PH Scale: Rules of PH Value

pH scale
o A scale developed to measure the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution is

known as pH scale where p in pH implies ‘potenz’ in German.
o In 1909 Sorenson devised a scale known as pH scale to measure the strength

of acid solutions as well as basic solutions, could be represented by making use
of hydrogen ions concentration in the sample. pH scale has value from 0 to
14.
pH has no unit.
Rules Of pH Value:
o Neutral substance has the pH of exactly 7. E.g. Pure water is neutral in nature
it has the pH 7.
o Acidic substance has the pH less than 7 because the pH value will decrease
with the increase in the conc. of hydrogen ion.
o Basic substance has the pH more than 7 because of less concentration of
hydrogen ion in it.
pH values of the common substance from our daily life

Solution pH Solution pH Solution pH
Conic HCl 0 Soft Drink 6.0 Toothpaste 8.0
Oil HCl 1.0 Milk 6.5 Baking Soda Solution 8.5
Gastric Juice 1.4 Saliva (before meal) 7.4 Washing Soda Solution 9.0
Lemon Juice 2.5 Saliva (after meal) 5.8 Milk of Magnesia 10.5
Vinegar 4.0 Blood 7.4 Household Ammonia 11.6
Importance Of pH In Everyday Life:
1. pH in our digestive system: Our stomach produce Dil. Hydrochloric Acid which
helps in digesting our food without harming the stomach. When our stomach
produces excess acid it causes indigestion and lower the pH of our stomach
which cause pain and irritation. In order to cure indigestion we take a mild base
known as Antacid which neutralize the acid in our stomach and bring its pH back
to 5.
Antacids are milk of magnesia, soda.
2. pH change as the cause of tooth decay: After eating something the bacteria
present in our mouth breaks down the sugar to form acids causing lowering the
pH of mouth. Tooth decay starts when the pH of mouth falls below 5.5, at this
point the acid become strong enough to attack tooth enamel (calcium
phosphate) and corrode it. The best way to prevent tooth decay is to clean the
mouth after eating and using basic toothpaste which can neutralize
mouths acid.
3. Self Defence by animals and plants through chemical warfare: Many

animals and plants protect themselves from their enemies by injecting painful
acid or base into their skin. E.g. a honey bee inject an acidic liquid ( formic acid
or methanoic acid) to the person’s body when it stings causing pain an
irritation. Baking soda is used as a remedy because being a base it neutralize
the injected acid and bring back the pH of human body to 7.4 again.
Wasp bee secrets a base.
4. In Agriculture: By determining the pH of the soil. We can find whether it is

acidic or alkaline. This helps in deciding the type of fertilizer to be used and the
types of crops to sown.
Q1. You have two solutions A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8.
Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and
which one is basic?
Ans. A with pH = 6 is acidic B with pH = 8 is basic ‘A’ has more hydrogen ion
concentration.
Q2. What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) ions, have on the nature of the
solution?
Ans. If a solution has higher concentration of H+ ions it is more acidic in nature.
Q3. Do basic solutions also have H+ (aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
Ans. Yes basic solutions also have H+ ions, but they are basic in nature due to more
number of OH– ions.
Q4. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields
with quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk
(calcium carbonate)?
Ans. When the soil is acidic in nature, the farmer would add quick lime (CaO) or slaked
lime (Ca(OH)2) or chalk (CaCO3)to make it neutral.
Q5. Arrange the following pH in increasing ordr of hydrogen ion concentration:
6, 12, 3, 9, 1
Ans. 12, 9, 6, 3, 1
Q6. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as
4, 1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively. Which solution is
(a) neutral? (b) strongly alkaline?
(c) strongly acidic? (d) weakly acidic?
(e) weakly alkaline?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration.
Ans.
(i) A with pH = 4 is weakly acidic
a. B with pH = 1 is strongly acidic
b. C with pH = 11 is strongly alkaline
c. D with pH = 7 is neutral
d. E with pH = 9 is weakly alkaline
(ii)
a. ‘D’ with pH = 7 is neutral
b. ‘C’ with pH = 11 is strongly alkaline
c. ‘B’ with pH = 1 is strongly acidic
d. ‘A’ with pH = 4 is weakly acidic
e. ‘E’ with pH = 9 is weakly alkaline
(iii) pH in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration.
Q7. Fresh milk has pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd?
Explain your answer.
Ans. pH of milk will decrease when it turns into curd due to the formation of lactic acid.
Q8. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Ans. (a) pH is shifted to alkaline so that milk does not spoil by becoming sour by
releasing lactic acid.
(b) Milk is made alkaline by adding baking soda and the lactic acid formed, will get
neutralised and therefore will take a little more time to set become acidic.
Q9. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.
Ans. The reaction in which acid reacts with base (loses their property) to form salt and
water is called neutralisation reaction.
SALT
Salt is produced in laboratory by the neutralization reaction of acid and base.
Potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate, etc. are
examples of some salts other than sodium chloride.
pH of Salts
S.No NATURE OF ACID BASE EXAMPLES

. SALT
1. Neutral Salt Strong Acid Strong Base NaCl, Na2SO4,
HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH KNO3
HNO3
2. Acidic Salt Strong Acid Weak Base MgCl2, NH4Cl,
HCl, H2SO4, Mg(OH)2, NH4OH (NH4)2SO4

HNO3
3. Basic Salt Weak Acid Strong Base CH3COONa,
H2CO3, NaOH, KOH K2CO3, NaHCO3

CH3COOH
Q. Classify following salts:
(a) Sodium sulphate

(b) Ammonium chloride
(c) sodium acetate

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pH scale

o A scale developed to measure the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution is

o In 1909 Sorenson devised a scale known as pH scale to measure the strength

pH values of the common substance from our daily life

Oil HCl 1.0 Milk 6.5 Baking Soda Solution 8.5

Antacids are milk of magnesia, soda.

3. Self Defence by animals and plants through chemical warfare: Many

Wasp bee secrets a base.

4. In Agriculture: By determining the pH of the soil. We can find whether it is

Ans. If a solution has higher concentration of H+ ions it is more acidic in nature.

Q5. Arrange the following pH in increasing ordr of hydrogen ion concentration:

(iii) pH in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration.

Q9. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.

S.No NATURE OF ACID BASE EXAMPLES

1. Neutral Salt Strong Acid Strong Base NaCl, Na2SO4,

HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH KNO3

2. Acidic Salt Strong Acid Weak Base MgCl2, NH4Cl,

HCl, H2SO4, Mg(OH)2, NH4OH (NH4)2SO4

3. Basic Salt Weak Acid Strong Base CH3COONa,

H2CO3, NaOH, KOH K2CO3, NaHCO3

Q. Classify following salts:

(a) Sodium sulphate

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