CMT 565:waste and Wastewater Technology: Experiment No: 9 Title: Coagulation and Flocculation (Jar Test)

CMT 565 :WASTE AND WASTEWATER
TECHNOLOGY
Experiment No :9
Title : COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION (JAR TEST)
Name : Nur Hazirah Jessica Binti Kuek@Konisi

Student I/D : 2016565375
Group : RAS245 4A
Group No :7
Date of experiment : 11th April 2018
Name of partner : Mohd Faiz Bin Sani (2016728379)
EXPERIMENT 9 : COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION (JAR TEST)
Objectives:
1. To determine the optimum pH for coagulation.
2. To obtain the optimum concentrations of the coagulant and the coagulant aid (flocculant).
Results :
1.The optimum pH for coagulation
Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3 Flask 4 Flask 5

pH 5.53 5.97 6.50 7.04 7.53
Coagulant 1 1 1 1 1
Flocculant 1 1 1 1 1
Observation(clarity) The most The lowest
clear clarity
Optimum pH: 5.97
2.The optimum concentration of coagulant
Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3 Flask 4 Flask 5 Flask 6

pH 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08
Coagulant 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Flocculant 1 1 1 1 1 1
Observations The The
(clarity) lowest highest
clarity clarity
Optimum volume of coagulant : 1.5 mL
3. The optimum concentration of coagulant aid (flocculant)
Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3 Flask 4 Flask 5 Flask 6

pH 6.04 6.04 6.04 6.04 6.04 6.04
Coagulant 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Flocculant 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Observations The The
(clarity) lowest highest
clarity clarity
Optimum volume of coagulant aid : 1.5 mL

Questions :
1. Why must the flask be shaken gently after adding the coagulant aid ?
Water is shaken gently in order to encourage floc particles to clump together. Shaken to fast
will break the large particles apart. However, stirring too slow can prevent the particles to
clumps together.
2. Can the coagulant aid be added before the coagulant ?
Coagulant must be first added before flocculant in order to neutralize the charged particles. If
flocculant added first little neutralized particles and they cannot agglomerate to form larger
particles that can settle under gravity.
3. Discuss the functions of chemical treatment such as the coagulation-flocculation in water/

wastewater treatment.
Chemicals are used during wastewater treatment in an array of processes to expedite

disinfection. These chemical processes, which induce chemical reactions, are called chemical
unit processes, and are used alongside biological and physical cleaning processes to achieve
various water standards. The main purpose of the coagulation and flocculation process is the
removal of turbidity from the water.
Discussions:
The main purpose of the coagulation and flocculation process is the removal of turbidity from
the water. During coagulation process, the coagulant chemicals (for this experiment we use
PAC as coagulant) neutralize the electrical charges of the fine particles in the water, allowing
the particles to come closer together and form large clumps.
The final step which is flocculation,a process of gentle mixing brings the fine particles formed
by coagulation into contact with each other. For this experiment we use calcium carbonate as
flocculant. This process allows large floc to form without being broken apart . We were using
jar test to mix the sample that contain coagulant and flocculation for 5 minutes. The purpose
of Jar Testing is to predetermine the amount of chemicals required to treat and precipitate as
sludge the contaminants in a given volume of wastewater.The phrase "Jar Testing" is
commonly used in the waste treatment industry. It is used in reference to a method that will
determine treat ability of a solution or establish a sequence of steps required to achieve
treatability. Jar Testing is used as a tool to determine why proper treatment is not being
achieved.
From this experiment, we determine the optimum pH of coagulation process by looking at the
most largest amount of clumps that settle out at the bottom of beakers. Theoretically, the
effective pH for coagulation when we use as coagulant is between 4-12 and literally the
optimum is 6.5. For this experiment, we get pH 5.97 which close with theoterical optimum pH
where there are large amount of clump settled out at the bottom of flask compare to others
beakers with different pH of solution. Either than pH, volume of coagulant and flocculant also
are the factors that control coagulation and flocculation. From the experiment, the optimum
volume of coagulant is 1.5 ml where it shows the least turbid sample and this should
correspond to the optimal coagulant dosage chosen. The optimum volume of flocculant is 1.5
ml. In order to determine the optimum dosage, the waste water will show the most amount of
floc that are settle out at the bottom of conical flask. We also determine the optimum dosage
of the flocculant by looking at most clearest supernatant.
Conclusions :
The optimum pH for coagulation for this water treatment is 5.97. The optimum volume of
coagulant for this water sample is 1.5 mL and optimum volume of coagulant aid for water
sample is 1.5 mL. This is optimum value to remove turbidity in this water sample.
References :
Wastewater chemical treatment processes. Thomas Industry Update. Retrievel April, 22

2018 from https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/chemicals/wastewater-chemical-treatment
Mohamed Samer(2015). Biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes. Retrievel

April, 22 2018. https://www.intechopen.com/books/wastewater-treatment
engineering/biological-and-chemical-wastewater-treatment-processes
V. Saritha, N. SrinivasN. V. Srikanth Vuppala (2017). Analysis and optimization of

coagulation and flocculation process. Applied Water Science. Volume 7, Issue 1, pp 451–
460.Retrievel from April, 22 2018 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13201-
014-0262-y.

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CMT 565 :WASTE AND WASTEWATER

Name : Nur Hazirah Jessica Binti Kuek@Konisi

Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3 Flask 4 Flask 5

Optimum pH: 5.97

2.The optimum concentration of coagulant

Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3 Flask 4 Flask 5 Flask 6

Optimum volume of coagulant : 1.5 mL

3. The optimum concentration of coagulant aid (flocculant)

Flask 1 Flask 2 Flask 3 Flask 4 Flask 5 Flask 6

Optimum volume of coagulant aid : 1.5 mL

2. Can the coagulant aid be added before the coagulant ?

3. Discuss the functions of chemical treatment such as the coagulation-flocculation in water/

Chemicals are used during wastewater treatment in an array of processes to expedite

Wastewater chemical treatment processes. Thomas Industry Update. Retrievel April, 22

Mohamed Samer(2015). Biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes. Retrievel

V. Saritha, N. SrinivasN. V. Srikanth Vuppala (2017). Analysis and optimization of

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