S1.

1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

■ Paper 1 6 Which physical processes could be used to separate
1 Which equation represents sublimation? decane (C10H22) and water. The two liquids are
immiscible and have different boiling points.
A 2Al (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2AlCl3 (s)
1 distillation
B C10H16O (s) → C10H16O (g)
2 filtration
C CO2 (g) → CO2 (s)
3 sublimation
MgCO3 (s) + MgCl2 (aq) +
D → 4 use of a separating funnel
2HCl (aq) H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
2 Which statements about mixtures are correct? A 1, 2, 3 and 4
I The components may be elements or compounds. B 1, 2 and 3 only
II All mixtures are homogeneous. C 1 and 2 only
III The components can be separated by D 1 and 4 only
physical means. 7 A colourless solid crystalline sample was heated from
A I and II only a temperature of 25 °C (standard conditions) until
B I and III only it completely melted to form a colourless liquid. As
the temperature starts to rise again the state change
C II and III only
is complete.
D I, II and III
3 Which change of state is exothermic?
Temperature / °C

Z
A I2 (s) → I2 (g)
B NH3 (l) → NH3 (g)
C H2O (g) → H2O (l)
D Cu (s) → Cu (l) Time / s
4 Which statement about sodium oxide is true? State which of the following statements best explains the
A It is a homogenous mixture. shape of the graph at region Z.
B It melts overs a range of temperature. A There was no further heating.
C It has a fixed composition by mass. B The particles do not have any kinetic and
D It can be separated into sodium and oxygen by potential energy.
physical means. C A chemical reaction has taken place as the solid
5 A new substance was discovered and a series of was melted.
experiments were carried out on it. Which observation D Heat energy is used to separate the solid particles
suggests that the substance cannot be an element? from their fixed positions in the lattice.
A Electrolysis of the molten substance gave 8 Benzenecarboxylic acid is widely used in the food
two products. industry as a food preservative. The melting and boiling
B It reacted and dissolved in water to give a points of benzenecarboxylic acid are given below.
colourless solution and a gas. melting point of 122 °C boiling point of 249 °C
C It has fixed melting and boiling points (under Which of the following will occur to the molecules of
standard conditions). benzenecarboxylic acid when it is cooled from 260 °C
D When heated in oxygen it can form two oxides. to 100 °C?
Distance between molecules Kinetic energy of particles
A decreases decreases

B increases decreases

C increases increases

D decreases increases

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme S1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter 1
 9 Which of the following is not true about the Kelvin 13 The diagrams below show the arrangement of particles
scale of temperature? in a substance at the same pressure and at temperatures
A The values on the absolute scale are directly −90 °C and −70 °C.
proportional to the average kinetic energy of the
particles.
B To convert a temperature on the Celsius scale
to the absolute scale, subtract 273.15 from the
Celsius temperature.
C A kelvin has the same size as Celsius degree.
−90−90
°C °C  −70−70
°C °C
D Absolute zero corresponds to the absence
of molecular movement. Which of the following could be the property of
10 The black and white balls represent atoms of the substance?
different elements. Melting point / °C Boiling point / °C
A −100 −75
AA CC
B −110 −65

C −66 −32

D −80 −60

14 Which statement about the kinetic molecular theory is

not true?
BB DD A It explains why ionic salts have different
solubilities in water.
B It explains the changes of state, boiling and freezing.
C It explains the difference in physical properties
of solids, liquids and gases.
 D It explains the diffusion of gases in air.
Which diagram shows a mixture of only compounds? 15 Which of the following best explains why iodine slowly
11 Which statement most clearly indicates that diamond sublimes under standard conditions?
and graphite are forms of pure elemental carbon? A The iodine molecules at the surface reacts
A Both are crystalline solids. with oxygen.

B Complete combustion of equal masses of both B The iodine is heated and decomposes to form a
solids at high temperature produces equal masses gaseous product.
of carbon dioxide. C Solid iodine is unstable.
C Graphite is an electrical conductor, but diamond D Iodine molecules at the surface gain sufficient
is an electrical insulator. kinetic energy to escape as gas.
D Under high pressure graphite can be partially 16 Which one of the following correctly describes the
converted to diamond. properties of a molecular liquid?
12 It is suspected that a coloured juice contains a low A Hard to compress; has a fixed shape and a
concentration of a poisonous green dye with a boiling fixed volume.
point of 75 °C in addition to two harmless yellow and B Hard to compress; has no fixed shape but has a
green dyes with boiling points of 72 °C and 75 °C. fixed volume.
Which is the most suitable separation technique by C Easy to compress; has no fixed shape but a
which the green dye may be detected? fixed volume.
A recrystallization D Easy to compress; has a fixed shape, but no
B fractional distillation fixed volume.
C paper chromatography
D evaporation

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme S1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter 2
■ Paper 2 3 Solid carbon dioxide, CO2 (s), is known as dry ice
1 Substances W, X, Y and Z have the physical properties and has the structure shown below. Under standard
shown below: conditions (298.15 K and 100 kPa) it will undergo
sublimation.
Substance Melting point / Boiling point / Solubility
°C °C in water
W −114 78 soluble
X −6 300 insoluble
Y 801 1413 soluble
Z Sublimes at 340 °C soluble

When these substances are mixed, physical methods of

separating them may include:
filtration sublimation simple a Write a symbol equation to show the sublimation
distillation fractional distillation of solid carbon dioxide and explain why it is a
chromatography separating funnel physical change and not a chemical reaction. [2]
crystallization evaporation to dryness
b State the type of particle present in the structure
State the best method(s) from the above list by which
and explain why it can be deduced that dry ice is
each of the following mixtures may be separated
a crystalline solid. [2]
under standard conditions (25 °C), assuming that the
c Explain, in terms of bonding, why carbon
components do not dissolve in each other. You may use
dioxide exists as a gas at −78 °C and 100 kPa. [1]
a method once, more than once or not at all.
The solid can be made by allowing liquid carbon
a a mixture of W and X [1]
dioxide, at 298 K and 4053 kPa to evaporate rapidly (by
b a mixture of X and Y [1] reducing the pressure to 100 kPa).
c a mixture of Y and Z [1] d Convert −78 °C to kelvin and 298 K to Celsius.
d a mixture of W, X and water [1] Give both answers to the nearest integer. [2]
2 A mixture of magnesium and sulfur powders burns e State and explain whether the change
with a bright white flame when ignited and forms a CO2 (l) → CO2 (g) is exothermic or endothermic. [2]
white solid. The mixture is known as “flash powder”.
f Suggest why the rapid expansion of liquid CO2
a Magnesium and sulfur are elements. Outline the produces some solid CO2.[3]
meaning of the term element. [2]
g Explain why the gaseous carbon dioxide
b State one observation to show that a chemical produced by the reaction occupies a significantly
reaction had taken place. [1] greater volume than the liquid carbon dioxide it
The white solid is the compound magnesium sulfide. was formed from. [2]
c State three differences between the white solid h State two physical differences between liquid
and the mixture of magnesium and sulfur. [3] and gaseous carbon dioxide. [2]
i Carbon dioxide gas reacts with calcium
hydroxide solution to form solid calcium
carbonate and water. Add state symbols to the
equation below.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O[1]

Chemistry for the IB Diploma Programme S1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter 3