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CHAPTER 8 Solutions
SECTION

2 How Substances Dissolve

KEY IDEAS
As you read this section, keep these questions in mind:
• Why is water called the universal solvent?
• How do substances dissolve?

Why Do Substances Dissolve in Certain

Solvents?
Water is often called a universal solvent because READING TOOLBOX
many substances dissolve in it. However, no one Summarize Read each
substance can dissolve every solute. A general rule in page of the section silently
chemistry is that “like dissolves like.” This rule means to yourself. With a partner,
that a solvent will dissolve substances that have take turns summarizing each
page.
similar molecular structures.
A solvent must be able to attract solute particles and
pull them away from one another. Thus, solvent particles READING CHECK
must attract solute particles more strongly than the
1. Identify Why is water
solute particles attract one another. called a universal solvent?
because
POLAR MOLECULES
many substances dissolve
Recall that atoms bonded together do not all share
electrons equally. For example, a water molecule is made
in it
up of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
The oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than
the hydrogen atoms do. Thus, the electrons spend more
time near the oxygen atom. This gives each hydrogen
atom a partial positive charge (D+) and the oxygen atom a
partial negative charge (D−). READING CHECK
Molecules that have partially charged positive and 2. Explain Why does a
negative areas are polar. Because water molecules are water molecule have partial
polar, water can dissolve many other polar substances. charges?

Water can also dissolve ionic compounds such as table salt. The oxygen atom attracts
Water is a polar molecule
electrons more strongly
because the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms
strongly attracts electrons.
Because the electrons spend do. Thus, the electrons
more time near the oxygen
atom, the oxygen atom has
spend more time near the
a partial negative charge. oxygen atom

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Interactive Reader 169 Solutions
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SECTION 2 How Substances Dissolve continued

WATER AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

Recall that charged particles attract particles with an
opposite charge. Because a water molecule has areas
of partial positive charge and partial negative charge, it
can attract charged particles. The two partially positive
hydrogen atoms attract negative particles. The one
partially negative oxygen atom attracts positive particles.
.A#L
CRYSTAL

7ATER #L´
MOLECULE
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3. Describe On the diagram,
circle the solute particles
that have already dissolved.
Describe the arrangement of .A
the particles.
solute = particles that The partially negative
oxygen atoms in the
The ionic compound
sodium chloride
The partially positive
hydrogen atoms of
are surrounded by water water molecules attract
the positively charged
(NaCl), or table salt,
dissolves in water.
water attract the
negatively charged
sodium ions (Na+). chloride ions (Cl−).

The attractions between ions in crystals of table salt

are strong. However, the attraction between a water
molecule and Na+ ions and Cl− ions is even stronger.
NaCl dissolves in water because attractions between its
ions and water molecules are stronger than attractions
between the ions. The water molecules pull the ions away
from the crystal and surround them.
Water dissolves many other ionic compounds in the
same way that it dissolves NaCl. However, some ionic
compounds, including silver chloride (AgCl), do not dis-
solve in water. Why do some ionic compounds dissolve
in water and some do not? In compounds such as AgCl,
attractions between ions in the crystal are stronger than
those between the ions and water molecules. Thus, the
READING CHECK
water molecules cannot pull the ions apart.
4. Explain Why can water
dissolve NaCl but not AgCl?
attractions between ions WATER AND POLAR MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
The partially positive hydrogen atoms in a water
in the crystal are
molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen
stronger than those
atoms of other water molecules. These attractions are
between the ions and known as hydrogen bonds.
water molecules.
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Interactive Reader 170 Solutions
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SECTION 2 How Substances Dissolve continued

7ATER MOLECULE Hydrogen bonds between water

molecules and sucrose molecules
help pull sucrose molecules
toward water molecules and away
from one another. However,
individual sucrose molecules do
3UCROSE MOLECULE not break apart. EHHDBG@<EHL>K
(YDROGEN BOND
5. Explain When a molecular
compound dissolves, do the
molecules break apart? Explain
Many molecular compounds, including ethanol, your answer.
vitamin C, and table sugar, are polar. Like water, these Hydrogen bonds between
compounds contain hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen water molecules and the
atoms. Thus, hydrogen bonds can form between the molecules, however,
partially charged atoms of water molecules and other
individual molecules do
polar molecules.
not break apart.
NONPOLAR COMPOUNDS
The electrons of a nonpolar molecule are distributed
evenly over the whole molecule. Thus, a nonpolar molecule
has no partial charges. Most nonpolar compounds do not
dissolve in polar compounds. In other words, they are
insoluble in polar compounds. For example, olive oil is
a mixture of nonpolar compounds. Olive oil does not
dissolve in water. Most nonpolar substances dissolve only 8g^i^XVa I]^c`^c\
in nonpolar solvents. 6. Infer Could NaCl dissolve
in olive oil? Explain your
What Is the Role of Energy in Dissolving a answer.

Solute? No, NaCl is ionic

Attractions between particles of a solute and solvent (meaning it is polar) and
help keep solute particles apart. However, for a solute will not dissolve in a
to dissolve, energy is needed to break the attractions nonpolar substance (oil)
between particles of solute. Where does this energy
come from?
Recall that particles of matter, such as atoms and
molecules, move constantly. When you add sugar to a
glass of water, water molecules collide with sugar
molecules. When they collide, the water molecules transfer
energy to the sugar molecules. This energy helps break the READING CHECK
hydrogen bonds between sugar molecules. Thus, a solute 7. Explain Why is energy
such as sugar, dissolves due to the following: needed to dissolve a solute?

• attractions between particles in the solute and solvent; and energy is needed to break
the attractions between
• a transfer of energy that breaks attractions between
solute particles. particles of solute
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Interactive Reader 171 Solutions
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SECTION 2 How Substances Dissolve continued

What Can Cause a Solute to Dissolve More

Quickly?
A solute dissolves because its particles interact with
the particles of a solvent. Anything that allows more
solvent to touch more solute will cause a solute to
dissolve more quickly.

INCREASE IN SURFACE AREA

Small pieces of a substance dissolve faster than
large pieces. For a given amount of a substance, many
smaller pieces will have more surface area than a single
larger piece. Greater surface area allows more solute to
touch the solvent. As a result, there are more collisions
between solute particles and solvent particles.

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 CM
8. Explain How does an
increase in surface area help a
solute dissolve more quickly?
Greater surface area
allows more solute to  CM
touch the solvent. As a If you break a solute into smaller pieces, you will increase the total amount of
result, there are more surface area. Because more of the solute touches the solvent at one time, more
collisions happen between solute and solvent particles.
collisions between
solute particles and TEMPERATURE INCREASE
solvent particles If you heat a sample of matter, its particles move more
quickly. This causes the solute to dissolve more quickly
in two ways. First, faster moving particles collide more
frequently. Second, at higher temperatures, collisions
among particles transfer more energy.

EHHDBG@<EHL>K Larger amounts of energy

9. Explain How does an help break bonds between
increase in temperature help solute particles more easily.
a solute dissolve?
If you heat a sample of matter, its
particles move more quickly.
Faster moving particles collide
more frequently higher and
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collisions
Interactiveamong
Reader particles transfer 172 Solutions
more energy
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SECTION 2 How Substances Dissolve continued

STIR OR SHAKE
If you pour some sugar into a glass of water and let it
sit, the sugar will dissolve slowly. However, if you stir or
shake the water, the sugar will dissolve more quickly.

If you do not stir a solvent, dissolved

particles of solute do not move
away. This keeps the solvent from
reaching more of the solute.

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10. Explain How does
stirring a solution allow more
contact between solvent and
solute particles?
Stirring or shaking moves
the dissolved solute
particles away from the rest
of the solute. Then, more
Stirring or shaking moves the dissolved solute solvent can reach the solute
particles away from the rest of the solute.
Then, more solvent can reach the solute that that has not dissolved
has not dissolved.

How Can a Solute Affect a Solution’s

Physical Properties?
A solute can change the physical properties of the pure KXcb8Yflk@k
solvent. For example, the boiling point of pure water Research Copy the ingredi-
ents from the labels of
is 100 °C and the freezing point is 0 °C. If you dissolve several household products
12 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL of water, the boiling that are solutions. For each,
point of the solution increases from 100 °C to 102 °C. The try to identify the solvent
freezing point decreases from 0 °C to −8 °C. from the list of ingredients.
What does the solvent tell
The effect of a solute on freezing and melting point you about how the product
of a solvent can be useful. For example, a car’s radiator is used? Make a poster that
contains a solution of water and ethylene glycol. This describes your findings and
present it to the class.
solution acts as antifreeze because the freezing point is
−30 °C. It also helps prevent boiling in hot weather
because the boiling point is 109 °C.

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Interactive Reader 173 Solutions
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Section 2 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
hydrogen bond the intermolecular force nonpolar describes a molecule in which
occurring when a hydrogen atom that is centers of positive and negative charge are
bonded to a highly electronegative atom of not separated
one molecule is attracted to two unshared polar describes a molecule in which the positive
electrons of another molecule and negative charges are separated

1. Explain Why can water dissolve many ionic compounds?

because water is a polar molecule and is able to either break apart ionic
compounds or form hydrogen bonds with polar covalent compounds
2. Describe Describe and explain three methods you could use to make a spoonful
of salt dissolve quickly in a glass of water.
stir the salt
heat the water
use smaller salt grains
3. Predict Use the rule of “like dissolves like” to predict whether the polar
compound glycerol is soluble in water.
since both are polar, glycerol will be soluble

4. Identify Relationships How does the attraction between particles affect the ability
of a solvent to dissolve a substance?
if the solvent is highly attracted to itself, it is harder to get a
substance to dissolve

5. Apply Concepts You combine water, sugar, and drink mix to make a fruit-flavored
drink. You decide to freeze the mixture to make ice cubes. Into the freezer you
place one ice cube tray filled with the drink and one ice cube tray filled with plain
water. Two hours later you find that the water has frozen but the drink has not.
Explain this result.
for water to freeze, it must form hydrogen bonds with other water
molecules. The drink mix and sugar prevent hydrogen bonds
from forming and the water does not freeze as fast

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Interactive Reader 174 Solutions