ASSIGNMENT No.

7 WASTE DISPOSAL TREATMENT and

RECYCLING
PRIMARY BRANCH, SECONDARY BRANCH, LATERAL, MANHOLE
SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE WORKS
SEWAGE, SEWER
MAIN SEWER, PUBLIC SEWER,
DOMESTIC SEWAGE, SANITARY SEWAGE, SANITARY SEWER
INDUSTRIAL WASTE, LIQUID WASTE, WASTE
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM, PRIVATE SEWER
PRIVY, PRIVY VAULT
CESSPOOL, LEACHING CESSPOOL, SEEPAGE PIT
SEPTIC TANK

RESEARCH No. 7 For additional learning: Sewage Treatment

Plant for Buildings
DISCUSSION on ASSIGNMENT No. 6: DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DRAINAGE SYSTEM - takes the waste water from the plumbing fixtures and deliver it to the sewer

1. HOUSE SEWER – part of the drainage system beginning just outside the foundation wall and terminating at the
main sewer. The terminal of a house sewer can also be a septic tank.
2. HOUSE DRAIN – part of the plumbing system which receives the discharge of all soil and waste stacks within the
building and conveys it to the house sewer (collection line)
BUILDING DRAIN (HOUSE DRAIN) - lowest horizontal piping of drainage system; conveys to the building sewer
beginning 0.6 m. outside the building wall
BUILDING SEWER (HOUSE SEWER) - starts at the end of the building drain

BUILDING SUBDRAIN - underground system; cannot drain by gravity into the building sewer
SUBSOIL DRAIN - underground drainpipe; receives only subsurface or seepage water and convey it to a sump for
disposal by gravity flow or by lift pump

PITCH - (GRADE); SLOPE - (GRADE)

SUPPORTS - supports, hangers, anchors, brackets, cradles for holding/securing pipe and fixtures to walls, ceiling,
floors, or structural members)
GRADE - the slope or fall of a line of pipe

PLUMBING UNIT - minimum standard quantity of one (1) water meter, one (1) water closet, one (1) lavatory, one (1)
shower head and drain for a bathtub or shower stall, one (1) kitchen sink, one (1) laundry tray and three (3) floor
drains and four (4) faucets/hose bib
FIXTURE UNIT - one fixture unit equivalent to a flow rate of 7 ½ gallons of water per min; 28.3 liters per min (1
cu.ft/minute)
DRAIN - a sewer, pipe or conduit conveying ground water, surface water, storm water, wastewater or sewage
FIXTURE DRAIN - the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain
BRANCH, HORIZONTAL (HORIZONTAL BRANCH) – branch drain extending laterally from a soil/waste stack, with
or without sections or branches

3. SOIL PIPE – portion of the plumbing system which receives the discharge of water closets
4. WASTE PIPE – part of the drainage system which conveys the discharge of fixtures other than water closets,
such as sinks, lavatories, bathtubs; usually smaller in Ф than soil pipe
5. STORM DRAINAGE – conveys storm water to a satisfactory terminal
CATCH BASIN - liquids are retained to deposit settleable material
DOWNSPOUT - the vertical portion
HOUSE STORM SEWER - is the pipeline from the building to the public storm sewer system
(FLASHING - a piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of flat metal or wood over which is expected
to run)
LEADER (CONDUCTOR) - from building gutter to downspout/conductor
STORM WATER – rainfall/precipitation
6. TRAPS USED IN PLUMBING SYSTEM
TRAP - a fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas
SEAL - vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a trap/the water in the trap between the dip
and the crown weir
TRAP SEAL (WATER SEAL) - maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured within the
crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap

Two forms of water-sealed traps

1. Common Seal – 2” depth
2. Deep Seal – 4”
Types of Permissible Traps
1. P-Trap – ½ S
2. Drum Trap
3. Grease Trap
(CLARIFIER) - intercept or to separate, and prevent the passage of oil, grease, sand
CLARIFIER - (interceptor)
GREASE INTERCEPTOR - interceptor of 3 cubic meters capacity
GREASE TRAP - device to retain grease from one to four fixtures (maximum)
SAND INTERCEPTOR - (INTERCEPTOR)
Objectionable Traps/Non-Permissible Traps
1. Full S and ¾ S Traps
DOUBLE-BEND FITTING - fitting shaped like the “S”
TRAP ARM - that portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent
2. Bag Trap
3. Mechanically Sealed Trap
4. Internal Partition Trap
5. Light Metal Partition Traps

AIRBREAK - physical separation into indirect waste receptor from fixture, device indirectly connected
AIR GAP, DRAINAGE - unobstructed vertical distance between the lowest openings from any pipe to the flood level
rim of the receptor
AIR GAP, WATER DISTRIBUTION - unobstructed vertical distance through free atmosphere between the lowest
opening from any pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-level rim

INDIRECT WASTE PIPE - a waste pipe that does not connect directly with the building drainage
RECEPTOR - approved plumbing fixture/device to adequately receive discharge from indirect waste pipes
SPECIAL WASTE - require special methods of handling (use of indirect waste piping and receptors, corrosion
resistant piping, sand, oil or grease interceptors, condensers or other pre-treatment facilities

VENT SYSTEM - provide flow of air to or from a drainage system; provide a circulation of air to protect traps seals
from siphonage and backpressure
7. TWO PRINCIPAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF VENTS
MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT (STACK VENT)/ SOIL STACK: used to ventilate the soil and waste pipes
portion of the soil-pipe stack above the highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof the
terminal for the many main vents
MAIN VENT (VENT STACK): “relief” and “yoke” vents; tributary; collecting vent line; relieves any back-
pressure; terminates in the soil-pipe stack, at least 3’ above the highest installed fixture branch

MAIN VENT (VENT STACK) - principal artery

VENT STACK - vertical vent pipe
STACK VENT - the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the
stack (SVTR)

DRY VENT - a vent that does not carry water or water borne waste
WET VENT - portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow

BRANCH VENT - a horizontal vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage system to a vent stack or
stack vent
GROUP VENT - a branch vent

Types of Vents
Individual Vent
Unit Vent
Circuit or Loop Ventilation
Relief Ventilation
Looped Vent
Local Vent/Utility Vent

VENT PIPE - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system; for
reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals

BACKVENT PIPE - connects directly with an individual trap underneath/behind the fixture
INDIVIDUAL VENT - (BACK VENT PIPE)
REVENT PIPE - (BACK VENT PIPE)

COMMON VENT - (UNIT VENT/DUAL VENT)

DUAL VENT - (UNIT VENT)
UNIT VENT - an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two traps

CIRCUIT VENT - group vent from in front of the last fixture/connects to vent stack (LOOP VENT)
LOOP OR CIRCUIT VENT - (extension is usually vertical immediately beyond its connection to the soil or waste
pipe); connected to the stack vent

RELIEF VENT - acts as auxiliary vent (“yoke vent”)

YOKE VENT - pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to
an adjacent vent stack

COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT SYSTEM - horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks/floor drains by a
common horizontal waste and vent pipe
CONTINUOUS WASTE - drain connecting the compartments of a set of fixtures to a trap or connecting other
permitted fixtures to a common trap
SIPHONAGE - a suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes (pressure less than atmospheric)
VACUUM - an air pressure less than atmospheric (SIPHONAGE)
LOCAL VENT - convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air

DISCUSSION on ASSIGNMENT No. 7: WASTE DISPOSAL TREATMENT and RECYCLING

WASTE DISPOSAL TREATMENT and RECYCLING
Classification of Public Sewers
Sanitary Sewers
Two Kinds:
1. Intercepting or Trunk-line Sewer
2. Tributary or Contributing Sewer
Storm Sewers
PRIMARY BRANCH - single sloping drain from the base of a stack to its junction with main building drain or with
another branch
SECONDARY BRANCH - any branch in a building drain other than that of the primary branch
LATERAL - secondary pipeline
MANHOLE - an opening of sufficient size for a man to gain access thereto
SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE WORKS - (construction, collection, transportation, pumping treatment and final
disposition of sewage)
SEWAGE - the liquid wastes such ground surface, and storm water, wastewater
SEWER - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquids
MAIN SEWER - (Public Sewer)
PUBLIC SEWER - a common sewer controlled by public authority

DOMESTIC SEWAGE (SANITARY SEWAGE) - liquid/water-borne wastes free from industrial wastes
SANITARY SEWAGE - human excrement/liquid household waste (DOMESTIC SEWAGE)
SANITARY SEWER - with or without industrial wastes/ without storm water or ground water

INDUSTRIAL WASTE - free from fecal matter

LIQUID WASTE - does not receive fecal matter
WASTE - (LIQUID WASTE/INDUSTRIAL WASTE)
Municipal Sewage Treatment
Activated Sludge Process
1. Coarse Screen House
2. Grit Chamber
3. Fine Screen House
4. Mixing Tank or Activated Sludge Tank
5. Aerating Tanks
6. Clarifier Tanks
7. Chemical House
8. Filter House
9. Drier House
10. Warehouse
Trickling or Sprinkling Process
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM - effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal field and seepage pit
1. Cesspool
2. Privy
3. Septic Tank
PRIVATE SEWER - privately owned/not directly controlled by the public authority
CLASSES OF SEWAGE SYSTEMS
Class 1- a chemical toilet, an incinerating toilet, a recirculating toilet, a self-contained portable toilet and all
forms of privy
PRIVY – outhouse/structure for deposition of excrement
PRIVY VAULT - a pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects

Class 2- grey water system

Class 3- a cesspool
CESSPOOL - a pit for the reception or detention of sewage/non-watertight lined excavation
LEACHING CESSPOOL - a cesspool that is not watertight
SEEPAGE PIT - loosely lined excavation in the ground, receives discharge of septic tank; seep through pit
bottom and sides
Class 4- a leaching bed system including sewage systems utilizing treatment units
Class 5- a system which requires or uses a holding tank for the retention hauled sewage at the site where it
is produced prior to its collection by hauled sewage system

SEPTIC TANK - water-tight receptacle; separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter
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