Cahpter Six
Cahpter Six
Cahpter Six
AC Power Analysis
AC Power Analysis
Chapter 6
2
6.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (1)
• The instantaneously power, p(t)
p(t ) v(t ) i (t ) Vm I m cos (w t v ) cos (w t i )
1 1
Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vm I m cos (2w t v i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2wt
p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.
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6.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (2)
• The average power, P, is the average of the instantaneous power over one
period.
1 T 1
P p(t ) dt Vm I m cos ( v i )
T 0 2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.
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6.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (3)
Example 1
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6.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (4)
Example 2
Answer: 927.2W
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6.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer (1)
ZTH R TH j X TH
ZL R L j X L
For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.
1 T 2 R T 2
P i Rdt i dt I rms
2
R
T 0 T 0
T
1
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff
T 0
i 2 dt I rms
The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the same
average power to a resistor as the periodic current.
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6.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)
1
P Vm I m cos (θ v θ i ) Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i )
2
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the answer
as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
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6.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor (1)
• Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of voltage and
current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from the average or
real power which is measured in watts.
• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between the voltage
and current. It is also the cosine of the angle of the load impedance.
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6.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor (2)
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6.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the complex
conjugate of the current:
V Vm θ v I I m θ i
1
V I Vrms I rms θ v θ i
2
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6.5 Complex Power (2)
1
S V I Vrms I rms θ v θ i
2
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
S = P + j Q
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6.5 Complex Power (4)
S = P + j Q
2 2 2 2
The same results can be obtained for a series connection. 17
6.7 Power Factor Correction (1)
Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to
the original load.
Qc = Q 1 – Q2
= P (tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCV2rms
P = S1 cos θ1 Q2 = P tan θ2
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