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    Kinematic

    Uploaded by

    Josipa Diklić
    This document discusses calculations of kinematics for nuclear reactions. It provides equations for [1] calculating the kinetic energy of reaction products from conservation of energy and momentum, [2] transforming differential cross sections from the lab frame to the center-of-mass frame using a transformation factor, and [3] calculating the center-of-mass scattering angle from the lab frame scattering angle. Examples are given for a reaction of 206Pb projectiles on a 118Sn target.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Kinematic

    Uploaded by

    Josipa Diklić
    19 views2 pages
    This document discusses calculations of kinematics for nuclear reactions. It provides equations for [1] calculating the kinetic energy of reaction products from conservation of energy and momentum, [2] transforming differential cross sections from the lab frame to the center-of-mass frame using a transformation factor, and [3] calculating the center-of-mass scattering angle from the lab frame scattering angle. Examples are given for a reaction of 206Pb projectiles on a 118Sn target.

    Original Description:

    kinematic calculations (from laboratory to center-of-mass system)

    Original Title

    kinematic

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    This document discusses calculations of kinematics for nuclear reactions. It provides equations for [1] calculating the kinetic energy of reaction products from conservation of energy and momentum, [2] transforming differential cross sections from the lab frame to the center-of-mass frame using a transformation factor, and [3] calculating the center-of-mass scattering angle from the lab frame scattering angle. Examples are given for a reaction of 206Pb projectiles on a 118Sn target.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views2 pages

    Kinematic

    Uploaded by

    Josipa Diklić
    This document discusses calculations of kinematics for nuclear reactions. It provides equations for [1] calculating the kinetic energy of reaction products from conservation of energy and momentum, [2] transforming differential cross sections from the lab frame to the center-of-mass frame using a transformation factor, and [3] calculating the center-of-mass scattering angle from the lab frame scattering angle. Examples are given for a reaction of 206Pb projectiles on a 118Sn target.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Calculations of kinematics

    Josipa Diklic
    October 19, 2022

    1 Kinetic energy calculation


    If we have the projectile p =206 Pb and t =118 Sn, where the particle 2 is target like (Sn-like ions) and
    particle 1 is beam like (Pb-like ions). The scheme is plotted in fig.1.

    p+t→1+2 (1)

    Figure 1: Scheme of the lab and cm system. Black arrows represent the lab system and blue ones cm.

    The energy of the system need to be conserved before and after reaction.

    EpL + Q = E1L + E2L (2)

    Because the momentum is also conserved we have the following two equations:

    pL1 cos θ1L + pL2 cos θ2L = pLp ,


    (3)
    pL1 sin θ1L − pL2 sin θ2L = 0.
    
    In total we have 3 equations and 4 kinematic variables pL1 , θ1L , pL2 , θ2L , so the specification of one
    of them is sufficient for the reaction to become completely kinematically determined, in our case that
    is θ2L = PRISMA angle (at point G in fig.1). The Q is reaction Q-value e.i. Q0 .
    By combining eqs. 2 and 3, in the last step of calculation we need to solve the following:

    q  v
    mp m2 EpL u  #
    q 
    Q + E L − m /m E L (m + m ) m
    u p p 1 p 1 2 1
    E2L = cos θ2L ± t cos2 θ2L + (4)
    1,2 m1 + m2 mp m2 EpL

    1
    We can make it less complicated by introducing substitutions:

    (m1 − mp ) EpL + m1 Q
    α≡
    m + m2
    q 1 (5)
    mp m2 EpL
    β≡ ,
    m1 + m2
    Finally, the kinetic energy of the Sn- ions can be calculated from the following equation:
     r 
    α
    E2L = α + 2β 2 cos θ2L cos θ2L ± cos2 θ2L + 2
    
    1,2
    (6)
    β

    2 CS factor (lab to cm)


    If we want to transform differential cross section from lab to cm system we can use the formula given
    in [1] (B.12).
    dσ dσ 1/2
    = |1 − δ2 cos θ2 | 1 + δ22 − 2δ2 cos θ2 (7)
    dΩ dω2
    While in Bass we have following notation for reaction components:

    A1 + A2 → A3 + A4 ,
    (8)
    here we have: p(P b) + t(Sn) → 1(P b′ ) + 2(Sn′ )

    Additional variable δ2 is defined as:


    !1/2
    mp m2 Ep
    δ2 = 2 E (9)
    (mp + mt ) 2
    Finally if we want to transform cross section from lab to cm system we need to use the following
    factor:
    1/2
    f (θ2 , E2 ) = |1 − δ2 cos θ2 | 1 + δ22 − 2δ2 cos θ2 (10)

    The same factor can be use as the normalization of events in Wilczynski plots.

    3 Angle lab to cm
    To calculate the angle in cm system we can use very good approximation:

    ΘCM ≈ 180 − 2θ2L ,

    or we can calculate it correctly by Bass formula B.9 ([1]),

    sin θ2 [δ2 cos θ2 ± (1 − δ2 cos θ2 )]


    sin ΘCM = 1/2
    (11)
    (1 + δ22 − 2δ2 cos θ2 )
    where in this equation the ΘCM is given as in fig.1, so for target like fragments we have the following:
    !
    sin θ2 [δ2 cos θ2 ± (1 − δ2 cos θ2 )]
    ΘCM = 180 − arcsin 1/2
    (12)
    (1 + δ22 − 2δ2 cos θ2 )

    References
    [1] Reiner Bass, Nuclear Reactions with Heavy Ions, 1980.

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