDE/UL specifications), see VDE0884 Facts and Information. TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
Design
An optocoupler has to fulfill 5 essential requirements:
D Good insulation behavior D High current transfer ratio (CTR) D Low degradation
20
Thanks to their large clearance these couplers have a very low coupling capacity of 0.2 pF. Couplers with conventional designs, i.e., where the emitter and receiver are fitted face-to-face (figure 7), have higher coupling capacitance values by a factor of 1.3 - 2. Attention must be paid to the coupling capacitance in digital circuits in which steep pulse edges are produced which superimpose themselves on the control signal. With a low coupling capacitance, the transmission capabilities of these interference spikes are effectively suppressed between the input and output because a coupler should only transmit the effective signal. This capability of suppressing dynamic interferences is commonly known as common-mode rejection.
If inversions occur on the surface, the phototransistor becomes forward-biased, causing an inadmissible residual collector-emitter current. As a result, controlled functioning of the coupler is no longer guaranteed (figure 8). This effect occurs mainly whenever the receiver is within the field strength potential. The manufacturer should create suitable protective measures in this case. Using TEMICs optocouplers, such protective measures are not necessary thanks to their perfect design. The degradation of an optocoupler, i.e., impairment of its CTR over a finite period, depends on two factors. On the one hand, it depends on the emitter element due to its decreasing radiation power while, on the other hand, it depends on ageing or opaqueness of the synthetic resin which must transmit the radiation from the emitter to the receiver. A decrease in the radiation power can be primarily ascribed to thermal stress caused by an external, high ambient temperature and/or high a forward current. In practice, optocouplers are operated with forward current of 1 to 30 mA through the emitting diode. In this range, degradation at an average temperature of 40C is less than 5% after 1000 h. If we compare this value with the service life requirements applicable to transistors for high grade systems (such as those used in telecommunication system standards), the optocoupler takes a good position with such degradation values. The Deutsche Bundespost, for example, permits a B-drift of no more than 20% for transistors with a maximum testing time of 2000 h. In general, an optocouplers life time is a period of 150.000 h, i.e, the CTR should not have dropped below 50% of its value at 0 hours during this time (see figure 9).
Figure 6. Inline emitter and transmitter chip design (e.g., CQY80N)
Figure 7. Face-to-face design
Due to the special design of these couplers, the receiver surface is outside the area of the direct field strength. Field strength is produced when there is a voltage potential between the couplers input and output. It causes the migration of positive ions to the transistors surface. Positive ions perform on the base in the same way as a gate voltage applied to an n-channel FET transistor (see figure 8).
Figure 8. Functions of parasitic field effect transistor as a result of failure (latch-up) in the phototransistor of couplers
21
Technical Description Assembly

1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.5 0
96 12107
Emitter Emitters are manufactured using the most modern Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) process. By using this technology, the number of undesirable flaws in the crystal is reduced. This results in a higher quantum efficiency and thus higher radiation power. Distortions in the crystal are prevented by using mesa technology which leads to lower degradation. A further advantage of the mesa technology is that each individual chip can be tested optically and electrically even on the wafer. Detector
1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000
IC / IC ( 0 h ) Rel. Collector Current
Operating conditions: VCE=5V IF=30mA Tamb=25C
Test conditions: VCE=5V IF=10mA
t Time ( h )
Figure 9. Degradation under typical operating conditions with reference to the CQY80N
TEMIC detectors have been developed so that they match perfectly to the emitter. They have low capacitance values, high photosensitivity and are designed for an extremely low saturation voltage. Silicon nitride passivation protects the surface against possible impurities. Assembly The components are fitted onto lead frames by fully automatic equipment using conductive epoxy adhesive. Contacts are established automatically with digital pattern recognition using the well-proven thermosonic technique. In addition to optical and mechanical checks, all couplers are measured at a temperature of 100C.
Conversion Tables Optoelectronic General

Table 1. Corresponding radiometric and photometric definitions, symbols and units (DIN 5031, Part 1, 3)
Radiometric Units Unit Symbol Radiant flux, Fe Radiant power Radiant exitance, Me Exitance (Radiant) intensity Ic Radiant sterance, Radiance Radiant incidance, Irradiance Radiant energy Irradiation Le
Unit Watt, W W/m2 W/sr W sr *m 2 W/m2 Ws Ws/m2
Photometric Units Unit Symbol Luminous flux Fv Luminous emittance (Luminous) intensity Luminance (Brightness sterance) Illuminance Luminous energy Illumination Mv Iv Lv
Unit lumen, lm lm/m2 Candela, cd, lm/sr cd/m2
Note Power Output power per unit area Output power per unit solid angle Output power per unit solid angle and emitting areas Input power per unit area Power time Radiant energy or luminous energy per unit area
Ee Qe He
Ev Qv Hv
lm/m2 Lux, lx lm s lm s/m2
22
Measurement Techniques
Introduction
The characteristics given in the optocouplers data sheets are verified either by 100% production tests followed by statistic evaluation or by sample tests on typical specimens. Possible tests are the following:
VS = 5 V
I=
50 mA 100 mA constant
VF V Rj > 10 kW
D Measurements on emitter chip D Measurements on detector chip D Static measurements on optocoupler D Measurement of switching characteristics, cut-off
frequency and capacitance
94 8205
Figure 10.
VS = 80 V ( > VR max ) I = 10 mA constant
D Thermal measurements
The basic circuits used for the most important measurements are shown in the following sections, although these circuits may be modified slightly to cater for special measurement requirements.
Measurements on Emitter Chip

Forward- and Reverse Voltage Measurements
The forward voltage, VF, is measured either on a curve tracer or statically using the circuit shown in figure 10. A specified forward current (from a constant current source) is passed through the device and the voltage developed across it is measured. To measure the reverse voltage, VR, a 100 mA reverse current from a constant current source is applied to the diode (figure 11) and the voltage developed across it is measured on a voltmeter of extremely high input impedance (10 MW).
VR V Rj > 10 MW
94 8206
Figure 11.
VS = 100 V ( > VCEO ) IC = 1 mA constant
Measurements on Detector Chip

VCEO and ICEO Measurements
The collector-emitter voltage, VCEO, is measured either on a transistor curve tracer or statically using the circuit shown in figure 12. The collector dark current, ICEO, must be measured in complete darkness (figure 13). Even ordinary daylight illumination might cause wrong measurement results.
E < 100 lx VCEO V
Ri 1 MW
96 12367
Figure 12.
23
VS = 20 V ICEO E=0
VS = 5 V IF = 5 mA 10 mA constant
VS = 5 V
IC
10 kW
mV Ri = 1 MW 1W mV Rj = 10 kW
96 11696
96 11695
Figure 14. Figure 13.
VS = 5 V
VS = 5 V
Static Measurements
To measure the collector current, IC (figure 14), a specified forward current, IF, is applied to the lR diode. Voltage drop is then measured across a low-emitter resistance. In the case of collector-emitter saturation voltage, VCEsat (figure 15), a forward current, IF, is applied to the IR diode and a low collector current, IC, in the phototransistor. VCEsat is then measured across collector and emitter terminals as shown in figure 15.
IF = 10 mA constant
IC = 1 mA constant
VCEsat V Rj
w1 MW
94 8218
Figure 15.
Switching Characteristics
Definition
IF VS
Each electronic device generates a certain delay between input and output signals as well as a certain amount of amplitude distortion. A simplified circuit (figure 16) shows how the input and output signals of optocouplers can be displayed on a dual-trace oscilloscope. The following switching characteristics can be determined by comparing the timing of the output current waveform to that of the input current waveform (figure 17).
GaAs-Diode
Channel I
Channel II
96 11697
Figure 16.
24
96 11698
IF 0 tp IC 100% 90%
tp td tr ton (= td + tr) ts tf toff (= ts + tf)
pulse duration delay time rise time turn-on time storage time fall time turn-off time
10% 0 tr td ton ts toff tf
Figure 17.
Improvements of Switching Characteristics of Phototransistors and Darlington Phototransistors

With normal transistors, switching tunes can be reduced if the drive signal level and hence the collector current is
increased. Another time reduction (especially in fall time tf) can be achieved by using a suitable base resistor. However, this can only be done at the expense of a decreasing CTR.
25
Taping of SMD Couplers

TEMIC couplers in SMD packages are available in an antistatic 12 mm blister tape (in accordance with DIN IEC 286-3) for automatic component insertion. The blister tape is a plastic strip with impressed component cavities, covered by a top tape. For orders add GS12 to the part number, e.g., TCMT1020GS12.
96 12363
Figure 18. Blister tape
technical drawings according to DIN specifications
1.6 1.4
4.1 3.9
2.1 1.9
1.85 1.65
3.9 3.7 0.3 max.
5.55 5.45 5.4 5.2 12.3 11.7
6.6 6.4 8.1 7.9
1.6 1.4
96 11942
Figure 19. Tape dimensions in mm Number of Components Quantity per reel: 2000 pcs (minimum quantities for order)
26
Technical Information
Peel test requirement: 50 Temperature/ Pressure settings: Wheel pressure 25 30 psi Production run quantity: Trailer 38 pcs 300 mm min.
" 20 gm
Seal pressure front/ rear 35 psi Real temperature front/ rear 145 150C
Production units 2000 pcs
Leader 63 pcs 500 mm min.

94 8158
De-reeling direction
w 160 mm
Tape leader
40 empty compartments Carrier leader
min. 75 empty compartments Carrier trailer
Figure 20. Beginning and end of reel

W1
N 2.5 1.5
34.0 32.0
21.5 20.5
95 10518
12.90 12.75
W2
Figure 21. Reel dimensions
27
Missing Devices
A maximum of 0.5% of the total number of components per reel may be missing, exclusively missing components at the beginning and at the end of the reel. Maximum of three consecutive components may be missing, provided this gap is followed by six consecutive compartments. The tape leader is at least 160 mm and is followed by a carrier leader with at least 10 and not more than 20 empty compartments. The tape leader may include the carrier trailer, providing the two are not connected together. The last component is followed by a carrier tape trailer with at least 10 empty compartments and is sealed with cover tape.
Assembly Instructions
General
Optoelectronic semiconductor devices can be mounted in any position. Connecting wires of less than 0.5 mm diameter may be bent, provided the bend is not less than 1.5 mm from the bottom of the case and no mechanical stress has an affect on it. Connection wires of larger diameters, should not be bent. If the device is to be mounted near heat-generating components, consideration must be given to the resultant increase in ambient temperature.
Soldering Instructions
Protection against overheating is essential when a device is being soldered. Therefore, the connection wires should be left as long as possible. The time during which the specified maximum permissible device junction temperature is exceeded at the soldering process should be as short as possible (one minute maximum). In the case of plastic encapsulated devices, the maximum permissible soldering temperature is governed by the maximum permissible heat that may be applied to the encapsulant rather than by the maximum permissible junction temperature. The maximum soldering iron (or solder bath) temperatures are given in table 2. During soldering, no forces must be transmitted from the pins to the case (e.g., by spreading the pins).
Top Tape Removal Force

The removal force lies between 0.1 N and 1.0 N at a removal speed of 5 mm/s. In order to prevent the components from popping out of the blisters, the top tape must be pulled off at an angle of 180C with respect to the feed direction.
Ordering Designation
The type designation of the device in SO8 package is given by the appendix number: GS12. Example: TCMT1020-GS12
Table 2. Maximum soldering temperatures
Devices in metal case Devices in plastic case 3 mm Devices in plastic case <3 mm
Iron Soldering Iron Distance of the Temperature Soldering Position from the Lower Edge of the Case 245_C 1.5 mm 245_C 5.0 mm 350_C 5.0 mm 260_C 2.0 mm 300_C 5.0 mm
Maximum Allowable Soldering Time 5s 10 s 5s 5s 3s
x x x x x
y y y y y
Wave or Reflow Soldering Soldering Tem- Distance of the Maximum perature Soldering PosiAllowable tion from the Soldering see temperature/time Lower Edge of Time profiles the Case 245_C 1.5 mm 5s 300_C 235_C 260_C 260_C
y y5.0 mm y2.0 mm y2.0 mm y2.0 mm
3s 8s 5s
x300_C
y5.0 mm
3s
3s
28
Soldering Methods
There are several methods for soldering devices onto the substrate. The following list is not complete. (a) Soldering in the vapor phase
D Size of the printed circuit board D Absorption coefficient of the surfaces D Packing density D Wavelength spectrum of the radiation source D Ratio of radiated and convected energy
Temperature/time profiles of the entire process and the influencing parameters are given in figure 26. (c) Wave soldering
Soldering in saturated vapor is also known as condensation soldering. This soldering process is used as a batch system (dual vapor system) or as a continuous single vapor system. Both systems may also include a pre-heating of the assemblies to prevent high temperature shock and other undesired effects. (b) Infrared soldering
By using infrared (IR) reflow soldering, the heating is contact-free and the energy for heating the assembly is derived from direct infrared radiation and from convection. The heating rate in an IR furnace depends on the absorption coefficients of the material surfaces and on the ratio of components mass to an As-irradiated surface. The temperature of parts in an IR furnace, with a mixture of radiation and convection, cannot be determined in advance. Temperature measurement may be performed by measuring the temperature of a certain component while it is being transported through the furnace. The temperatures of small components, soldered together with larger ones, may rise up to 280_C. Influencing parameters on the internal temperature of the component are as follows:
In wave soldering one or more continuously replenished waves of molten solder are generated, while the substrates to be soldered are moved in one direction across the crest of the wave. Temperature/time profiles of the entire process are given in figure 26. (d) Iron soldering
This process cannot be carried out in a controlled situation. It should therefore not be used in applications where reliability is important. There is no SMD classification for this process. (e) Laser soldering
This is an excess heating soldering method. The energy absorbed may heat the device to a much higher temperature than desired. There is no SMD classification for this process at the moment. (f) Resistance soldering
D Time and power D Mass of the component D Size of the component
This is a soldering method which uses temperature-controlled tools (thermodes) for making solder joints. There is no SMD classification for this process at the moment.
29
Temperature-Time Profiles
300 max. 240 C 250 215 C 200 Temperature ( C ) 10 s ca. 230 C
94 8625
150 max. 160 C max. 40 s 100 90 120 s full line : typical dotted line : process limits
50 24 K / s
Lead Temperature
0 50 100 Time ( s ) 150 200 250
Figure 22. Infrared reflow soldering optodevices (SMD package)
300 5s 250
94 8626
Lead Temperature
second wave full line : typical dotted line : process limits
235 ...260 C
first wave 200 Temperature ( C ) ca. 2 K / s
ca. 200 K / s 150 forced cooling
100 ...130 C 100
ca. 5 K / s
2 K/s 50
0 0 50 100 Time ( s ) 150 200 250
Figure 23. Wave soldering double wave optodevices
30
Heat Removal
The heat generated in the semiconductor junction(s) must be moved to the ambient. In the case of low-power devices, the natural heat conductive path between case and surrounding air is usually adequate for this purpose. In the case of medium-power devices, however, heat conduction may have to be improved by the use of staror flag-shaped heat dissipators which increase the heat radiating surface. The heat generated in the junction is conveyed to the case or header by conduction rather than convection; a measure of the effectiveness of heat conduction is the inner thermal resistance or thermal resistance junction case, RthJC, whose value is given by the construction of the device. Any heat transfer from the case to the surrounding air involves radiation convection and conduction, the effectiveness of transfer being expressed in terms of an RthCA value, i.e., the case ambient thermal resistance. The total thermal resistance, junction ambient is therefore: RthJA = RthJC + RthCA The total maximum power dissipation, Ptotmax, of a semiconductor device can be expressed as follows: P totmax
case of the device should be mounted directly onto the cooling plate. The edge length, a, derived from figures 25 and 26 in order to obtain a given RthCA value, must be multiplied with a and b:
a
where
a a b b
= 1.00 for vertical arrangement = 1.15 for horizontal arrangement = 1.00 for bright surface = 0.85 for dull black surface
Example For an IR emitter with Tjmax = 100C and RthJC = 100 K/W, calculate the edge length for a 2 mm thick aluminium square sheet having a dull black surface (b = 0.85) and vertical arrangement (a = 1), Tamb = 70C and Ptot max = 200 mW. P tot max R thCA R thCA
thCA
T jmax T amb R thJA
T jmax T amb R thJC R thCA
T T +R )R +T P T
jmax thJC jmax tot max
amb
thCA
amb
R thJC
where: Tjmax the maximum allowable junction temperature Tamb the highest ambient temperature likely to be reached under the most unfavourable conditions RthJC the thermal resistance, junction case RthJA the thermal resistance, junction ambient RthCA the thermal resistance, case ambient, depends on cooling conditions. If a heat dissipator or sink is used, then RthCA depends on the thermal contact between case and heat sink, heat propagation conditions in the sink and the rate at which heat is transferred to the surrounding air. Therefore, the maximum allowable total power dissipation for a given semiconductor device can be influenced only by changing Tamb and RthCA. The value of RthCA could be obtained either from the data of heat sink suppliers or through direct measurements. In the case of cooling plates as heat sinks, the approach outlines in figures 25 and 26 can be used as guidelines. The curves shown in both figures 25 and 26 give the thermal resistance RthCA of square plates of aluminium with edge length, a, and with different thicknesses. The
+ 100C W70C 100 K W 0.2 30 R + 0.2 100 K W R + 50 K W T T+T

thCA
D
case
amb
can be calculated from the relationship : T T +R )R +T

jmax amb thJC thCA case case
P tot max
T amb R thCA
+T
T amb
+R
thCA
(T jmax T amb) R thJC R thCA
K 70C) + 50 100WK W(100C K W ) 50
+ 50 K WK W30C 150 T + 10C + 10 K

T 31
100
100
60C 10 120C 30C
R thCA ( K/W )
R thCA ( K/W )
T = 10C
60C 10 120C
T = 10C 30C
Plate thickness : 0.5 mm 1 10

94 7834
Plate thickness : 2 mm 1 1000

94 7835
100 a (mm )
10
100 a ( mm )
1000
Figure 25. Figure 24.
With RthCA = 50 k/W and DT = 10C, a plate of 2 mm thickness has an edge length a = 28 mm.
However, equipment life and reliability have to be taken into consideration and therefore a larger sink would normally be used to avoid operating the devices continuously at their maximum permissible junction temperature.
32
Handling Instructions
Protection against Electrostatic Damage
Although electrostatic breakdown is most often associated with IC semiconductor devices, optoelectronic devices are also prone to such a breakdown. Miniaturized and highly integrated components are particularly sensitive. Use electrostatically safe equipment and machinery. Removal of Electrostatic Charges Connect conductors (metals, etc.) to ground, using dedicated grounding lines. To prevent dangerous shocks and damaging discharge surges, insert a resistance of 800 kW between conductor and grounding line. Connect conveyors, solder baths, measuring machines, and other equipment to ground, using dedicated, grounding lines. Use ionic blowers to neutralize electrostatic charges on insulators. Blowers pass charged air over the targeted object, neutralizing the existing charge. They are useful for discharging insulators or other objects that cannot be effectively grounded. Human Electrostatic The human body readily picks up electrostatic charges, and there is always some risk that human operators may cause electrostatic damages to the semiconductor devices they handle. The following counter measures are essential. Anti-Static Wrist Straps All people who come into direct contact with semiconductors should wear anti-static wrist straps, i.e., those in charges of parts supply and people involved in mounting, board assembly and repair. Be sure to insert a resistance of 800 kW to 1 MW into the straps. The resistance protects against electrical shocks and prevents instantaneous and potentially damaging discharges from charged semiconductor devices.
Sensitivity
Breakdown Voltages Typical electrostatic voltages in the working environment can easily reach several thousand volts, well above the level required to cause a breakdown. As market requirements are moving towards greater miniaturization, lower power consumption, and higher speeds, optoelectronic devices are becoming more integrated and delicate. This means that they are becoming increasingly sensitive to electrostatic effects. Device Breakdown Electrostatic discharge events are often imperceptible. This might cause the following problems. Delay Failure Electrostatic discharge may damage the device or change its characteristics without causing immediate failure. The device may pass inspection, move into the market, then fail during its initial period of use. Difficulty in Identifying Discharge Site Human beings generally cannot perceive electrostatic discharges of less than 3000 V, while semiconductor devices can sustain damage from electrostatic voltages as low as 100 V. It is often very difficult to locate the process at which electrostatic problems occur. Basic Countermeasures Optoelectronic devices must be protected from static electricity at all stages of processing. Each device must be protected from the time it is received until the time it has been incorporated into a finished assembly. Each processing stage should incorporate the following measures. Suppression of Electrostatic Generation Keep relative humidity at 50 to 70% (if humidity is above 70%, morning dew may cause condensation). Remove materials which might cause electrostatic generation (such as synthetic resins) from your workplace. Check the appropriateness of floor mats, clothing (uniforms, sweaters, shoes), parts trays, etc.
Be sure that the straps are placed directly next to the skin, placing them over gloves, uniforms or other clothing reduces their effectiveness. Antistatic Mats, Uniforms and Shoes The use of anti-static mats and shoes is effective in places where use of a wrist strap is inconvenient (for example, when placing boards into returnable boxes). To prevent static caused by friction with clothing, personnel should wear anti-static uniforms, gloves, sleeves aprons, finger covers, or cotton apparel. Protection during Inspection, Mounting and Assembly The personnel has to ensure that hands do not come into direct contact with leads. Avoid non-conductive finger covers. Cover the work desk with grounded anti-static mats. Storage and Transport Always use conductive foams, tubes, bags, reels or trays when storing or transporting semiconductor devices.
33
Mounting Precautions
Installation
Installation on PWB When mounting a device on PWB whose pin-hole pitch does not match the lead pin pitch of the device, reform the device pins appropriately so that the internal chip is not subjected to physical stress. Installation Using a Device Holder Emitters and detectors are often mounted using a holder. When using this method, make sure that there is no gap between the holder and device. Installation Using Screws When lead soldering is not adequate to securely retain a photointerrupter, it may be retained with screws. The tightening torque should not exceed 6 kg/cm3. An excessive tightening torque may deform the holder, which results in poor alignment of the optical axes and degrades performance. Lead Forming Lead pins should be formed before soldering. Do not apply forming stress to lead pins during or after soldering. For light emitters or detectors with lead frames, lead pins should be formed just beneath the stand-off cut section. For optocouplers or optosensors using dual-in-line packages, lead pins should be formed below the bent section so that forming stress does not affect the inside of the device. Stress to the resin may result in disconnection. When forming lead pins, do not bend the same portion repeatedly, otherwise the pins may break.
Cleaning
General Optoelectronic devices are particularly sensitive with regard to cleaning solvents. The Montreal Protocol for environmental protection calls for a complete ban on the use of chlorofluorocarbons. Therefore, the most harmless chemicals for optoelectronic devices should be used for environmental reasons. The best solution is to use a modem reflow paste or solder composition which does not require a cleaning procedure. No cleaning is required when the fluxes are guaranteed to be non-corrosive and of high, stable resistivity. Cleaning Procedures Certain kinds of cleaning solvents can dissolve or penetrate the transparent resins which are used in some types of sensors. Even black molding components used in standard isolators are frequently penetrated between the mold compound and lead frame. Inappropriate solvents may also remove the marking printed on a device. It is therefore essential to take care when choosing solvents to remove flux. Cleaning is not required if the flux in the solder material is non-aggressive and any residues are guaranteed to be non corrosive an longterm stable of high resistivity. In cleaning procedures using wet solvents only high purity Ethyl and Isopropyl alcohol are recommended. The S-series of DIL isolators is also suited for cleaning in high purity water. In each case, the devices are immersed in the liquid for typically 3 min. and afterwards immediately dried for at least 15 minutes at 50C in dry air. In table 3, appropriate cleaning procedures for various product lines are summarized.
34
Table 3. Appropriate cleaning procedures for several product lines
Cleaning Procedure Solvent Procedure Ethylalcohol Isopropylalcohol Water No cleaning of solder materials Immersion + drying Immersion + drying Immersion + drying
Product Lines DIL-Coupler Sensors System A System S
f f f
f f f f
f f f f
High Voltage g g Couplers
f f f
acceptable not acceptable 1 acceptable only if transistor base is not connected to the outside Precautions c. Promote the breakage of band wires Intensified cleaning methods such as ultrasonic cleaning, steam cleaning, and brushing can cause damage to optoelectronic devices. They are generally not recommended. Ultrasonic cleaning (unless well controlled) can damage the devices due to its mechanical vibrations. Using high-intensity ultrasonic cleaning, the process might: a. Promote dissolution or crack the package surface and thus affect the performance of e.g., the sensors Promote separation of the lead frame and resin and thus reduce humidity resistance. This method should only be used after extensive trials have been run to ensure that problems do not occur. Brushing can scratch package surfaces. Moreover, it can remove printed markings. Special care should be taken to use only high purity or chemically well-controlled solvents. Especially chloride ions from flux or solvents that remain in the package are a high risk for the long-time stability of any electronic device. These as well as other promote corrosion on the chip which can interrupt all bond connections to the outside leads.
b.
35
Quality Information
TEMICs Continuous Improvement Activities TEMIC Tools for Continuous Improvement
D Quality training for ALL personnel including

production, development, departments marketing and sales
D TEMIC qualifies materials, processes and process

changes.
D TEMIC uses Process FMEA (Failure Mode and

Effects Analysis) for all processes. Process and machine capability as well as Gage R&R (Repeatability & Reproducibility) are proven.
D Zero defect mindset D Permanent quality improvement process D Total Quality Management (TQM) D TEMICs Quality Policy established by the
Management Board
D TEMICs internal qualifications correspond to

IEC 682 and MIL STD 883.
D TEMIC periodically requalifies device types (Short

Term Monitoring, Long Term Monitoring).
D TEMIC uses SPC for significant production parameters. SPC is performed by trained operators.
D Quality system certified per ISO 9001 on July 12,

1993 (Commercial Quality System)
D Quality system formerly approved per AQAP-1

(Military Quality System)
D TEMICs Burn-In of selected device types. D TEMICs 100% testing of final products. D TEMICs lot release is carried out via sampling. Sampling acceptance criterion is always c = 0.
TEMICs Quality Policy

Our goal is to achieve total customer satisfaction through everything we do. Therefore, the quality of our products and services is our number one priority. Quality comes first! All of us at TEMIC are part of the process of continuous improvement.
36
General Quality Flow Chart Diagram

95 11464
Development
Material
Qualification
Incoming inspection
Production
Wafer processing
Quality control SPC
Assembly
Quality control SPC
100% Final test
Lot release via sampling Acceptance criterion c =0
Quality control AOQ
Monitoring
SPC : Statistical Process Control AOQ : Average Outgoing Quality
Stock/ customer
37
Process Flow Charts

Quality Assurance Production Materials Incoming Inspection Q Gate Frame coding Lead frame
QC Monitor
1.Chip Aatach and curing
IR Emitter Silver epoxy glue
Q Gate Q Gate Q Gate Q Gate
QC Monitor
2.Chip attach and curing Wire bonding 100% visual control
IR Detector Bond wire
QC Gate QC Monitor Reflector attach and curing Frame sorting QC Gate Molding QC Monitor Deflashing Post curing QC Gate Molding compound Q Gate Reflector Epoxy Q Gate Q Gate
Tin plating QC Gate
Tin
Q Gate
Frame sorting Backside coding QC Gate
Rejects
QC Monitor
Cutting Bending Load into tubes 100% Test in tubes Tubes Q Gate
QC Gate 100% Function test at Tamb=100C 100% Isolation voltage test Final test QC Monitor Output test Packing
96 11937
Rejects Total rejects
Marking
Color
Q Gate
Packing
Q Gate
Stock
38
Assembly Flow Chart for Standard Opto-Coupler

Frame Diced Wafer FG
Frame Preparation
1st Optical Die Attach Visual
AQL SPC AQL SPC Pull Test Shear Test Rip / Peel Test AQL
Wire Bond
2nd Optical Reflector Load Heatstake /Casting
SPC
Visual Molding Tin Plating Visual Cutting Marking 3rd Optical BurnIn Electrical Test 100% Prepacking (Box) Visual Final Packing Barcoding
AQL
AQL Monitor Monitor AQL
Sample Test AQL 0.065 SPC AQL R
CBW
96 11938
39
Qualification and Release

New wafer processes, packages and device types are qualified according to the internal TEMIC Semiconductors specification QSA 3000. QSA 3000 consists of five parts (see figure 27). Wafer process release: The wafer process release is the fundamental release/qualification for the various technologies used by TEMIC Semiconductors. Leading device types are defined fo various technologies. Three wafer lots of these types are subjected to an extensive qualification procedure and are used to represent this technology. A positive result will release the technology. Package release: The package release is the fundamental release/ qualification for the different packages used. Package groups are defined (see figure 27). Critical packages are selected: two assembly lots are subjected to the qualification procedure representing that package group. A positive result will release all similar packages. Device type release: The device type released is the release of individual designs. Monitoring: Monitoring serves both as the continuous monitoring of the production and as a source of data for calculation of early failures (early failure rate: EFR). Product or process changes are released via ECN (Engineering Change Note). This includes proving process capability and meeting the quality requirements. Test procedures utilized are IEC 682... and MIL STD883 D respectively.
QSA 3000
Wafer process qualification
Package qualification
Device type qualification Figure 26. Structure of QSA 3000
Monitoring
Qualification of process changes
40
Statistical Methods for Prevention

To manufacture high-quality products, it is not sufficient controlling the product at the end of the production process. Quality has to be designed-in during process- and product development. In addition to that, the designing-in must also be ensured during production flow. Both will be achieved by means of appropriate measurements and tools. As a part of the continuous improvement process, all TEMIC Semiconductors employees are trained in using new statistical methods and procedures.
Reliability
The requirements concerning quality and reliability of products are always increasing. It is not sufficient to only deliver faultfree parts. In addition, it must be ensured that the delivered goods serve their purpose safely and failure free, i.e., reliably. From the delivery of the device and up to its use in a final product, there are some occasions where the device or the final product may fail despite testing and outgoing inspection. In principle, this sequence is valid for all components of a product. For these reasons, the negative consequences of a failure, which become more serious and expensive the later they occur, are obvious. The manufacturer is therefore interested in supplying products with the lowest possible
D D D D D D
Statistical Process Control (SPC) R&R (Repeatability and Reproducibility) tests Up Time Control (UTC) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Design Of Experiments (DOE) Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
TEMIC Semiconductors has been using SPC as a tool in production since 1990/91. By using SPC, deviations from the process control goals are quickly established. This allows control of the processes before the process parameters run out of specified limits. To assure control of the processes, each process step is observed and supervised by trained personnel. Results are documented. Process capabilities are measured and expressed by the process capability index (Cpk). Validation of the process capability is required for new processes before they are released for production. Before using new equipment and new gauges in production, machine capability (Cmk = machine capability index) or R&R (Repeatability & Reproducibility) is used to validate the equipments fitness for use. UpTime is recorded by an UpTime Control (UTC) system. This data determines the intervals for preventive maintenance, which is the basis for the maintenance plan. A processFMEA is performed for all processes (FMEA = Failure Mode and Effect Analysis). In addition, a design or product FMEA is used for critical products or to meet agreed customer requirements. Design of Experiments (DOE) is a tool for the statistical design of experiments and is used for optimization of processes. Systems (processes, products and procedures) are analyzed and optimized by using designed experiments. A significant advantage compared to conventional methods is the efficient perfomance of experiments with minimum effort by determining the most important inputs for optimizing the system.
D AOQ (Average Outgoing Quality) value D EFR (Early Failure Rate) value D LFR (Long-term Failure Rate) value
Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ)

All outgoing products are sampled after 100% testing. This is known as Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ). The results of this inspection are recorded in ppm (parts per million) using the method defined in JEDEC 16.
Early Failure Rate (EFR)

EFR is an estimate (in ppm) of the number of early failures related to the number of devices used. Early failures are normally those which occur within the first 300 to 1000 hours. Essentially, this period of time covers the guarantee period of the finished unit. Low EFR values are therefore very important to the device user. The early life failure rate is heavily influenced by complexity. Consequently, designing-in of better quality during the development and design phase, as well as optimized process control during manufacturing, significantly reduces the EFR value. Normally, the early failure rate should not be significantly higher than the random failure rate. EFR is given in ppm (parts per million).
41
Long-Term Failure Rate (LFR)

LFR shows the failure rate during the operational period of the devices. This period is of particular interest to the manufacturer of the final product. Based on the LFR value, estimations concerning long-term failure rate, reliability and a devices or modules usage life may be derived. The usage life time is normally the period of constant failure rate. All failures occuring during this period are random. Within this period the failure rate is:
D The larger the sample size, the narrower the confidence interval.
D The lower the confidence level of the statement, the

narrower the confidence interval. The confidence level applicable to the failure rate of the whole lot when using the estimated value of l is derived from the k2-distribution. In practice, only the upper limit of the confidence interval (the maximum average failure rate) is used. Therefore:
l+
S (Quantity
Sum of failures Time to failure)
1 hours
The measure of l is FIT (Failures In Time = number of failures in 109 device hours). Example A sample of 500 semiconductor devices is tested in a operating life test (dynamic electric operation). The devices operate for a period of 10,000 hours. Failures: 1 failure after 1000 h 1 failure after 2000 h
l max +
LFR
k2
2 (r; P A) in 1 n t h
2 A
+ k n2 (r; P ) t
Confidence level Sample size Time in hours
10 9 in [FIT]
r: PA: n: t:
Number of failures
The failure rate may be calculated from this sample by
l+1
)1 ) 498 2 l + 4983000 1 + 4.01 10 1 h h

1000 2 2000
7
1 10000 h
n t: Device hours The k2/2 for l are taken from table 4. For the above example from table 4: k2/2 (r=2; PA=60%) = 3.08 n t = 4983000 h 3.08 l max + 4983000
This is a l-value of 400 FIT, or this sample has a failure rate of 0.04% / 1000 h on average.
l
Early Failures EFR Operating Period LFR Wear Out Failures
+ 6.18
10 7 1 h
This means that the failure rate of the lot does not exceed 0.0618% / 1000 h (618 FIT) with a probability of 60%. If a confidence level of 90% is chosen from the table 5: k2/2 (r=2; PA=90%) = 5.3
95 11401
5.3 l max + 4983000
+ 1.06
10 6 1 h
Figure 27. Bath tub curve
Confidence Level
The failure rate l calculated from the sample is an estimate of the unknown failure rate of the lot. The interval of the failure rate (confidence interval) may be calculated, depending on the confidence level and sample size. The following is valid: 42
This means that the failure rate of the lot does not exceed 0.106% / 1000 h (1060 FIT) with a probability of 90%.
Operating Life Tests

Number of devices tested: n = 50 Number of failures (positive qualification): Test time: Confidence level: c =0 t = 2000 hours PA = 60% TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
k2/2 (0; 60%) 0.93 l max
+ 50 0.93 + 9.3 2000
expectations concerning the quality and reliability of the products have become higher. 10 6 1 h Manufacturers of semiconductors must therefore assure long operating periods with high reliability but in a short time. Sample stress testing is the most commonly used way of assuring this. The rule of Arrhenius describes this temperature-dependent change of the failure rate.
This means, that the failure rate of the lot does not exceed 0.93% / 1000 h (9300 FIT) with a probability of 60%. This example demonstrates that it is only possible to verify LFR values of 9300 FIT with a confidence level of 60% in a normal qualification tests (50 devices, 2000 h). To obtain LFR values which meet todays requirements ( 50 FIT), the following conditions have to be fulfilled:
l(T 2)
+ l(T )
1
EA
1 1 T 1 T2
D Very long test periods D Large quantities of devices D Accelerated testing (e.g., higher temperature)
Table 4.
Boltzmanns constant k = 8.63 105 eV/K Activation energy EA in eV Junction temperature real operation T1 in Kelvin Junction temperature stress test T2 in Kelvin
Number of Failures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50% 0.60 1.68 2.67 3.67 4.67 5.67 6.67 7.67 8.67 9.67 10.67
Confidence Level 60% 0.93 2.00 3.08 4.17 5.24 6.25 7.27 8.33 9.35 10.42 11.42 90% 2.31 3.89 5.30 6.70 8.00 9.25 10.55 11.75 13.00 14.20 15.40 95% 2.96 4.67 6.21 7.69 9.09 10.42 11.76 13.16 14.30 15.63 16.95
Failure rate real operation l (T1) Failure rate stress test l (T2) The acceleration factor is described by the exponential function as being: AF
l(T 2) l(T 1)
+e
EA k
1 1 T1 T2
Example The following conditions apply to an operating life stress test: Environmental temperature during stress test TA = 125C Power dissipation of the device PV = 250 mW Thermal resistance junction/environment RthJA = 100 K/W The system temperature/junction temperature results from: TJ = TA + RthJA TJ = 150C Operation in the field at an ambient temperature of 100C and at an average power dissipation of 100 mW is utilized. This results in a junction temperature in operation of TJ = 110C. The activation energy used for bipolar technologies is EA = 0.7 eV. 43 PV 250 mW TJ = 125C + 100 K/W
Mean Time to Failure (MTTF)

For systems which can not be repaired and whose devices must be changed, e.g., semiconductors, the following is valid: MTTF
+1 l
MTTF is the average fault-free operating period per a monitored (time) unit.
Accelerating Stress Tests

Innovation cycles in the field of semiconductors are becoming shorter and shorter. This means that products must be brought to the market quicker. At the same time, TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
The resulting acceleration factor is:

1000
AF
Acceleration factor
l(423K) l(383K)
+e
EA k
1 1 383K 423K
0.8 eV 0.7 eV 100 0.6 eV 0.5 eV
AF
[ 7.4
This signifies that, regarding this example, the failure rate is lower by a factor of 7.4 compared to the stress test. Other accelerating stress tests may be:
10
100 55
125
150 155
95 11369
D Humidity (except displays type TDS.)

TA = 85C RH = 85%
75 95 115 135 Junction Temperature (C)
D Temperature cycling
Temperature interval as specified The tests are carried out according to the requirements of appropriate IECstandards (see also chapter Qualification and Release).
Figure 28. Acceleration factor for different activation energies normalized to Tj = 55C
Safety
Reliability and Safety
All semiconductor devices have the potential of failing or degrading in ways that could impair the proper operation of safety systems. Well-known circuit techniques are available to protect against and minimize the effects of such occurrences. Examples of these techniques include redundant design, self-checking systems and other failsafe techniques. Fault analysis of systems relating to safety is recommended. Environmental factors should be analyzed in all circuit designs, particularly in safety-related applications. If the system analysis indicates the need for the highest degree of reliability in the component used, it is recommended that TEMIC be contacted for a customized reliability program.
Activation Energy
There are some conditions which need to be fulfilled in order to use Arrhenius method:
D The validity of Arrhenius rule has to be verified. D Failure-specific activation energies must be determined. These conditions may be verified by a series of tests. Today, this procedure is generally accepted and used as a basis for estimating operating life. The values of activation energies can be determined by experiments for different failure mechanisms. Values often used for different device groups are: Opto components 0.7 eV Bipolar ICs 0.7 eV MOS ICs 0.6 eV Transistors 0.7 eV Diodes 0.7 eV By using this method, it is possible to provide longterm predictions for the actual operation of semiconductors even with relatively short test periods.
Toxicity
Although gallium arsenide and gallium aluminium arsenide are both arsenic compounds, under normal use conditions they should be considered relatively benign. Both materials are listed by the 1980 NIOH Toxicology of Materials with LD50 values (Lethal Dosis, probability 50%) comparable to common table salt. Accidental electrical or mechanical damage to the devices should not affect the toxic hazard, so the units can be applied, handled, etc. as any other semiconductor device. Although the chips are small, chemically stable and protected by the device package, conditions that could break these crystalline compounds down into elements or other compounds should be avoided.
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Optocouplers in Switching Power Supplies

The following chapters should give a full understanding on how to use optocouplers which provide protection against electric shock for designs. Safety standards for optocouplers are intended to prevent injury or damage due to electric shock Two levels of electrical interface are normally used: Reinforced, or safe insulation is required in an optocoupler interface between a hazardous voltage circuit (like an ac line) and a touchable Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) circuit. Basic insulation is required in an optocoupler interface between a hazardous voltage circuit and a non-touchable Extra Low Voltage (ELV) circuit. The most widely used insulation for optocouplers in switch-mode power supply is reinforced insulation (class II). The following information enables the designer to understand the safety aspects, the basic concept of the VDE 0884 and the design requirements for applications.
If design engineers work with TEMIC optocouplers, they will find some terms and definitions in the data sheets which relate to VDE 0884. These will now be explained: Rated isolation voltages: VIO is the voltage between the input terminals and the output terminals. Note: All voltages are peak voltages!
D VIOWM is a maximum rms. voltage value of the optocouplers assigned by TEMIC. This characterizes the long term withstand capability of its insulation.
D VIORM is a maximum recurring peak (repetitive)

voltage value of the optocoupler assigned by TEMIC. This characterizes the long-term withstand capability against recurring peak voltages.
D VIOTM is an impulse voltage value of the optocoupler

assigned by TEMIC. This characterizes the long-term withstand capability against transient over voltages. Isolation test voltage for routine tests is at factor 1.875 higher than the specified VIOWM/ VIORM (peak). A partial discharge test is a different test method to the normal isolation voltage test. This method is more sensitive and will not damage the isolation behavior of the optocoupler like other test methods probably do. The VDE 0884 therefore does not require a minimum thickness through insulation. The philosophy is that a mechanical distance only does not give you an indication of the safety reliability of the coupler. It is more recommendable to check the total construction together with the assembling performance. The partial discharge test method can monitor this more reliably. The following tests must be done to guarantee this safety requirement. 100% test (piece by piece) for one second at a voltage level of specified VIOWM/VIORM (peak) multiplied by 1.875 test criteria is partial discharge less than 5 pico coulomb.
VDE 0884 - Facts and Information

Optocouplers for line-voltage separation must have several national standards. The most accepted standards are:
D UL/ CSA for America D BSI for Great Britain D SETI, SEMKO, NEMKO, DEMKO for Nordic
countries (Europe)
D VDE for Germany

Today, most manufacturers operate on a global scale. It is therefore mandatory to perform all approvals. The VDE 0884 is now becoming a major safety standard in the world, partly due to German experts having a long record of experience in this field. It is therefore worthwhile understanding some requirements and methods of the VDE 0884. At the moment there are two drafts which are being circulated to set the VDE 0884 to an international IEC standard. The IEC 47 (CO) 1042 describes the terms and definitions IEC 47 (CO) 1175 the test procedure, while the test method itself is already incorporated in IEC 747-5.
A lotwise test at VIOTM for 10 seconds and at a voltage level of specified VIOWM/ VIORM (peak) multiplied by 1.5 for 1 minute test criteria is partial discharge less than 5 pico coulomb.
Design example: The line ac voltage is 380 V rms. Your application class is III (DIN/VDE 0110 Part 1/1.89). According to table 5, you must calculate with a maximum line voltage of 600 V and a transient over voltage of 6000 V.
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Table 5. Recommended transient overvoltages related to ac/ dc line voltage (peak values)

350 V 500.V 800 V 1500 V 2500 V 4000 V 500 V 800.V 1500 V 2500 V 4000 V 6000 V 800 V 1500.V 2500 V 400 V 6000 V 8000 V 1500 V 2500.V 4000 V 600 V 800 V 1200 V Now select the CNY75 from our TEMIC coupler program. The next voltage step of 380 V is 600 V (VIOWM).The test voltages are 1600 V for the CNY75 for the routine test and 6000 V/ 1300 V for the sample test. The VDE 0884 together with the isolation test voltages also require very high isolation resistance, tested at an ambient temperature of 100C. Apart from these tests for the running production, the VDE Testing and Approvals Institute also investigates the total construction of the optocoupler. The VDE 0884 requires life tests in a very special sequence; 5 lots for 5 different subgroups are tested. The sequence for the main group is as follows:
VIOWM/VIORM up to 50 V 100 V 150 V 300 V 600.V 1000 V
Appl. Class I
Appl. Class II
Appl. Class III
Appl. Class IV
Optocouplers approved to the VDE 0884 must consequently pass all tests undertaken. This then enables you to go ahead and start your design.
Layout Design Rules

The previous chapter described the important safety requirements for the optocoupler itself; but the knowledge of the creepage distance and clearance path is also important for the design engineer if the coupler is to be mounted onto the circuit board. Although several different creepage distances referring to different safety standards, like the IEC 65 for TV or the IEC 950 for office equipment, computer, data equipment etc. are requested, there is one distance which meanwhile dominates switching power supplies: This is the 8 mm spacing requirement between the two circuits: The hazardous input voltage (ac 240 power-line voltage) and the safety low voltage. This 8 mm spacing is related to the 250 V power line and defines the shortest distance between the conductive parts (either from the input to the output leads) along the case of the optocoupler, or across the surface of the print board between the solder eyes of the optocoupler input/ output leads, as shown in figure 29. The normal distance input to output leads of an optocoupler is 0.3. This is too tight for the 8 mm requirement. The designer now has two options: He can provide a slit in the board, but then the airgap is still lower; or he can use the G optocoupler from TEMIC. G stands for a wide-spaced lead form of 0.4 and obtains the 8 mm creepage, clearance distance. The type designation for this type of G coupler is, for example: CNY75G. The spacing requirements of the 8 mm must also be taken into consideration for the layout of the board. Figures 30 and 31 provide examples for your layout. The creepage distance is also related to the resistance of the tracking creepage current stability. The plastic material of the optocoupler itself and the material of the board must provide a specified creeping-current resistance. TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
D Cycle test D Vibration D Shock D Dry heat D Accelerated damp heat D Low temperature storage (normally 55C) D Damp heat steady state D Final measurements.
Finally there is another chapter concerning the safety ratings. This is described in VDE 0884. The maximum safety ratings are the electrical, thermal and mechanical conditions that exceed the absolute maximum ratings for normal operations. The philosophy is that optocouplers must withstand a certain exceeding of the input current, output power dissipation, and temperature for at least a weekend. The test time is actually 72 hours. This is a simulated space of time where failures may occur. It is the designers task to create his design inside of the maximum safety ratings. 46
The behavior of this resistance is tested with special test methods described in the IEC 112. The term is CTI (Comparative Tracking Index).
The VDE 0884 requires a minimum of a CTI of 175. All TEMIC optocouplers have a CTI of 275.
Creepage path
Clearance path
Figure 29. Isolation creepage/ clearance path
(The creepage path is the shortest distance between conductive parts along the surface of the isolation material. The clearance path is the shortest distance between conductive parts.)
0.4 / 10.16 mm
0.332 / 8.2 mm
Figure 30. Optocoupler mounting on a board (side view)
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Power interface area
G = 0.322 / 8.2 mm G Layer

SELV control circuit area
Power interface area
SELV control circuit area
Figure 31. Top view of optocoupler mounting on a board (clearance on PC board: 0.322 / 8.2 mm, creepage path on PC board is 0.322 / 8.2 mm)
Not only the solder eyes of the coupler itself on the board must have the 8 mm distance, but also all layers located between the SELV areas and the power interface areas.
TEMIC Optocoupler Program

Construction
An optocoupler is comparable with a transformer or a mechanical relay; but its advantages are smaller dimensions, shorter switching time, no contact bounces, no interference caused by arcs and the possibility of adapting a signal already in the coupler for the following stage of the circuit. This combination together with the safety aspects provides outstanding advantages for use in power supplies. Safety factors in particular depend on the design, construction and selected materials. TEMIC optocouplers are designed with a coplanar lead frame, where the die are mounted side by side. A semi-ellipsoid with even better reflection capabilities is fitted over each dice. The entire system is then casted in a plastic material impermeable to the infrared range and of high di-electric strength. The whole system is now molded with a special mold compound to ensure that no external influences such as light or dust etc. interfere with the functioning of the coupler (see figure 32). This design has several advantages: The thickness through insulation, the clearance (internally) between the input and the output side is fixed at 0.75 mm and is thus mechanically stable even under thermal overloads, i.e., the possibility of a short circuit caused by material deformation is excluded. Deviations of this distance during the production process are also excluded. These two features are the specific reasons why TEMIC optocouplers are well-accepted by manufacturers of power supplies.
0.75 mm
Figure 32. Cut through of a TEMIC optocoupler (thickness through insulation)
Overview
The information given in this brochure enables the designer to select the right optocoupler for his application. The previous chapters focused only on safety aspects. Apart from this there are other characteristics for the optocoupler. Table 6 enables the designer to select the optocoupler to suit his own needs. This selection should be done using the most important characteristics like CTR (Current Transfer Ratio) and devices with or without base connection. The designer may ask for our data sheets for detailed information.
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n.c. 6
C 5
E 4
B 6
C 5
E 4
1 A (+)
2 C ()
3 n.c.
1 A (+)
2 C ()
3 n.c.
Figure 33. Without base connection
Figure 34. With base connection
6PIN STD Isolators

Table 6. Devices offering (VDE 0884-tested)
CTR IC/ IF Base Connection > 20% > 50%
VCE > 32 V Ungrouped CTR With 4N25(G)V 4N35(G)V Without
VCE > 32 V Grouped CTR With Without
VCE > 90 V Grouped CTR With Without
CQY80N(G)
TCDT1100(G) TCDT1101(G) TCDT1102(G) TCDT1103(G)
TCDT1120(G)
> 100%
TCDT1110(G)
40 80%
CNY17(G)1 CNY17(G)2 CNY17(G)3
63 125%
CNY75(G)A CNY75(G)B CNY75(G)C
TCDT1122(G) TCDT1123(G) TCDT1124(G)
100 200% 160 320%
G = wide space 0.4 lead form, for 8 mm PC board spacing requirements
95 10805
94 9222
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Appendix
Approvals List
As mentioned before, as long there is no equivalent IEC standard to the VDE 0884, optocouplers must still fulfill all other national safety standards. The copies of documents present all certificates the designer needs for worldwide acceptance of his power supply (see ANT018). All the approvals below are most important. If the designer needs any others, he must be aware that there are many agreements between national institutes, e.g., UL for USA is also accepted by CSA/Canada. TEMIC divides optocouplers into coupling systems. Each coupling system represents the same technology, materials etc. The coupling systems are indicated with capital letters and each coupler is marked with this coupling system indicator letter. The certificates at least also refer to the systems and list all subtypes to the related coupling system. The user is able to find his selected coupler on the certificate.
Certified Optocouplers for Switching Power Supplies

Coupling System G, H, I, K German standard VDE 0884 File no. System S: 70753 System A: 68301 System G: 70902 System H: 70977 System J: 70977 System K: 70977 American (USA) Test institute UL 1577 File no. E76222 Nordic approvals (SETI) British Std BS415 BS7002 CNY64 CNY65 CNY21N CNY64 CNY65 CNY66 CNY12N CQY80N CQY80NG CNY17(G)13 CNY75(G)AC TCDT1101(G)AC TCDT1101(G)1103(G) TCDT1110(G) TCDT11201124(G) Coupling System A, C, S
CNY64 CNY65 CNY66 CNY21N
4N25(G)V 4N35(G)V
K3010P(G)K3012P(G) ( ) ( ) K3020P(G)K3023P(G)
CNY65
Internal stucture
Case (examples)
95 10532 95 10537 95 10531
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Application of Optoelectronic Reflex Sensors TCRT1000, TCRT5000, TCRT9000, CNY70
TEMIC optoelectronic sensors contain infrared-emitting diodes as a radiation source and phototransistors as detectors.
Typical applications include:
D Copying machines D Video recorders D Proximity switch D Vending machines
D Printers D Object counters D Industrial control
Special features:
D D D D D
Compact design Operation range 0 to 20 mm High sensitivity Low dark current Minimized crosstalk
D Ambient light protected D Cut-off frequency up to 40 kHz D High quality level, ISO 9000 D Automated high-volume production
These sensors present the quality of perfected products. The components are based on TEMICs many years experience as one of Europes largest producers of optoelectronic components.
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Drawings of the Sensors
94 9318 94 9442
TCRT1000
TCRT5000
94 9320
94 9320
TCRT9000
CNY70
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Optoelectronic Sensors
In many applications, optoelectronic transmitters and receivers are used in pairs and linked together optically. Manufacturers fabricate them in suitable forms. They are available for a wide range of applications as ready-to-use components known as couplers, transmissive sensors (or interrupters), reflex couplers and reflex sensors. Increased automation in industry in particular has heightened the demand for these components and stimulated the development of new types. tivity of the phototransistors are optimized for this wavelength. There are no focusing elements in the sensors described, though lenses are incorporated inside the TCRT5000 in both active parts (emitter and detector). The angular characteristics of both are divergent. This is necessary to realize a position-independent function for easy practical use with different reflecting objects. In the case of TCRT5000, the concentration of the beam pattern to an angle of 16 for the emitter and 30 for the detector, respectively, results in operation on an increased range with optimized resolution. The emitting and acceptance angles in the other reflex sensors are about 45. This is an advantage in short distance operation. The best local resolution is with the reflex sensor TCRT9000. The main difference between the sensor types is the mechanical outline (as shown in the figures, see page before), resulting in various electrical parameters and optical properties. A specialization for certain appli-cations is necessary. Measurements and statements on the data of the reflex sensors are made relative to a reference surface with defined properties and precisely known reflecting properties. This reference medium is the diffusely reflecting Kodak neutral card, also known as grey card (KODAK neutral test card; KODAK publi-cation No. Q-13, CAT 1527654). It is also used here as the reference medium for all details. The reflection factor of the white side of the card is 90% and that of the grey side is 18%. Table 7 shows the measured reflection of a number of materials which are important for the practical use of sensors. The values of the collector current given are relative and correspond to the reflection of the various surfaces with regard to the sensors receiver. They were measured at a transmitter current of IF = 20 mA and at a distance of the maximum light coupling. These values apply exactly to the TCRT9000, but are also valid for the other reflex sensors. The black-on-white paper section stands out in table 7. Although all surfaces appear black to the naked eye, the black surfaces emit quite different reflections at a wavelength of 950 nm. It is particularly important to account for this fact when using reflex sensors. The reflection of the various body surfaces in the infrared range can deviate significantly from that in the visible range.
General Principles
The operating principles of reflex sensors are similar to those of transmissive sensors. Basically, the light emitted by the transmitter is influenced by an object or a medium on its way to the detector. The change in the light signal caused by the interaction with the object then produces a change in the electrical signal in the optoelectronic receiver. The main difference between reflex couplers and transmissive sensors is in the relative position of the transmitter and detector with respect to each other. In the case of the transmissive sensor, the receiver is opposite the transmitter in the same optical axis, giving a direct light coupling between the two. In the case of the reflex sensor, the detector is positioned next to the transmitter, avoiding a direct light coupling. The transmissive sensor is used in most applications for small distances and narrow objects. The reflex sensor, however, is used for a wide range of distances as well as for materials and objects of different shapes. It sizes by virtue of its open design.
In the following chapters, we will deal with reflex sensors placing particular emphasis on their practical use. The components TCRT1000, TCRT5000, TCRT9000 and CNY70 are used as examples. However, references made to these components and their use apply to all sensors of a similar design. The reflex sensors TCRT1000, TCRT5000, TCRT9000 and CNY70 contain IR-emitting diodes as transmitters and phototransistors as receivers. The transmitters emit radiation of a wavelength of 950 nm. The spectral sensi-
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Table 7. Relative collector current (or coupling factor) of the reflex sensor TCRT9000 for reflection on various materials. Reference is the white side of the Kodak neutral card. The sensor is positioned perpendicular with respect to the surface. The wavelength is 950 nm.

100% 20% 94% 100% 67% 100% 84% 97% 30-42% 4-6% 50% 10% 76% 7% 90% 11% 40-80% 90% 120% 9% 12-19% 30% 9% 10% 110% 60% 45% 110% 160% 150% 110% 1.5% 84% 28% 100% 26%
Kodak neutral card White side (reference medium) Gray side Paper Typewriting paper Drawing card, white (Schoeller Durex) Card, light gray Envelope (beige) Packing card (light brown) Newspaper paper Pergament paper Black on white typewriting paper Drawing ink (Higgins, Pelikan, Rotring) Foil ink (Rotring) Fiber-tip pen (Edding 400) Fiber-tip pen, black (Stabilo) Photocopy Plotter pen HP fibertip pen (0.3 mm) Black 24 needle printer (EPSON LQ-500) Ink (Pelikan) Pencil, HB
Plastics, glass White PVC Gray PVC Blue, green, yellow, red PVC White polyethylene White polystyrene Gray partinax Fiber glass board material Without copper coating With copper coating on the reverse side Glass, 1 mm thick Plexiglass, 1 mm thick Metals Aluminum, bright Aluminum, black anodized Cast aluminum, matt Copper, matt (not oxidized) Brass, bright Gold plating, matt Textiles White cotton Black velvet
Parameters and Practical Use of the Reflex Sensors

A reflex sensor is used in order to receive a reflected signal from an object. This signal gives information on the position, movement, size or condition (e.g., coding) of the object in question. The parameter that describes the function of the optical coupling precisely is the so-called optical transfer function (OT) of the sensor. It is the ratio of the received to the emitted radiant power. OT
Ic/IF is generally known as the coupling factor, k. The following approximate relationship exists between k and OT: k = Ic/ IF = [(S B)/h]
Fr/Fe
F +F
r e
where B is the current amplification, S = Ib/r (phototransistors spectral sensitivity), and h = IF/e (proportionality factor between IF and e of the transmitter). In figures 35 and 36, the curves of the radiant intensity, Ie, of the transmitter to the forward current, IF, and the sensitivity of the detector to the irradiance, Ee, are shown respectively. The gradients of both are equal to unity slope. This represents a measure of the deviation of the curves from the ideal linearity of the parameters. There is a good proportionality between Ie and IF and between Ic and Ee where the curves are parallel to the unity gradient.
Additional parameters of the sensor, such as operating range, the resolution of optical distance of the object, the sensitivity and the switching point in the case of local changes in the reflection, are directly related to this optical transfer function. In the case of reflex sensors with phototransistors as receivers, the ratio Ic/IF (the ratio of collector current Ic to the forward current IF) of the diode emitter is preferred to the optical transfer function. As with optocouplers,
54
Greater proportionality improves the relationship between the coupling factor, k, and the optical transfer function.
Coupling Factor, k
In the case of reflex couplers, the specification of the coupling factor is only useful by a defined reflection and distance. Its value is given as a percentage and refers here to the diffuse reflection (90%) of the white side of Kodak neutral card at the distance of the maximum light coupling. Apart from the transmitter current, IF, and the temperature, the coupling factor also depends on the distance from the reflecting surface and the frequency that is, the speed of reflection change.
For all reflex sensors, the curve of the coupling factor as a function of the transmitter current, IF, has a flat maximum at approximately 30 mA (figure 37). As shown in the figure, the curve of the coupling factor follows that of the current amplification, B, of the phototransistor. The influence of temperature on the coupling factor is relatively small and changes approximately 10% in the range of 10 to +70C (figure 38). This fairly favorable temperature compensation is attributable to the opposing temperature coefficient of the IR diode and the phototransistor. The maximum speed of a reflection change that is detectable by the sensor as a signal is dependent either on the switching times or the threshold frequency, fc, of the component. The threshold frequency and the switching times of the reflex sensors TCRT1000, TCRT5000, TCRT9000 and CNY70 are determined by the slowest component in the system in this case the phototransistor. As usual, the threshold frequency, fc, is defined as the frequency at which the value of the coupling factor has fallen by 3 dB (approximately 30%) of its initial value. As the frequency increases, f > fc, the coupling factor decreases.
Figure 35. Radiant intensity, Ie = f (IF), of the IR transmitter
Figure 36. Sensitivity of the reflex sensors detector
Figure 37. Coupling factor k = f (IF) of the reflex sensors
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The data were recorded for the Kodak neutral card with 90% diffuse reflection serving as the reflecting surface, arranged perpendicular to the sensor. The distance, A, was measured from the surface of the reflex sensor. The emitter current, IF, was held constant during the measurement. Therefore, this curve also shows the course of the coupling factor and the optical transfer function over distance. It is called the working diagram of the reflex sensor. The working diagrams of all sensors (figure 40) shows a maximum at a certain distance, Ao. Here the optical coupling is the strongest. For larger distances, the collector current falls in accordance with the square law. When the amplitude, I, has fallen not more than 50% of its maximum value, the operation range is at its optimum.
Figure 38. Change of the coupling factor, k, with temperature, T
As a consequence, the reflection change is no longer easily identified. Figure 39 illustrates the change of the cut-off frequency at collector emitter voltages of 5, 10 and 20 V and various load resistances. Higher voltages and low load resistances significantly increase the cut-off frequency. The cut-off frequencies of all TEMIC reflex sensors are high enough (with 30 to 50 kHz) to recognize extremely fast mechanical events. In practice, it is not recommended to use a large load resistance to obtain a large signal, dependent on the speed of the reflection change. Instead, the opposite effect takes place, since the signal amplitude is markedly reduced by the decrease in the cut-off frequency. In practice, the better approach is to use the given data of the application (such as the type of mechanical movement or the number of markings on the reflective medium). With these given data, the maximum speed at which the reflection changes can be determined, thus allowing the maximum frequency occurring to be calculated. The maximum permissible load resistance can then be selected for this frequency from the diagram fc as a function of the load resistance, RL.
Working Diagram
The dependence of the phototransistor collector current on the distance, A, of the reflecting medium is shown in figures 40 and 41 for the reflex sensors TCRT1000 and TCRT9000 respectively.
Figure 39. Cut-off frequency, fc
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a) TCRT5000
b) TCRT9000
c) CNY 70
d) TCRT1000
Figure 40. Working diagram of reflex sensors TCRT5000, CNY70, TCRT9000 and TCRT1000
Resolution, Trip Point

The behavior of the sensors with respect to abrupt changes in the reflection over a displacement path is determined by two parameters: the resolution and the trip point. If a reflex sensor is guided over a reflecting surface with a reflection surge, the radiation reflected back to the detector changes gradually, not abruptly. This is depicted in figure 41a. The surface, g, seen jointly by the transmitter and detector, determines the radiation received by the sensor. During the movement, this surface is gradually covered by the dark reflection range. In accordance with the curve of the radiation detected, the change in collector current is not abrupt, but undergoes a wide, gradual transition from the higher to the lower value As illustrated in figure 41b, the collector current falls to the value Ic2, which corresponds to the reflection of the dark range, not at the point Xo, but at the points Xo + Xd/2, displaced by Xd/2. The displacement of the signal corresponds to an uncertainty when recording the position of the reflection change, and it determines the resolution and the trip point of the sensor. The trip point is the position at which the sensor has completely recorded the light/ dark transition, that is, the range between the points Xo + Xd/2 and Xo Xd/2 around Xo. The displacement, Xd, therefore, corresponds to the width or the tolerance of the trip point. In practice, the section lying between 10 and 90% of the difference Ic = Ic1 Ic2 is taken as Xd. This corresponds to the rise time of the generated signal since there is both movement and speed. Analogous to switching time, displacement, Xd, is described as a switching distance.
57
The resolution is the sensors capability to recognize small structures. Figure 42 illustrates the example of the curve of the reflection and current signal for a black line measuring d in width on a light background (e.g., on a sheet of paper). The line has two light/ dark transitions the switching distance Xd/2 is, therefore, effective twice.
The line is clearly recognized as long as the line width is Xd, the collector d Xd. If the width is less than current change, Ic1 Ic2, that is the processable signal, becomes increasingly small and recognition increasingly uncertain. The switching distance or better its inverse can therefore be taken as a resolution of the sensor.
a)
The switching distance, Xd, is predominantly dependent on the mechanical/ optical design of the sensor and the distance to the reflecting surface. It is also influenced by the relative position of the transmitter/ detector axis. Figure 43 shows the dependence of the switching distance, Xd, on the distance A with the sensors placed in two different positions with respect to the separation line of the light/ dark transition. The curves marked position 1 in the diagrams correspond to the first position. The transmitter/ detector axis of the sensor was perpendicular to the separation line of the transition. In the second position (curve 2), the transmitter/ detector axis was parallel to the transition. In the first position (1) all reflex sensors have a better resolution (smaller switching distances) than in position 2. The device showing the best resolution is TCRT9000. It can recognize lines smaller than half a millimeter at a distance below 0.5 mm. It should be remarked that the diagram of TCRT5000 is scaled up to 10 cm. It shows best resolution between 2 and 10 cm. All sensors show the peculiarity that the maximum resolution is not at the point of maximum light coupling, Ao, but at shorter distances.
d = line width d X
b)
Figure 41. Abrupt reflection change with associated Ic curve

Reflection R1 R2 Collector current IC1 IC2 Collector current IC1 IC2 Xd > line width Xd X Xd Xd < line width X
Line
In many cases, a reflex sensor is used to detect an object that moves at a distance in front of a background, such as a sheet of paper, a band or a plate. In contrast to the examples examined above, the distances of the object surface and background from the sensor vary. Since the radiation received by the sensors detector depends greatly on the distance, the case may arise when the difference between the radiation reflected by the object on the background is completely equalized by the distance despite varying reflectance factors. Even if the sensor has sufficient resolution, it will no longer supply a processable signal due to the low reflection difference. In such applications it is necessary to examine whether there is a sufficient contrast. This is performed with the help of the working diagram of the sensor and the reflectance factors of the materials.
Figure 42. Reflection of a line of width d and corresponding curve of the collector current Ic
58
a) TCRT5000
c) TCRT1000
b) CNY70
d) TCRT9000
Figure 43. The switching distance as a function of the distance A for the reflex sensors TCRT5000, CNY70, TCRT1000 and TCRT9000
Sensitivity, Dark Current and Crosstalk

The lowest photoelectric current that can be processed as a useful signal in the sensors detector determines the weakest usable reflection and defines the sensitivity of the reflex sensor. This is determined by two parameters the dark current of the phototransistor and the crosstalk.
The phototransistor as receiver exhibits a small dark current, ICEO, of a few nA at 25C. However, it is dependent on the applied collector-emitter voltage, VCE, and to a much greater extent on the temperature, T (see figure 44). The crosstalk between the transmitter and detector of the reflex sensor is given with the current, Icx. Icx is the collector current of the photoelectric transistor measured at normal IR transmitter operating conditions without a reflecting medium.
Figure 44. Temperature-dependence of the collector dark current
59
It is ensured that no (ambient) light falls onto the photoelectric transistor. This determines how far it is possible to guarantee avoiding a direct optical connection between the transmitter and detector of the sensor. At IF = 20 mA, the current Icx is approximately 50 nA for the TCRT9000 and 15 nA for the CNY70, TCRT1000 and TCRT5000. Icx can also be manifested dynamically. In this case, the origin of the crosstalk is electrical rather than optical. For design and optical reasons, the transmitter and detector are mounted very close to each other. Electrical interference signals can be generated in the detector when the transmitter is operated with a pulsed or modulated signal. The transfer capability of the interference increases strongly with the frequency. Steep pulse edges in the transmitters current are particularly effective here since they possess a large portion of high frequencies. For all TEMIC sensors, the ac crosstalk, Icxac, does not become effective until frequencies of 4 MHz upwards with a transmission of approximately 3 dB between the transmitter and detector. The dark current and the dc- and ac crosstalk form the overall collector fault current, Icf. It must be observed that the dc-crosstalk current, Icxdc, also contains the dark current, ICEO, of the phototransistor. Icf = Icxdc + Icxac This current determines the sensitivity of the reflex sensor. The collector current caused by a reflection change should always be at least twice as high as the fault current so that a processable signal can be reliably identified by the sensor.
Indirect ambient light, that is ambient light falling onto the reflecting objects, mainly reduces the contrast between the object and background or the feature and surroundings. The interference caused by ambient light is predominantly determined by the various reflection properties of the material which in turn are dependent on the wavelength. If the ambient light has wavelengths for which the ratio of the reflection factors of the object and background is the same or similar, its influence on the sensors function is small. Its effect can be ignored for intensities that are not excessively large. On the other hand, the object/ background reflection factors can differ from each other in such a way that, for example, the background reflects the ambient light much more than the object. In this case, the contrast disappears and the object cannot be detected. It is also possible that an uninteresting object or feature is detected by the sensor because it reflects the ambient light much more than its surroundings. In practice, ambient light stems most frequently from filament, fluorescent or energysaving lamps. Table 8 gives a few approximate values of the irradiance of these sources. The values apply to a distance of approximately 50 cm, the spectral range to a distance of 850 to 1050 nm. The values of table 8 are only intended as guidelines for estimating the expected ambient radiation. In practical applications, it is generally rather difficult to determine the ambient light and its effects precisely. Therefore, an attempt to keep its influence to a minimum is made from the outset by using a suitable mechanical design and optical filters. The detectors of the sensors are equipped with optical filters to block such visible light. Furthermore, the mechanical design of these components is such that it is not possible for ambient light to fall directly or sideways onto the detector for object distances of up to 2 mm. If the ambient light source is known and is relatively weak, in most cases it is enough to estimate the expected power of this light on the irradiated area and to consider the result when dimensioning the circuit. AC operation of the reflex sensors offers the most effective protection against ambient light. Pulsed operation is also helpful in some cases. Compared with dc operation, the advantages are greater transmitter power and at the same time significantly greater protection against faults. The only disadvantage is the greater circuit complexity, which is necessary in this case. The circuit in figure 48 is an example of operation with chopped light.
Ambient Light
Ambient light is another feature that can impair the sensitivity and, in some circumstances, the entire function of the reflex sensor. However, this is not an artifact of the component, but an application specific characteristic. The effect of ambient light falling directly on the detector is always very troublesome. Weak steady light reduces the sensors sensitivity. Strong steady light can, depending on the dimensioning (RL, VC), saturate the photoelectric transistor. The sensor is blind in this condition. It can no longer recognize any reflection change. Chopped ambient light gives rise to incorrect signals and feigns non-existent reflection changes.
60
Table 8. Examples for the irradiance of ambient light sources
Light source (at 50 cm distance)

Filament lamp (60 W) Fluorescent lamp OSRAM (65 W) Economy lamp OSRAM DULUX (11 W) 100 100
Irradiance Ee (W/cm2) 850 to 1050 nm Steady light AC light (peak value) 500 25 30 14 16
Frequency (Hz)
Application Examples, Circuits

The most important characteristics of the TEMIC reflex sensors are summarized in table 9. The task of this table is to give a quick comparison of data for choosing the right sensor for a given application.
The optimum transmitter current. IF, for dc operation is between 20 and 40 mA. IF = 20 mA is selected in this case. As shown in figure 37, the coupling factor is at its maximum. In addition, the degradation (i.e., the reduction of the transmitted IR output with aging) is minimum for currents under 40 mA (< 10% for 10000 h) and the self heating is low due to the power loss (approximately 50 mW at 40 mA).
+5 V
Application Example with Dimensioning

With a simple application example, the dimensioning of the reflex sensor can be shown in the basic circuit with the aid of the component data and considering the boundary conditions of the application. The reflex sensor TCRT9000 is used for speed control. An aluminum disk with radial strips as markings fitted to the motor shaft forms the reflecting object and is located approximately 3 mm in front of the sensor. The sensor signal is sent to a logic gate for further processing. Dimensioning is based on dc operation, due to the simplified circuitry.
TCRT 9000 74HCTXX
Q R S R E
180
15 K GND
Figure 45. Reflex sensor - basic circuit
Table 9.

Distance of optimum coupling Distance of best resolution Coupling factor Switching distance (min.) Optimum working distance Operating range A0 Ar k xd Xor Aor CNY70 0.3 mm 0.2 mm 5% 1.5 mm 0.2 to 3 mm 9 mm TCRT9000 1 mm 0.5 mm 3% 0.5 mm 0.4 to 3 mm 12 mm TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96 61
Parameter
Symbol
Reflex Sensor Type TCRT1000 TCRT5000 1 mm 2 mm 0.8 mm 1.5 mm 5% 6% 0.7 mm 1.9 mm 0.4 to 2.2 mm 0.2 to 6.5 mm 8 mm > 20 mm
Table 10.

Aluminum disk Markings Motor speed Temperature range Ambient light Power supply Position of the sensor Special attention must also be made to the downstream logic gate. Only components with a low input offset current may be used. In the case of the TTL gate and the LS-TTL gate, the ILH current can be applied to the sensor output in the low condition. At 1.6 mA or 400 A, this is above the signal current of the sensor. A transistor or an operational amplifier should be connected at the output of the sensor when TTL or LS-TTL components are used. A gate from the 74HCTxx family is used. According to the data sheet, its fault current ILH is approximately 1 A. The expected collector current for the minimum and maximum reflection is now estimated. According to the working diagram in figure 40c, it follows that when A = 3 mm Ic = 0.5 Icmax Figure 38 shows a change in the collector current of approximately 10% for 70C. Another 10% is deducted from Ic1 for aging Ic1 = 263 A (20% 263 A) = 210 A The fault current Icf (from crosstalk and collector dark current) increases the signal current and is added to Ic2. Crosstalk with only a few nA for the TCRT9000 is ignored. However, the dark current can increase up to 1 A at a temperature of 70C and should be taken into account. In addition, 1 A, the fault current of the 74HCTxx gate, is also added Ic2 = 30 A The effect of the indirect incident ambient light can most easily be seen by comparing the radiant powers produced by the ambient light and the sensors transmitter on 1 mm2 of the reflecting surface. The ambient light is then taken into account as a percentage in accordance with the ratio of the powers. From table 8: Ee (0.5 m) = 40 W/ cm2 (dc + ac/ 2) Ee (2 m) = Ee(0.5 m) (0.5/ 2)2 (Square of the distance law) Ee (2 m) = 2.5 W/ cm2 fsf = 0.025 mW The radiant power (sf = 0.025 W) therefore falls on 1 mm2. When IF = 20 mA, the sensors transmitter has the radiant intensity: Ie Icmax is determined from the coupling factor, k, for IF = 20 mA. Icmax = k IF At IF = 20 mA, the typical value k = 2.8% is obtained for k from figure 37. However, this value applies to the Kodak neutral card or the reference surface. The coupling factor has a different value for the surfaces used (typewriting paper and blackfiber tip pen). The valid value for these material surfaces can be found in table 7: k1 = 94% k2 = 10% Therefore: k = 2.63% for typing paper and k = 0.28% for black-tip pen (Edding) Ic1 = 0.5 Ic2 = 0.5 k1 k2 IF = 263 A IF = 28 A
Application Data Diameter 50 mm, distance from the sensor 3 mm, markings printed on the aluminum 8 radial black stripes and 8 spacings, the width of the stripes and spacings in front of the sensor is approximately = 4 mm (in a diameter of 20 mm) 1000 to 3000 rpm 10 to 60C 60 W fluorescent lamp, approximate distance 2 m 5 V 5% Position 1, sensor/ detector connecting line perpendicular to the strips
+ F + 0.5 W sr W
e
(see figure 35) The solid angle for 1 mm2 surface at a distance of 3 mm is 1 W + (3 mm mm)
2 2
Temperature and aging reduce the collector current. They are therefore important to Ic1 and are subtracted from it.
+ 1 sr 9
62
It therefore follows for the radiant power that:
Fe = Ie W = 55.5 mW
The power of 0.025 W produced by the ambient light is therefore negligibly low compared with the corresponding power (approximately 55 W) of the transmitter. The currents Ic1, Ic2 would result in full reflecting surfaces, that is, if the sensors visual field only measures white or black typing paper. However, this is not the case. The reflecting surfaces exist in the form of stripes. The signal can be markedly reduced by the limited resolution of the sensor if the stripes are narrow. The suitable stripe width for a given distance should therefore be selected from figure 43. In this case, the minimum permissible stripe width is approximately 3.8 mm for a distance of 3 mm (position 1, figure 43d). The markings measuring 4 mm in width were expediently selected in this case. For this width, a signal reduction of about 20% can be permitted with relatively great certainty, so that 10% of the difference (Ic1 Ic2) can be subtracted from Ic1 and added to Ic2. Ic1 = 210 mA 18 mA = 192 mA Ic2 = 30 mA + 18 mA = 48 mA
level 2 V and 0.8 V, are now decisive for determining the resistance, Rc.
Circuits with Reflex Sensors

The couple factor of the reflex sensors is relatively small. Even in the case of good reflecting surfaces, it is less than 10%. Therefore, the photocurrents are in practice only in the region of a few A. As this is not enough to process the signals any further, an additional amplifier is necessary at the sensor output. Figure 46 shows two simple circuits with sensors and follow-up operational amplifiers. The circuit in figure 46b is a transimpedance which offers in addition to the amplification the advantage of a higher cut-off frequency for the whole layout. Two similar amplification circuits incorporating transistors are shown in figure 47. The circuit in figure 48 is a simple example for operating the reflex sensors with chopped light. It uses a pulse generator constructed with a timer IC. This pulse generator operates with the pulse duty factor of approximately 1. The frequency is set to approximately 22 kHz. On the receiver side, a conventional LC resonance circuit (fo = 22 kHz) filters the fundamental wave out of the received pulses and delievers it to an operational amplifier via the capacitor, Ck. The LC resonance circuit simultaneously represents the photo transistors load resistance. For direct current, the photo transistors load resistance is very low in this case approximately 0.4, which means that the photo transistor is practically shorted for dc ambient light.
The suitable load resistance, RE, at the emitter of the photo-transistor is then determined from the low and high levels 0.8 V and 2.0 V for the 74HCTxx gate. RE < 0.8 V/ Ic2 and RE > 2.0 V/ Ic1, i.e., 10.2 kW < RE < 16.7 kW 12 kW is selected for RE The corresponding levels for determining RE must be used if a Schmitt trigger of the 74HCTxx family is employed. The frequency limit of the reflex sensor is then determined with RE = 12 kW and compared with the maximum operating frequency in order to check whether signal damping attributable to the frequency that can occur. Figure 39 shows for Vs = 5 V and RE = 12 kW approximately, for the TCRT9000, fc = 1.5 kHz. Sixteen black/ white stripes appear in front of the sensor in each revolution. This produces a maximum signal frequency of approximately 400 Hz for the maximum speed of 3000 rpm up to 50 rps. This is significantly less than the fc of the sensor, which means there is no risk of signal damping. In the circuit in figure 45, a resistor, Rc, can be used on the collector of the photoelectric transistor instead of RE. In this case, an inverted signal and somewhat modified dimensioning results. The current Ic1 now determines the low signal level and the current Ic2 the high. The voltages (Vs 2 V) and (Vs 0.8 V) and not the high level and low TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96
At resonance frequencies below 5 kHz, the necessary coils and capacitors for the oscillator become unwieldy and expensive. Therefore, active filters, made up with operational amplifiers or transistors, are more suitable (figures 49 and 50). It is not possible to obtain the quality characteristics of passive filters. In addition to that, the load resistance on the emitter of the photo transistor has remarkably higher values than the dc resistance of a coil. On the other hand, the construction with active filters is more compact and cheaper. The smaller the resonance frequency becomes, the greater the advantages of active filters compared to LC resonant circuits. In some cases, reflex sensors are used to count steps or objects, while at the same time recognition of a change in the direction of rotation (= movement direction) is necessary. The circuit shown in figure 51 is suitable for such applications. The circuit is composed of two independent channels with reflex sensors. The sensor signals are formed via the Schmitt trigger into TTL impulses with step slopes, which are supplied to the pulse inputs of the binary counter 74LS393. The outputs of the 74LS393 are coupled to the reset inputs. This is made in such a way that 63
the first output, whose condition changes from low to high, sets the directly connected counter. In this way, the counter of the other channel is deleted and blocked. The outputs of the active counter can be displaced or connected to more electronics for evaluation. It should be mentioned that such a circuit is only suited to evenly distributed objects and constant movements. If this is not the case, the channels must be close to each other, so that the movement of both sensors are collected successively. The circuit also works perfectly if the last mentioned condition is fulfilled. Figure 52 shows a pulse circuit combining analog with digital components and offering the possibility of temporary storage of the signal delivered by the reflex sensor. A timer IC is used as the pulse generator.
The negative pulse at the timers output triggers the clock input of the 74HCT74 flip-flop and, at the same time, the reflex sensors transmitter via a driver transistor. The flip-flop can be positively triggered, so that the condition of the data input at this point can be received as the edge of the pulse rises. This then remains stored until the next rising edge. The reflex sensor is therefore only active for the duration of the negative pulse and can only detect reflection changes within this time period. During the time of negative impulses, electrical and optical interferences are suppressed. A sample and hold circuit can also be employed instead of the flip-flop. This is switched on via an analog switch at the sensor output as the pulse rises.
a) IF = 20 mA Reflex sensor 7 2 3 S 390 R R E 1K RF 220 K Rl 1K 4
+10 V
b) IF = 20 mA Reflex sensor 7 RF 220 K
+10 V
TLC271 6 Output RS 390 RE 1K
2 3 Rl 1K
TLC271 6 Output
GND
GND
Figure 46. Circuits with operational amplifier
a) +10 V RC 1K IF = 20 mA Reflex sensor RL RS 390 10 K GND RE 220 BC178B PNP
b) +10 V
RL Reflex sensor RF 220 K 1K Output
I Output
CK 2.2 m F RE 1K
BC108B NPN
= 20 mA RS 390
GND
Figure 47. Circuits with transistor amplifier
64
82 1.2 K Reflex sensor 8 7 2.7 K 6 2 10 nF DIS 4 R 555 3 Q 5
VS = + 5 V
THR G N TR D CV 1
CK 100 nF 100 nF C 62 nF L 0.86 mH RF
3 2
7 TLC 271 6 4
Output
10 K 100
GND
Figure 48. AC operation with oscillating circuit to suppress ambient light
+V (10 V) S RS RA 9.1 K 8 7 R B 6 2 C 100 nF GND tp (pulse width) = 0.8 RC = 400 ms T (period) = 0.8 (RA + RB) C = 1 ms C fo THR G 5 N CV TR D 1 555 100 nF GND RE 510 DIS 4 Timer RQ 3 CK 1m F Rl 1K 220 R 33 K Reflex sensor CF 1 nF R 33 K 2 3 Cq 22 nF 4 7 6 TLC 271 (CA3160) Output
5.1 K
Timer dimensions:
Active filter :
Cf C
Cq R)
Cq Cf
+ 1 (6.28
V uo
+ 2RR
E
Q2
Figure 49. AC operation with active filter made up of an operational amplifier, circuit and dimensions
65
+VS (10 V) RV 220 RA 9.1 K 8 7 RB 5.1 K 4 Timer CK 1m F RE 1.8 K 100 nF GND tp (pulse width) = 0.8 RC = 400 ms T (period) = 0.8 (RA + RB) C = 1 ms C fo GND Cq 33 nF 3 DIS R 555 Q 6 THR G N CV 5 2 TR D C 100 nF 1 R 51 K 51 K RC Reflex sensor CF 1.5 nF R 1m F NPN 1K CK Output
Timer dimensions:
Active filter :
Cf C
Cq R)
Cq Cf
+ 1 (6.28
V uo
+ 2RR
E
Q2
Figure 50. AC operation with transistor amplifier as active filter
+5 V
A
CLK CLR QA QB QC QD
Left
Display system
B
CLK QA QB QC CLR QD
Reflex sensor A
LS393 A
LS393
RD CLK S D D
RE 15 K GND +5 V
or report
3.3 K Reset
74HCT14
Q Q
+5 V
Q S D
D CLK RD
Reflex sensor B
GND
Right
Display system
B7474 A
CLK QA QB QC QD
RV 100
RE 15 K GND
74HCT14
CLR
B
CLK CLR QA QB QC QD
LS393
or report
LS393 Figure 51. Circuit for objects count and recognition of movement direction
66
RA
82
RC
Rl
3.3 K
VS (+5 V)
PNP PNP 100 RB 8 7 6 2 DIS 4 3 Reflex sensor R2 CK 4 2 3 1 D S D CLK RD Q Q 5 6
R 555 Q
THR G 5 N CV TR D 1 100 nF
74HCT74
GND
Figure 52. Pulse circuit with buffer storage
67

Cross Reference List Opto
CompetitionType Isolators 3C63B 3C63C 3C91B 3C91C 3C92B 3C92C 3N243 3N244 3N245 3N281 4N25, 25A 4N26 4N27 4N28 4N29 4N29A 4N30 4N31 4N32 4N33 4N35 4N37 4N38 4N38A CLA7 CLA7AA CNX21 CNX35 CNX36 CNX38 CNX82 CNX83 CNY17A CNY17B CNY17C CNY17D CNY171 CNY172 CNY173 CNY174 CNY17F1 CNY17F2 Hafo Hafo Hafo Hafo Hafo Hafo Optek Optek Optek Texas Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Clairex Clairex QTC QTC QTC QTC Motorola Motorola QTC QTC QTC QTC Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Various Suppliers Competitor Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Device CNY66 CNY66 CNY18 CNY18 CNY18 CNY18 K120P K120P K120P K120P 4N25 4N26 4N27 4N28 4N32 4N32 4N32 4N32 4N32 4N33 4N35 4N37 4N38 4N38A CNY64 CNY64 CNY21N CQY80N CNY75B CNY75B TCDT1100 CQY80N CNY171 CNY172 CNY173 CNY75C CNY171 CNY172 CNY173 CNY75C TCDT1101 TCDT1102 TFKDevice Code A A B,E B,E B,E B,E A A B B A A A A A A B B A A A A A A E E A, C A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Prio 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
68

CNY17F3 CNY17F4 CNY47 CNY47A CNY48 CNY51 CNY57 CNY57A CNY62 CNY63 CNY65 CNY75A CNY75B CNY75C GEPS2001 GFH6001 GFH6002 GFH6003 H11A5 H11A5100 H11A520 H11A550 H11A1 H11A2 H11A3 H11A4 H11AV1 H11AV2 H11AV3 H11B1 H11B2 H11B3 H11J1 H11J2 H11J3 H11J4 H11J5 H11L1 H11L2 H.24A1 H.24A2 IL1 IL100 IL101 IL201 CompetitionType Various Suppliers Various Suppliers QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Competitor Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Device TCDT1103 TCDT1124 4N25 4N25 4N32 CNY75B CNY171 CQY80N CNY21N CNY21N CNY65 CNY75A CNY75B CNY75C CNY80N CNY75A CNY75B CNY75C 4N28 4N35 CQY80N CQY80N CQY80N 4N26 4N25 4N27 CNY64 CNY64 CNY64 4N32 4N32 4N32 K3010P K3010P K3010P K3010P K3010P TCDS1001 TCDS1001 CNY64 CNY64 4N25 TCDS1001 TCDS1001 CNY75A TFKDevice Code A A B B B A A A B, C B, C A A A A A A A A B A B B A A A A B, E B, E B, E A A A B A B A A A A B, E B, E A D, E D, E B Prio 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 69

70 IL202 IL250 IL5 IL74 ILCT6 ILCA230 ILD1 ILD74 ILQ1 ILQ74 MCA230 MCA230 MCA231 MCA231 MCP3009 MCP3010 MCP3011 MCP3020 MCP3021 MCP3022 MCT2 MCT2E MCT210 MCT210 MCT2200 MCT2201 MCT2202 MCT26 MCT26 MCT270 MCT271 MCT272 MCT273 MCT274 MCT275 MCT276 MCT277 MCT3 MCT4 MCT6 MCT66 MOC1005 MOC1006 MOC119 MOC205 CompetitionType Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Competitor Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Device CNY75B CNY71 CQY80NG 4N27 MCT6 4N32 CNY742 CNY742 CNY744 CNY744 4N32 4N32 4N32 4N32 K3010P K3010P K3011P K3020P K3021P K3022P 4N26 4N25 4N35 4N35 CQY80N CNY75B CNY75A 4N26 4N26 CQY80N CNY171 CNY75 A CNY75B CNY75C CNY75B CNY171 4N36 4N28 K120P CNY742 CNY742 CNY75A CNY75A 4N32 TCMT1021 TFKDevice Code B B A A A A A A A A A B A B A A A A A A A A B A B A A A A A A B B B B A A A A A A B B B A Prio 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

MOC206 MOC207 MOC215 MOC216 MOC217 MOC221 MOC222 MOC223 MOC3009 MOC3010 MOC3011 MOC3012 MOC3020 MOC3021 MOC3022 MOC3023 MOC5005 MOC5006 MOC5007 MOC5008 MOC5009 MOC8101 MOC8102 MOC8103 MOC8104 MOC8112 MOC8113 OPI110 OPI113 OPI120 OPI123 OPI1264A OPI1264B OPI1264C OPI140 OPI2100 OPI2150 OPI2151 OPI2152 OPI2153 OPI2154 OPI2155 OPI2250 OPI2251 OPI2252 CompetitionType Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Competitor Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Device TCMT1022 TCMT1023 TCMT1031 TCMT1032 TCMT1033 TCMT1033 TCMT1034 TCMT1034 K3010P K3010P K3011P K3012P K3020P K3021P K3022P K3023P TCDS1001 TCDS1001 TCDS1001 TCDS1001 TCDS1001 TCDT1101 TCDT1102 TCDT1103 TCDT1124 TCDT1100 TCDT1110 CNY21N CNY65 CNY66 CNY66 CNY21N CNY65 CNY65 K120P CNY75C 4N27 4N27 4N26 CQY80N 4N27 4N26 4N26 4N26 4N25 TFKDevice Code A A A A A A A B A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B A A E D, E E D, E E E B, E B A A A A A A A A A A Prio 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 71

72 OPI2253 OPI2254 OPI2255 OPI2500 OPI3009 OPI3010 OPI3011 OPI3012 OPI3020 OPI3021 OPI3022 OPI3023 OPI3150 OPI3151 OPI3153 OPI3250 OPI3251 OPI3253 OPI7002 OPI7010 PC508 PC613 PC627 PC713U PC733 PC827U PC829 PC847U PS2001A PS2001B PS2003A PS2003B PS2004A PS2004B PS2005A PS2005B PS2010 PS2011 PS2013 PS2014 PS2015 PS2021 PS2022 PS2401A2 PS2401A4 CompetitionType Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optex Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC NEC Competitor Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Device CQY80N 4N26 4N25 CNY71 K3010P K3010P K3011P K3012P K3020P K3021P K3022P K3023P 4N33 4N33 4N33 4N33 4N32 4N32 CNY64 CNY64 CNY65 CNY75 K827P CNY75A CNY71 K827P CNY742 K827P CQY80N CQY80N CQY80N 4N25 4N32 4N32 CQY80N 4N25 4N25 CQY80N CQY80N 4N32 CQY80N CQY80N 4N32 K827P K827P TFKDevice Code A A A A A A A A A A A A A B A A B A E B, E D, E A A A A A A A A A A A D B A A A A B B A A B B B Prio 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

SFH6000 SFH6001 SFH6002 SFH6003 SFH6011 SFH6012 SFH6013 SFH6014 TIL111 TIL112 TIL113 TIL114 TIL115 TIL116 TIL117 TIL120 TIL121 TIL124 TIL125 TIL126 TIL127 TIL153 TIL154 TIL155 TIL156 TLP3051 TLP3052 TLP504A TLP5212 TLP5214 TLP531A TLP531BL TLP531GB TLP531GR TLP531Y TLP531YG TLP533 TLP535 TLP571 TLP595 Sensors CNY28 EESMR11 EESMR31 EESX1025 CompetitionType QTC Omron Omron Omron Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Competitor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Device TCST2103 TCRT9050 TCRT9000 TCST1230 CNY171 CNY172 CNY173 CNY75C CNY171 CNY75A CNY75B CNY75C 4N27 4N27 4N33 4N25 4N26 4N25 CQY80N K120P K120P CQY80N CQY80N CQY80N 4N32 4N26 4N25 CQY80N 4N32 K3052P K3051P K827P K827P K827P CQY80N CNY75C CNY75B CNY75B CNY75A CQY80N CQY80N CQY80N 4N32 TCDT1900 TFKDevice Code A A A A A A A A D A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B A B A A A A A A B A A A A B A B B Prio 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 73

74 GP1A05 GP1A21 GP1S01 GP1S01F GP1S02 GP1S04 H21A1 H21A2 H21A4 H21A5 H21L H22A1 H22A2 H22A4 H22A5 H22L HOA0870055 HOA0870251 HOA0870255 HOA0871051 HOA0871255 HOA0872051 HOA0872055 HOA0872251 HOA0872255 HOA13971 HOA13972 HOA187211 HOA187212 HOA187311 HOA187312 HOA187915 MOC7811 MOC7812 MOC7821 MOC7822 MST8 MST81 OPB706A OPB706B OPB706C OPB710 OPB804 OPB813 OPB813S10 CompetitionType Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC QTC Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Honeywell Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola QTC QTC Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Competitor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Device TCSS6201 TCYS5201 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCST1103 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCSS2100 TCST1103 TCST1103 TCST1103 TCST1103 TCSS1100 TCST1103 TCST2300 TCST2103 TCST1103 TCST2103 TCST1300 TCST1103 TCST2300 TCST2103 CNY70 CNY70 TCST1103 TCST1103 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCST2300 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCST1103 TCST1103 TCST2000 TCST2000 CNY70 CNY70 CNY70 TCSS2100 TCST1000 TCST2000 TCST2103 TFKDevice Code A A B, C B, C B, C A, C A A A A B A A A A B C C C C B, C C B, C C C B, C B, C C C C C B, C A A A A E E C C C A, C B, E B E Prio 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

OPB814 OPB815 OPB816 OPB817 OPB870N55 OPB870T51 OPB870T55 OPB871N51 OPB871N55 OPB871T51 OPB871T55 OPB872N51 OPB872N55 OPB872T51 OPB872T55 OPB875N55 OPB875T55 OPB971P55 OPB973N55 OPB973T55 OPD819S10 OPD823A OPD824B OPD847 OPD848 OPD870N51 TIL147 TIL148 TlL143 TlL144 TLP1001 TLP800 TLP801 TLP804 TLP908 TLP908(LB) CompetitionType Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Optek Texas Texas Texas Texas Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba Competitor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Device TCST1103 TCST2103 TCST2000 TCST2103 TCST1103 TCST2300 TCST2103 TCST1300 TCST1103 TCST2300 TCST2103 TCST1300 TCST1103 TCST2300 TCST2103 TCST1000 TCST2000 TCSS1100 TCSS1100 TCSS2100 TCST2300 TCST2103 TCST2103 TCST1103 TCST1103 TCST1300 TCST1103 TCST1103 TCST2000 TCST2000 TCSS2100 TCST2103 TCST1103 TCST1202 TCRT1000 TCRT1010 TFKDevice Code B, E B, E B B, E C C C B, C B, C B, C B, C C C C C C C A, C A, C A, C B, E B, C B, C B, E B, E C D, E D, E D, E D, E B B, C B, C B, C E E Prio 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
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Optocouplers Data Book 1996

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

6 Pin Optoisolators with Transistor Output

6 Pin Optoisolators with Darlington Output

Multichannel Optoisolators with Transistor Output

2800 2800 2800 2800 2800 2800

>60 50600 1) >100

>70 >70 >70 >70

<0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3

50600 1) 50600 1) 50600 1)

Surface Mount Optoisolators with Transistor Output

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

Surface Mount Optoisolators with Transistor Output

Metal Can Optoisolators

Optoisolators for Intrinsic Safety Requirements, with Transistor Output

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

VDE 0884 Approved Optoisolators

With CTR Ranking

With CTR Ranking and High Output Voltage

6000 6000 6000

63125 100200 160320

>90 >90 >90

<0.3 <0.3 <0.3

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

Optoisolators for High Isolation Voltages

Optoisolators with Triac Driver Output

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

Reflective Optical Sensors

Transmissive Optical Sensors

4(>2) 4(>2) 2(>1) 2(>1) 0.5(>0.25) 0.5(>0.25)

20(>10) 20(>10) 10(>5) 10(>5) 2.5(>1.25) 2.5(>1.25)

3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2

1 1 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25

without Aperture with Transistor Output

Miniature Transmissive Optical Sensors with Transistor Output

Miniature Optical Encoder with Transistor Output (Dual Channel)

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

Characteristics IC Package Type mA % CTR @ IF mA V(BR)CEO @ 1 mA V Gap mm Resolution mm Aperture mm

Matched Pairs (Emitter and Detector)

Transmissive Optical Sensors with Schmitt Trigger Logic1)

Matched Pairs (Emitter and Detector) with Schmitt Trigger Logic1)

TCZS8100 1) Inverted, open collector output

Optical Sensors with Wires and Connectors

Transmissive Optical Sensors with Schmitt Trigger Logic Output

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

Product Information Card

Optocouplers Optical Sensors

Market Segment, Application

Classification Chart for Opto Isolators

2 Channels Transistor output Multichannel

American pin connection

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

Classification Chart for Opto Isolators

TELEFUNKEN Semiconductors 06.96

The serial number consists of:

D Three figures, running from 100 to 999, for devices

D One letter (Z, Y, X, etc.) and two figures running from

The material mentioned are examples