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S
Dect Code/Title: AD 3251-Data Structures Design Unit:
EnggTree.com

LUnut
DA 4 -

Gcaphtnavesak-
Rapaesentation oç qnaph. Taea
GtVaph ADT- -8hoAtstVpabbs-minimum
spanning
lopological ondbang

Gpaph ADT
w e meke
collectton of
Vertices and edges
A
A qnaph is a
a Combinatton of
thzno o l a t a t y p o s
Eigtka
as
tho ab&tilac kon Vntexrs a set of nados,
and Gaaph
VeRtex,Elge
of
Ventices es mathods .

colecHon of
pata
includes
the followtng
fotlouwtnq
ADT
The
The 9naph

Sotve atex
g e t ve atox

ddd Edg2
g0tEdols

Applieattons Of Gaphs . betuween Componena

in
Aalattonship8
Repaas entth9
Tlight N{w
electaonie Caals

Taanspontation
hetwonk -hughuay No,
LAN, Intex ne
Compuiter nlw
-

Rpasentin ER diagnam
Databases
Gaaph Rapaas entalton
Adjacncy Matix
Adtacence ist
tAdyacend set

Adiacencu Mataiz2 Numbea af

,oe need the
T epresent gnaphs also thein inteconi
and alsothol intexcornecians
and
nlumboa ofV edlges
eaticos, the

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

 Unit:
Subject Code/Title: AD 3251-Data Structures Design
EnggTree.com
Adljacency Matair Rapansermabia
class Graph(object):
# Initialize the matrix one imple uoay
def_init_(self, size):
self.adjMatrix = []
Aapaesernt a n ph
for i in range(size): C L s a a0haioy
self.adjMatrix.append([O for i
in range(size)])
known as
self.size = size This s
Aoljaceney mataLK

# Add edges Apaientaton

Foa eachedge (t,V)
def add_edge(self, vl, v2):
ifv==v2:
and %d" % (vl, v2)
print("Sanme vertex %d
self.adjMatrix(vl][v2] =I
self.adjMatrix{v2][v1] = 1 Othwis2 the 2nt u
tho arra
f a l a d

#Remove edges vl, v2):

defremove_edge(self, 0:
ifself.adjMatrix{v 1][v2]
between %d and %d" % (v1, v2))
print("No edge
return
self.adjMatrix[v|][v2] =0
self.adjMatrix[v2][v1] =0

def_len_(self):
return self.size A B
7.
#Print the matrix
def print_matrix(self):
for row in self.adjMatrix:
B
for val in row:
print({:4).format(val),end=")
c o
print("n") Do O0.
def main():
g=Graph(5)
g.add_edge(0, 1)
g.add_edge(0, 2)
g.add_edge(1, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 0)
g.add_edge(2, 3)
g.add_edge(4,1)
8.print matrix()

if_name main
main()

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

 Unit:
EnggTree.com
Subject Code/Title: AD 3251-Data Structures Design

Adjaceney list epaasentaton an aray of inka

T eprekens a qnaph as aeatee and eac
apnesentz
the qra other VRAfeas Tha|
etement
elemont n
An t
ta nk
inkedt, i st
List representation in Python
Renasanttha
Dorm an edge cwm tha a a r
# Adjascency
class AdjNode:
def init_(self, value):
self.vertex = value

self.next= None

class Graph:
def_init_(self, num):
self.V= num
self.graph
=
[None]* self.V

# Add edges
def add_edge(self, s, d):
node AdjNode(d)
node.next= self.graph[s]
sclf.graph[s] = node

node AdjNode(s)
node.next= self.graph[d)
self.graph[d]=node
#Print the graph
def print_agraph(self):
for i in range(self. V):
print("Vertex + str(i) +":", end="")
"

temp self.graph[i)
while temp:
print(">{}".format(temp.vertex), end="") C)
temp= temp.next
print(" In")
if name main_ A
V = 5
#Create graph and edges
graph Graph(V)
graph.add_edge(0, 1)
B
e
graph.add_edge(0, 2)
D
graph.add_edge(0, 3) D
graph.add_edge(1, 2)
graph.print_agraph()

PPYenax0:3 >| ( (3
Vaafar > 9 0
Vate 3 : >o
eateA

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

 Unit:
3251-Data Structures Design
Code/Title: AD
Subject EnggTree.com

Adjacancy set.
o adjacancy uad. kist,but
T ts Yey much stmla
list, Asjont
kek ade
nstaao of u s inkad
naph Taarersals
amachantsm
9naphs,w0 noocd
classftud by atypes
on
To solvo pAoblems chn be
the graphs.T
foa txavoxing Deph fiast
saanch CDFS)
saaach (BES)
Bheaclth {iast
s2aach (DFS)
useo taavnaR oalocalz a
p i h tnst an
algoaihm
Ctaa. It ptkuti
DFS en taee
datasfau

en a qkaph as it g9until
noole one
bäanch as fa
tanget
&eaches Valong backtsacks to he
hae it
Bepii ad that bnarch
Once
baarch Q
baareh
d2archa
and&earhea
af
ho endpoksibla
he divegnce
fRom that
aom that
the pocos
fiast baahch, epeaitng
endl
tha of thdt
ntil
Aigoittm
d a o f a (eliadgtophheda)

node. not:n ysikd

T Daintcnada
Viskad.ädd hola
in 1aph[nool
fon naighbotun
dfsvisilid,aphnaghboua)
thäollotoing 9naph.
,considea
As an example

tnea is
Callod t h e DEs taaa.
geneialid u
The'inal VAtcas ara pADcOLad
twhith tha
ôadla"in
and the numbaas of tha Vantca
DFS
caltaod

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 EnggTree.com

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 EnggTree.com

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 EnggTree.com
ubject Code/Title: AD 3251-Data Structures Design Unit:

Braadhiast 6eaach CBFS)

of noale
of taavonsi'rg
s each
BFS the paoco Visi lid, Npt nisitad .the
paak
the qraph into'quwo
the qxaph alqotihtm to vist all the Veatex
Ipunpdso of th .BFS ug28 a quotue
tb 7oprasn
eyeleg Y
Lshilo avotoling
the nsilzol heops Lovel.Initfally BFS
Stam a
eel
by
is a t Jevol o nthe iagt
BRS aRks
oate x ohich and s0 o n
a given all yHfcos a t lavol 1
the
&tade it Visil thie poceIs Until all the levols of
Conttnuog
BFS0
ph ana complalzd

RlgoaiYhm
de bfs cVisilad,naph,nsda)
Visia.appehdtnoole)
La appand Choala)
whila qaua caaahng koopt5 risit each od4
m9uotia. pop)
PrinCm,end
foR neighbota raph in

Keighbou 'not in visilid:

f vsilid.append nelahbota)
uoua aphand Cneidhboua)D
TI

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 EnggTree.com

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 EnggTree.com
Topological Sbat
is an Dadertng of
kenHces in
s0at
A Hopolcqcal
that ifV thone s a patn
gnaph,u ch
deaee tt ol acylic Yi t n tha DAddoaing
a
td Vj tNbn Vappeana
aftex
faom i ,VAV3,V1, Vb adol
in iguae , Viva V5
the qnaph
Th aae both topoogtcal oadeaings.
VVoVs,V+ 7, Vsr V6

q1 tnal a fopoloqical
topoloqical
algoei hm
0 lo ftnal a intomirg
Vbatix with no
AA Stmple V 4 i n d any s e m o v e it,alon

OAdonung
RBE thi
Venkex,and
then paint staaBeqy
eolos.wecan the qnaph The same 0
edgus aom Othe 9iaph,
giaph
with i Aest af (he a ve tor
the ndeg7rco.0f
applied lo the
T o honmali20
this tod doftné
Cu
W ) u e c o m p t a tHe
Indegae
humo2ot eoges dequeuav
a s the the n9aaph. )
yenices
O at

deqiuatu is
Indaut meve daqusuas H
Yrt 2 3 5
2
3

Raqemuayh_h VsV4Vg Va daqueu:V

danjuane:V

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

 EnggTree.com

da topolegccalsont (@)
topaloqicallist : [1
:

topolcgiCal 9ueue [ : J
Aemaintngindeg: f3
()
hool es G.de EreAtces
=

fon Vin G0;

9getT»rep/n0a C)
Tndegnco =.
if Lendagate= 0¥
append cv
o
lseoKe* aalaunuL
A e m a i n i n g indogree[vJ=tndog aee

lohilo AenCtopo.togicod qotua)

holo = topologlcalqcLOue .Pop(o)
topoloqéadlltst. apperd tn ole)
cohde Rehctopologitallrst):
hoale = tópolegicalllsE.Popto)
Pant node qtvealix ld')
s DCvtE
Hopologital 60at
Total unning time oA

deqeue:V7 dcgqueus:Vs

VL

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

 Design Unit
Subject Code/Title: AD 3251-Data
Struetures
EnggTree.com

Shonte6t -Path Algonuthms nod to

e a t e x S, o e
a dtsttgeuishacd G,s
(VrE) anod în G
ea tax im
othea veatax s
gaaph G 5Uevey othea
A path 1 n poblem.
Shoate6t snoAtest path
ftnd thb sngte I 6oUace unweiqhtad a p h
by Shoatest path i n
Rofined
Shoatost path in wecghuibl gadph
in tunuOeLg h lto) q aaph
Shoatest path

( n
an
untoeighliol
unweighlãot 99napi
nap
woudd
w old
diagnam &hotwa
above pa
p aaaaarrttie
etta
a,,he
he

The b a n inrt
inRf
vexl x SLwhich
nom' o a l othea VeaHeeg. ve2Hces.
ustng
Lstng
som2
the
Shoatest pacth ot o l g Containe
riumba2n
Uo i n
nakonostad i n the on h tHoo ed ea. wbo
edh es. we
ikU
Liko k
i n t e n e s l i d

ho werah
o ueians
Only h
thene are
aae
Cwe 1pat,o aa weight "of
oeia hE "of 1
1 .
On the
on all edges wo can tell hat
ra,
CDuld QssrgnChoos2 % 0 w e hoole Slo be angh 0.
w is then a path 0f
path n o m S lo
Vs
&hontest
the 1
Th shcos the fig
(V Knnun dN
(t

Nou aoe aan s tant lookinq foanal(

1 auny
a d i s t a n ce
that a o
VeaHceg
l a n bA found by
aom S .Those
tha Vezntices that dh
V Rooking
adjacodt l
at
s.Vj and Y6 ane
00e

e anS 6hown tn
dlga.
fiq3 uwhos2 Bhoatost path faom S is
Nowind
Now ydaticos
xactly &,By findtng aalL tha oatices adjalent ls Ynand V6
whose Shoest pat e not alneady enoLon.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

CHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF
sCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
 Structures Design Unit
AD 3251-Data
Subject Code Title: EnggTree.com
+e l s tus that tho,Shntcst
pah o ag
1
seanch that has becn mal
This 493Shetos the pargaess
Veaices adjacent
5
V4 & . e nd by exkamining
Vthak 5 andd hae
inall evaltialuol
v a and va
the Ae Cen ti& t h a e e edgex.
the Ce palth ot thae ag
h af the alqohm
ot the
a s u l t of
Sesult
s alq
Shoatest shaus the inal
H

193
Tritial shat VaDegtas MDacuud_2nuaLacd
y ondv pv Wrun dv Kiosn di ey kon dy

YS

Kvon di P KmndyA Ktaa dv P Kmandv e

Algoasthm.
He bis¢):
Sefstaatvisilis =Taue
qucue.appnd (Seif-start)
whila aheue :
Cumdntnode quOue.popto)
clorenthole.neghbas:
o nodle în
nade.visi l i
i not
nocle.nsilae-Mue
9ucue. appendCnade)
ple.pxbu -cTent nede
inede =2el f end
QuQuo .clcaaO.
Self traceAo Downloaded
s from EnggTree.com DEPASTAMENT OF
SE UMAniTIES
 AD 3251-Data Design
EnggTree.com
Structures Unit:
Subject Code/Title:

qsapb Djkstaa'sAlkourhm
Shoatest path in oeahlidtn'wetqhthd qnapH' paodu
path phpaden

The shoatest dijkstaa D

kstadi
deve Loped by alg8aithm.
UDas thev BFS
3 e n e n a l i 2 a t t o n af
use the dis istanca table.The shoatest disame
the
we use
itself olistance table fon
is 2o0.Tha
to
othe
6otuce
cala h
e t to , to inolical, hab
at
btu othea ane
not
n alneadiH
ot a lnead pAocesedd.
Ventices

thoe oua exampla. .Tho

examplo . The ffq1 aapusen
The 9naph is
i n i t t a l l c b n i q u n a t t o n

the
Y Knoon dv R
JU
2
Ys

Initta confiqutahbn

8taat
nodla S is Vi, The frast
t h a t the yealx k
Asuminq
n,with path lengh 0.THu
k 8ome entaies
Veatee etec to that Vi ts knosn,
Viafda
knoton Noo lo
maakool VeAtieos adjacent
The adjuulid.
be adjustaol. enttatos
neeal to Veaticos get thatn
Q n d maaked knoton
knotan.

and V4.Both thbse 8e Lele

lelEo
a n d maaked
8e Vy it tuang ,and
Next
'n i9 à,Ve,V5,Vo and V7
ana aolacont
adljugtfngshouwn
in g 3
Veaticos
that all eatuno qdjacent but alaaady
out Vs jan
put
Nect Va is8eleclco,
peafoamedl
oh ft. Vs k ad
&
8 0 ho uwoRkb e c a u s e t h a l o s t of
going9 fkough
knoon.
not a d jusliol, 3 k dladhdeyknovn.
but
a t lo 1 ahd a pah of leng h veatices alo
Va the t b l e aft2a those
q u n 4 Shoo&8
selecr ot.

Downloaded from EnggTree.com

 Design Unit:
Subject Code/Title:
AD 3251-1Datu Struetures
EnggTree.com

The next Ventex Seleclea VB at Cost3. V s me

tt not adjuslid, b ecauss.
adiuslid, b
becausO
hot
ahol Mo dtstance toa V6
verlex,but

aoliacenl cleol,and
Seleetecol, table
only V3 KS ele
Aosultinq tabt
3t
65Then, loS3T 5 8
tD *..Tho A0sulting
adjtus
lial d a n 5.
in e tupedalid down t
8houds
V is &e lecud V6ge tn gaab
Next tabto Vghouos
a0&ultinq is 3hoton tn
The inaltalta
5+16.Tho
V6 is seloclack
Hinaly
on houo tho.
tiquneT tma depenols Consida
aunning have yet lo
The whikh too
maniplal+ol ,
are ie oCIEI+/V12) -%Ive
oCEl+lvi2) -oIvP)
eaitces
entic es timne
of
total
aunnin
Ainaar è
inaaa en tha
n fha
number
n umbe o
he 2un8 n Himo
mo
Since it
edass
newn dv Vknen dy Knouon.dv
2

Y4 3
co Y4
V Y4
F Y4
Vavdael and
sdeclaud H V4 H 3
knouon
4- Knouwn dedlaredknouon

V kncun dv knouwn dv R V knoun dy

V
2
3 Ya
VA s T
Vb 5
V 5 Y4
4 5 V 6 Vb ik oleelan
t 4 V5V5ae noun
doelaned
deitaral known

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Subject Code/Title: AD 3251-Data Structures IDesign
EnggTree.com

Algorithm
1-Stages of Dnkstaa's
#ImplementingDijkstra's Algorithm
def dijkstra(graph. initial):
visited initial : 0}
path defaultdict(list)
nodes set(graph.nodes)
while nodes:
minNode = None

for node in nodes:

if node in visited:
if minNode is None:
minNode = node

elif visited[node] < visited[ minNode]:

minNode =node
if minNode is None:
break
nodes.remove(minNode)
currentWeight = visited[ minNode]

for edge in graph.edges[minNode]:

weight current Weight - graph.distances{(minNode. edge)]

i fedge not in visited or weight < visited[edge

visitedjedge] = weight

pathedge].append( minNode)
return visited, path

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 Subject Code/Title: AD 3251-Data Structures Design
EnggTree.com Unit

Minimal Apanning la0o

spanning tnee af a qnaph i a subnaph that
The
Cbntain8 allthaventices an ials0 atnoe IA aph
panning taees.
may have mony
Fon thissimple
9naph we cán

Hara multtpla
Z
pannng tiues

he minimum <panning taea in an

linestnd
To 4tnd we asëteme fhat ha Vgivon qophs and
undineclid anaph,
weiqhid ndph tA2e of an,undiznecteol
hinimumspanning
A A 4lom raph ealges t h a t
taee fozamad m i n i l u m t o taltost.
Gnaph G L8
a
the Veatices of
twith p h is
Conriect all S p a n n e n g tae'e o
Oxis
isls
i3l& onty tf
k only f the a9aph

A
A
miimum
Tuso Ualqoeithms
ane CLs Sl thisploblamn
Conneclol. Thsde
P i m s hlgoith
4Kauskalsalgoaithm.

as dejkstnals
Paums Agorithm the same
is almost finds'the
inds"the.
Algoeithm a s input and
Paems qraph
aq gnaph
t h d t q a p h which
T t (Hakes E h d t qaaph
hlgoithm
the edges
of 0. Qvmy Vertex
Sutset of that inetudes
all tha
thue among
foam
a
Cweih
woihla
minimum 8um of qaapN.
tho
has the be
fOAm0clAom

taeos that
an

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 one EnggTree.com
way lo Compuli a minimum panninq t a c 2
o
to uqrow tK nee en aucceSiveatages.Tn 2ackstage
Acot,and w ad an eda
i s pickcool at
the
one ann KSOuaeod Veal x, tothe ta00. ag
nd thus
At any potnt in the algoaithm, we can &ea hat
sht of veaHces that hao alanady been
ve have a have nt
ineluled tn the trea, the aest of the Voatichs neuw vealx lo
alqoaithm then 4inolk at eachstaqe,a
The
to Utho taoe by ehoosing
tho eokagu o)sich that the
hdd all edges ushara u
Cost ot (u u) ts tNa Smgaltst amond
s in the tiee and y not

(
7
Vs

Vs
(V6
Spaningfa0a
9Aaph G ano ii
mnimum
A

node i is seleeud ano

The tnittal Contiqurakon
.The Aesul+ing &hown n
Va,Va and V are upolabol
the i 4 The hxt veatex sekelid is V4.'Eveay Veatex
adiaceht to V4 ex cept Vi s examinad, becau i is
knbuon

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 AD 3251-Data Structures Design Unit:
Subject Code/Title:
EnggTree.com
cunchangeo,becauLse
(E has dv=& and the
Ve is updalcd
e updaled
the 7est a
o ane 3 a
ool ae Co8t aon va v3
eot the Asulinqfable The next Chosen kikx
shotos
Fig hot a f e c c a n y dtstana
.Then Ya s
This does tn
afoes astance i n V6,shown
chosen.which
4aom the se lection oL V1,whch
Aesua,
Atqune 3. Rqur 4tobe actsaal.Vo and then bmLseluelid
oHeos V, anlt Vs
Complettng t h e algozütmm

shoLch in ig5.The edqes th

in
TH tinal table iB
Can ba Acad Aom thetable cVa, ) vsVA)
taee
Spannnq total cost is tb
tV6,V), (V1,VA) The
v,V), %N1),

- -

- . G-

Paims algotthm aften 0ach Stag

v knoun dv Av
VmDun dv f Y krioion dv Ry T
V T 2 Y

Y
Vs A
F F V4
F

Table aftea Table afta VMy

Tnitial Table. is declded
knon known

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 3251-Data Struclu
AD
EnggTree.com
Code/Title:

Subject

V knoun Gy P V khon d R
VMnaun y
2
2

V4 Tabta Qfta V^u& Tabte aft ea V6kVs

VaVg a l &eclardknouwn ae 3placoi
d eaftea
Tabte c l a a e d known
CPma algoaitnmn
def primsAlgo(selt):
visited [0]*self.verteN Num Texinates),

edgeNum=0
visited[0]=True
while edgeNum<self.vertexNum-l:

min sys.maxsize

for i in range(self.vertex Num):

if visited[i]
vertex Num):
forj in range(self.
if ((not visited[i]) and self.edges[i|l):
if min > self.edges[i]G]:
min self.edges[i]0]

d-j
self.MST.append([self.nodes[s], self.nodes[d), self.edges[s][d]])
visited[d] = True

edgeNum+=||

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 Structures vesigu
AD 3251-Dala Unit:
EnggTree.com
Code/Title:
Subject

Kauskal's Alpadhm.
alqoaithm
8taa totn r disteaent tae0s.while
The
Constauchir te
minuMtem
menumcem taee spanhin ,2veay tmo
the
Jlavaithm Selec k
an eolae that has nlinimumn
Kauskal s on adals
adds that
that eolge,
it docsnot canat a eolor
Kauskals thon
and Ivl3
veight
inittallythee ane Sinqte Noolo taees in na
tha
Cye.s0 tudtaees int one.
an odge meages en
aest.Adding Vthee will be only Ono
oloorithnY is Compeud,
he al (thatt h e minimum spanninqtaod
and

Ganph
Ege Waight Action
Axaptid
Aeceptod
2
Accaptod
Accepted
, Recpd
Raectod
Actaptod
16) Reted
Aecoptod
Action e kzuskals
algottinmon&

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 J251-Dila
S t r u c t u r e s

veagn
Code/Tite:
AD Unit:
Subjcet
EnggTree.com

- 2

.
kauska" algoeihm afterRach &tag
class Giraph
def init_(self. vertex):
self V vertex

selfgraph-[1
v. w):
def add odgc(self, u,
self.graph.append((u, v, w])
def scarch(self. parent, i):
ifparentfil==i:
return i
returm self.search(parent, parent[i])
rank. x, y):
def apply_union(self. parent,
xroot self.search(parent. x)
yroot self.scarch(parent.y)
if rank xroot< rankly root:
parent[xroot] = yroot

elif rank[xroot] > rank[yroot:

parent[yroot] = xroot

else
parent(yroot aroot

rank aroot] += |
def kruskal(self):
result= []
i ,e 0,0
self.graph =
sorted(self.graph, key=lambda item: item[2))
parent [
rank []
for node in range(self.V):
parent.append(node)
rank.append(0)
while e< self.V - 1:
u. v, w = self.graph|i

i=i+l
a self search(parent, u)
y self.search(parent. v)
ifx=y
eetl
resultappend([u, v, w])
selapplniontparent,rank, x, y)
for u, v, weight in result:
print("Edge:",u, v,end=" ") print("-",weight)

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