NRB

Pre -Test
Management and Accounting
15*2=30
 Management: Concept, Principle and Functions.
 Planning,Organizing ,Directing, controlling and coordination
 Communication,Motivation,Performance evaluation
 Service Delivery Management
 Leadership
 HumanResource Management

Management: Concept, Principle

and Functions.
1. Concept
Industrial Revoluation cf}wf]luss|fGtL s|ddf pwf]u,;u7gdf Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff
ljsfzePsf] xf] .;u7gdf Joj:yfkgsf] ljsfzut cjwf/0ff z'?jft !* /f} ztfJbL df ePsf]
xf] .
Joj:yfkg ljrf/wf/fsf] ljrf/sx?
1. F.W. Taylor (1856-1915)- j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGt,Scientific
management theory, Joj:yfkgsf lktf , Time and Motion Study g}One
best way of doing xf] ,sfd ug]{ pko'Qm tl/sf Book:The principle of
scientific management Full Name Frederick Winslow Taylor
2. Henri fayol- 29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer, mining
executive=====k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtAdministrative management
Theory ,!$ j6f ;j{dfGo universal Principles, function of
management

3. Max Weber-Max Weber, (born April 21, 1864, Erfurt, Prussia [Germany]—died
June 14, 1920, Munich, Germany), German sociologist and political
economistsd{rf/LtflGqs l;4fGt, Bureaucratic Theory lgoddf cfwfl/t
Joj:yfkg

4. Elton mayoProfessor George Elton Mayo (1880-1949) - dfgj ;DaGwsf] l;4fGt

Jojxf/fTds b[li6sf]0f xf],At the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric -Expriment, he
discovered that job satisfaction increased through employee participation in
decisions rather than throughshort-term incentives.

5. Talcott Parson-(December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979) was an

American sociologist , theory of social systems k|0ffnL l;4fGt (System
Theory)n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf,Input , Process, output.

6. Herbert Simon-Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9,

2001) was an American political scientist, with a Ph.D. in political science,
lg0f{o l;4fGt Decision Theory, ljj]slzn lg0f{o k|s[of

7. Mary Parker Follet(3 September 1868 – 18 December 1933) was an

American social worker, management consultant, philosopher and pioneer
Joj:yfkg snf Art of getting things done through others .

8. Ricky Griffin;du| Joj:yfkg sf sfo{x? Set of activities"Fundamentals of

Management,

9. Peter DruckerPeter Ferdinand Drucker was an Austrian-American management

consultant, educator, and author,p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg l;4fGt(MBO)Drucker wrote
1954’s The Practice of Management
 10. Fiedler's: Fred Edward FiedlerContingency Theory states that, for a leader to be
effective, their leadership style must fit the situation.kl/:ytLd"ns
l;4fGt
Contingency Theory:Joj:yfkg cEof; Situation df e/ k5{ .Joj:yfksn]
sfd ug]{ Pp6} dfq pQd pkfo x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf /fV5

11. Rensis Linkert ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgl;4fGt (Participative

Management) His works include "Human Organization: Its Management and
Value" (1967) and "New Ways of Managing Conflict" (1976). Likert also founded the
theory of participative management,

12. Decenzo and Robbins….. after 1990 A.D dfgj ;:ffwg oj:yfkg,
Fundamental of Humanresource Management,

Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff Concept ,

!= Joj:yfkgsf] ljsfzut cjwf/0ff (Management Development Concept)
 k/Dk/fut sfo{ljwLnfO{ 5f]8]/ gofF k|of]u ub} Joj:yfkgsf] wf/0ff ljsfz x'b} uPsf] kfOG5 .
 ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;u} kl/jlt{t cj:yf cg';f/sf] Joj:yf xf] . s|lds ?kdf ljrf/wf/fsf] ljsfz
xf] .Joj:yfkg ablnFbf] jftfj/0fdf ;~rflnt x'G5 .
 Thoughts : Evolution of management Thoughts

2. Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ut cjwf/0ff (Management Functional Concept)

 Joj:yfkgn] of]hgf agfpg], ;ª\ul7t ug]{, cfb]z lbg], g]t[Tjug{], ;dGjo ug]{ tyf lgoGq0f
ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
 Joj:yfkg bIftfk"j{s nIo xfl;n ug{ lqmofzLn x'G5 .
 Joj:yfkgsf] o; cjwf/0ffn] Joj:yfkg ;du| s[ofsnfkx? ;fd'lxs k|of; åf/f ;f+u7lgs nIo
k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ?kdf lnG5 .
 An activity: Set of Activities .
3. Joj:yfkgsf] g]t[Tjut cjwf/0ff (Management Leadership Concept)
 Joj:yfkg dflg;x¿åf/f sfd ug]{ snf xf] .
 Joj:yfkg ;fdflhs k|s[of xf] .
Social Process : art of getting things done through others.
4. Joj:yfkg Pp6f dxTjk'0f{ ljifo(Management as a discipline):Joj:yfkgnfO{
cWoog cWoofkgsf] Pp6f dxTjk'0f{ ljifo j:t'sf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . of] Pp6f dxTjk'0f{ ljwf jf
bz{gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
 Management may be defined a A discipline: Study
5. ;d'xsf] ?kdf JofVof (Management as a Team):Joj:yfkgsf] o; cjwf/0ffn]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ s'g} klg;+u7gdf sfo{/t pRrtxsf sfo{sf/Lx?sf] ;d'xsf] ?kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5
.A team: Groups of manager
6. k|lqmofsf] ?kdf (Management as a Process):Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+u7gsf of]hgf.
;+u7g, g]t[Tj tyf lgoGq0f h:tf k|lqmofsf] ?kdf] ?kdf a''emg ;lsG5 .
 A process: Functions of management
7. Joj:yfkg Pp6f lj1fg jf snf xf] .Management as Science or Art
 Joj:yfkgdf tYo k|df0f / dfGotf x? kfOG5 .
 Joj:yfkgnfO{ c?af6 sfd lng] snfP+j k"j{ lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt ug]{ snf elgG5 .
lgZs{if
 Optimum Utilization of resources
 Achievement of goals
Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
 Joj:yfks eg]s} Joj:yLt ug'{ -to manage) xf] .
 Joj:yfkg eg]sf] cj:yf cg';f/sf] Joj:yf xf] .
 ;fd'lxs k|of; af6 pb]Zo k|fKt ug]{ lqmofsnfknfO{ Joj:yfkg
elgG5 .
 Joj:yfkg eg]sf] dflg;åf/f u/fOg] sfdsf] snf xf],.
 Joj:yfkg eg]sf] ;du|df dfgj ;|f]t, cfly{s ;|f]t, ef}lts ;|f]t / ;"rgf
;|f]tsf] pko'Qm of]hgf, ;+u7g,g]t[Tj / lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ xf],.
 Joj:yfkgn] of]hgf agfpg], ;ª\ul7t ug]{, cfb]z lbg], g]t[Tjug{], ;dGjo
ug]{ tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
 Joj:yfkg ablnFbf] jftfj/0fdf ;~rflnt x'G5 .
 Joj:yfkg bIftfk"j{s nIo xfl;n ug{ lqmofzLn x'G5 .
 Management is the art of getting things done through
people."
 Mary Parker Follet (1919)
  "To manage is the forecast and plan, to organize, to
command, to co-ordinate and to control."
– Henry Fayol
EfficiencyEffectiveness:
o Optimum Utilization of resources
o Achievement of goals
 Management may be defined as
o A discipline: Study
o A team: Groups of manager
o A process: Functions of management
o An activity: art of getting things done through
others.
Characteristics of Management -Joj:yfkgsf ljz]iftfx¿_
!= nIo k|flKt (Goal achievement)
– Joj:yfkgn] ª\u7gsf p2]Zox¿ tyf nIox¿ (Vision, Mission,
strategies and objectives) xfl;n ub{5 .
– o:tf p2]Zox¿ gfkmf sdfpg', ;]jf ug'{, gjk|jt{g ug'{, ahf/lx:;f cf]u6\g' cflb
x'g ;Sb5g\ .
– Joj:yfkgn] nIo k|flKt bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy ub{5 .
@= sfo{ s]lGb|t (Job focused)
Joj:yfkg sfo{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . o:tf sfo{x¿ pTkfbg, ahf/ Joj:yf, cfly{s / dfgj
wg;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5g\ . Joj:yfkgn] ;fwgx¿sf] ;dGjo u/L sfo{x¿ ub{5 .
#= dfgj s]lGb|t (People focused)
– Joj:yfkg dfgj s]lGb|t x'G5 .
– o;n] dflg;x¿;Fu ldn]/ / dflg;x¿åf/f sfd u5{ ÷ u/fpFb5 .
– o;n] ;d"x / 6f]nLx¿åf/f sfo{ u/fpFb5 .
– dflg;x¿sf] ;fd"lxs k|of;åf/f sfo{x¿ ul/G5 .
$= sfo{ut k|lqmof (Functional process)
– Joj:yfkg nIo xfl;n ug]{ sfo{ut k|lqmof xf] .
– of] k|lqmof Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
 – of]hgf, ;ª\u7g, dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg, g]t[Tj / lgoGq0f h:tf sfo{x?
Joj:yfkg k|lqmofsf sfo{x¿ x'g\ .
%= bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf (Efficiency and effectiveness)
– bIftfn] ;fª\u7lgs p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ pknAw ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] k|efjsf/L
?kdf k/Lrfng ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf hgfpFb5 .
– Cost benefit analysis, Liner Programming, Capital Budgeting h:tf
cf}hf/x?n] Joj:yfkgsf] bIftf dfkg ub{5g .
– Effectiveness: "doing the right things"
– plrt p2]Zo lgwf{/0f u/L To;nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfksLo IfdtfnfO{
k|efjsfl/tf elgG5 .
Joj:yfkgsf] ljrf/wffx? (Evolution of Management Thoughts)
Joj:yfkgsf ;du| l;4fGt x? ljrf/sx?n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g .
!=zfl:qo l;4fGt Classical Theory
s= j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGt
 Scientific management theory,
 F.W. Taylor åf/f k|ltkflbt,
 Full Name Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
 Joj:yfkgsf lktf
 sfd ug]{ pko'Qm tl/sf / sfdbf/sf] j}1flgs 5gf]6df hf]8,
 bIftf / pTkfbg a9fpFg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf a9fpFg]'k5{,
 Hofjn / pks/0fx¿ Standard ePdf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpF5÷a9\5,
 >dsf] ljefhg ug'{k5,
 Time and Motion Study g} One best way of doing xf] .
v k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt (Administrative Management
Theories/Principles):
 Henri fayol- 29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French mining
engineer, mining executive
 Henry Fayol n] g]t[Tj u/]sf],
 dfgjLo kIfnfO{ dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ ;+u7gnfO{ ;d]6]sf,]
 ljleGg !$ j6f Principles 5g\ h'g dfly z'qfTds z}nLdf pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5,
 s'g} ;+u7gn] lgDg ^ j6f sfd ub{5,
  Technical,
 Commercial,
 Financial,
 Security,
 Accounting,
 Managerial.
 =k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt
 !$ j6f ;j{dfGo universal Principles,

ljleGg !$ j6f Principles ;'q

DAD U C USSR, 0! I SEE.
 D=Division of Work
 A=Authority and Responsibility
 D=Discipline
 U=Unity of Direction
 C= Centralization and Decentralization
 U=Unity of Command
 S=Stability of Service
 S=Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest
 R=Remuneration
 O=Order
 I=Initiative
 S=Scalar Chain
 E=Equity
 E=Esprit-de Corps

u sd{rf/LtflGqs l;4fGt (Bureaucracy theory):

Max Weber-Max Weber, (Born April 21, 1864, Erfurt, Prussia [Germany]—
died June 14, 1920, Munich, Germany), German sociologist and political
economist
 DofS; j]j/n] !(!$ df ljsf; u/]sf] Joj:yfklso l;4fGtnfO{ sd{rf/LtGqsf] l;4fGt
elgG5 .
  Max Weber sf] cjwf/0ff xf],
 pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpFg] ;+:yf Bureaucracy xf],
 clwsf/ / zlQmsf] Jojl:yt ljefhg x'G5,
 Bureaucracy sf] ;jn kIfsf] JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
 ;+u7gn] >d ljefhg k4tL ckgfpg '.
 sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg gLlt–lgodx? ;';+utagfpg'
 sd{rf/Lx?sf] egf{, lgo'QmLtyf a8'jf k|fljlw sbIftfsf] cfwf/ df ug{' .
j]j/sf cg';f/ sd{rf/LtGqdf lgDglnlvt tTjx? /x]sf 5g\ M
 lgj}{olQmttf Impersonality,
 lgod sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf Rules and Regulation,
 txut >[vnf Hierarchy,
 bIftfsf] If]q Sphere of competence,
 lghL / ;fj{hlgs p4]Zo Personal and public ends,
 lnlvt b:tfj]h Written Documents etc.
 sd{rf/LtflGqs l;4fGt, Bureaucratic Theory lgoddf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg
x]g/L kmf]onn] !(!^ df ljsf; u/]sf] Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ kmf]onsf] k|zf;lgs
Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt elgG5 .

@ dfgj ;DaGwsf] l;4fGt (Human Relation Theory):

Elton mayoProfessor George Elton Mayo (1880-1949)
 Jojxf/fTds b[li6sf]0f xf],
 Elton Mayo sf] cjwf/0ff xf],
 Joj:yfksnfO{ ;+u7gdf sfo{ ;d"x tyf dfgj Jojxf/sf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] hfgsf/L lbG5,
 ;+u7gdf Informal Group sf] e"ldsf /xG5,
 pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf pTk|]/0ffsf] k|efj kfb{5,
 Management sf nflu Social Skill rflxFG5,
 Management n] sd{rf/L ljsf;df Wofg lbg'k5{ .
 At the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric -Expriment, he
discovered that job satisfaction increased through employee
participation in decisions rather than throughshort-term
incentives.
#= lg0f{o l;4fGt (DecisionMaking Theory)
  ljj]slzn lg0f{o k|s[of
 Herbert Simon n] ljsf; u/]sf]
 Herbert Simon-Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9,
2001) was an American political scientist, with a Ph.D. in political science,
lg0f{o l;4fGt Decision Theory, ljj]slzn lg0f{o k|s[of
 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf laleGg ljsNk x"G5g\ . pko"Qm ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ;d:of sf]
laZn]if0f u/]/ ug'{ kb{5
 Administrative Organization was published in 1948
ljj]slzn lg0f{o k|s[of
o Identification of Problem
o Develpo the Different Alternatives
o Evaluation of Alternatives
o Choice Best Alternatives
o Implementation
o Feedback

$ k|0ffnL l;4fGt (System Theory)

Talcott Parson-(December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979) was an
American sociologist , theory of social systems k|0ffnL l;4fGt
(System Theory)n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf,Input , Process, output.
J.E Rosenzweig ,Kenneth Boulding, L.von cfbLn] of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ .
Input Process Output= Goals

Human Resources Planning Profit

Physical Resources organizing Services
Financial Resources Leading goods
Informational Controling Objectivity
Resources
Satisfaction
Outcomes
  ;+u7gnfO{ Pp6f ;du| k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf lnG5,
 x/]s k|0ffnLsfSub-system x'G5g\,
 v'nf / aGb u/L k|0ffnL b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\,
 Organization sf] Sub-System df ePsf] change n] ;+u7gsf] k"/f ¿kdf g}
c;/ kfb{5 .
%= Joj:yfkg lj1fg l;4fGt Management Science Theory
 F.W Taylor, Newmann, Joel Dean cfbLn] of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ .
 lg0fodf kl/0ffTds k|ljwLx? sf] k|of]u .
 Joj:yfks x?n] ljleGg ls;Ldsf Joj:yfklso lg0f{ox? Ufg]{ qmddf ljljw
ls;Ldsf a}1flgs k4ltx? cjnDag ug]{ x'gfn] Joj:yfkg cfkm}df Ps lsl;dsf]
lj1fg xf] eGg] l;4fGt g} Joj:yfkg lj1fgsf] l;4fGt xf] .
^= ;fof]lus l;4fGtsf Contingency Theory:
 Fred Edward Fiedler o; l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs x'g\ . R.Lawrence, J
Thompson , Vroom cfbLn] of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ .
 Situational Approach xf] .
 Joj:yfkgSituational x'G5 / Joj:yfkg cEof; Situation df e/ k5{ .
 Joj:yfksn] sfd ug]{ , ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Pp6} dfq pQd pkfo x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf
/fV5 .
 o;sf ;fy} /0fgLlts Joj:yfkg Strategic Planning, Strategic action,
 Joj:yfksn] /0fgLlts b[li6sf]0f /fVg'kg]{ .
 o; l;4fGtnfO{ df6f] cg';f/sf] v]lt elg k/Leflift ug{ ;lsG5
&= Joj:yfkg sf] gljgtd cjwf/0ff Emerging Concept of
management
s= p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg(MBO)
 Peter Drucker sf] cjwf/0ff xf],

 MBO sfdbf/sf] JolQmut p2]Zo / ;+u7gsf] p2]Zodf tfnd]n ul/G5,

 ;+u7gsf] nIonfO{ JolQmsf] nIodf cg'jfb ul/G5,

 MBO df tkl;nsf s'/fx¿ ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 . (GAS-P)

 Goal Setting (Short/Long),

 Action Plan,
  Self-control,
 Periodic Review.
v== ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg (Participative Management) : DO DEPA
ljsl;t b]zsf dfgj k"FhLx?n] ;xeflutf d"ntM b'O{ 7fpFdf vf]Hb5g\ . h:t} M hf]lvd (Risk)
/ nfe (Benefit) df t/ xfdL g]kfnLx? ;xeflutf hf]lvdf gvf]h]/ s]an nfedf dfq
vf]H5f}+ . ;xeflutfnfO{ tkl;nsf k|s/0fx?df 5 7fpFdf vf]Hg ;lsG5 egL JofVof ul/Psf]
5.
 DecisionMaking df ;xeflutf,
 Objective Setting df ;xeflutf,
 Distribution of organizational dividend df ;xeflutf,
 Evaluation df ;xeflutf,
 Program Execution df ;xeflutf,
 Alternative Choice df ;xeflutf,
 of] l;4fGt Rensis Linkert åf/f k|ltkflbt xf] .
u= kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg (Change management)
3= 4G4 Joj:yfkg(Conflict Management)
ª=tgfj Joj:yfkg(Stress Management),
r=;Dk"0f{ u'0f Joj:yfkg (Total Quality Management),
5=Dffgj ;;fwg Joj:yfkg (Human Resource management

Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿ (Principles of Management):

ljrf/, d'No,dfGotf,lgod g} l;4fGt x? x'g .
 s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] Joj:yfkg s'g l;4fGt cg'?k ;+rfng x'g pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]
s'g} a}1flgs lgod kfOb}g .
 ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo tyf ;+u7gnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ jftfj/0fsf] kl/j]zdf /x]/ s'zn
Joj:yfksn] cfkm"df ePsf] cg'ej, ljleGg l;4fGtsf] k|of]uaf6 ljutdf cfPsf]
kl/0ffdsf] ljZn]if0f cflbsf] pkof]u jf6 g} l;4fGtsf] pkof]u tyf Joj:yfkg
k2ltsf] lgwf{/0f ul/g' pko'Qm dflgG5 .
  Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx? ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg lj4fgx?n] cf– cfkm\gf] tl/sfaf6
ljleGGf ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx?sf] cfwf/
.
• ;+u7gsf] cfsf/ (Size of the organization)
• ul/g] sfo{sf lsl;d (Type of work being done)
• ;+u7gsf] ef}uf]lns km}nfj6 (Geographical Spread of the
organization)
• jftfj/0fLo cj:yf (Environmental Condition)
• JolQmut leGgtf (Individual Differences)
• ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo (Objectives of the organization)
h:tf cfwf/x?sf] cfwf/df dfq s:tf] lsl;dsf Joj:yfksLo
l;4fGtsf] pkof]u ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug'{ g} c;n Joj:yfksLo
lzk dfGg ;lsg] s'/fdf eg] b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g .

s= Joj:yfkgsf ;du| l;4fGtx? (Overall Principle)

 Principle of objective pb]Zosf] l;2fGt
 Principle of policy making gLlt lgdf0f{sf] l;2fGt
 Principle of planning of]hgfsf] l;2fGt
 Principle of co-operation ;dGjosf] l;2fGt
 Principle of Leadership g]t[Tjsf] l;2fGt
 Principle of Responsibility and Authority clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTj
 Staffing principle
 kf/blz{tfsf] l;4fGt (Transparency)
 lgs6tfsf] l;4fGt (Proximity)
 lgZkIftfsf] l;4fGt (Impartiality)
 ;xeflutf tyf cfj4tfsf] l;4fGt (Participation and engagement)
 ;j{:jLsfo{sf] l;4fGt (Pervasive acceptance)
 kl/l:yltsf] l;4fGt (Situational)
v= dfgj ;+;fwgsf] plrt Joj:yfkg sf] l;2fGt
  Right person right rime in right place
 Principle of financial Incentives lalQo k|f]T;fxgsf] l;2fGt
 Principle of Specialization lalzli6s/0fsf] l;2fGt
 Principle of Simplicity ;/ntfsf] l;2fGt
 Principle of Individual Effectiveness JolQmut k|efasfl/tfsf] l;2fGt
 Principle of Individual Improvement JolQmut ;'wf/ sf] l;2fGt
 Principle of Control lgoGq0f sf] l;2fGt …….etc
v= Joj:yfkgsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt x? (Universal Principles)

 Henry Fayol n] g]t[Tj u/]sf],

 dfgjLo kIfnfO{ dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ ;+u7gnfO{ ;d]6]sf,]
! sfo{sf] ljefhg -Division of Work) : sfo{nfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug'{kg]{ cyf{t\
sfo{sf] ljefhg a}1flgs 9+uaf6
@ clwsf/ -Authority) : clwsf/ ljgfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf lhDd]jf/L ljgfsf]
clwsf/ b'a} xflgsf/s x'g] ljrf/ o; l;4fGtdf pNn]v ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . .
# cg'zf;g -Discipline) : cf1f jf cfb]z kfng Pj+ Ps csf{k|ltsf]
cfb/efjsf] ljsf;n] ;+u7gsf] sfo{ jftfj/0f cg's"n aGg ;Sb5
$ cfb]z PsfTdstf -Unity of Command) : ;+u7gdf Pp6f JolQmnfO{ sfd
nufpg] cyf{t\ cfb]z lbg] JolQm Ps hgf dfq x'g' kg]{
% lgb]{zg PsfTdstf -Unity of Direction) : ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf]
ultljlwx?nfO{ Pp6} cyf{t nIo k|flKtsf] lbzftkm{ kl/nlIft x'g'kg]{ .
^ JolQmsf] rfxgfnfO{ ;fd'lxsrfxgfdf ldnfg-Subordination of
individual interest to the general interest): ;+u7gsf] cfkmgf] NfIonfO{
klxnf] k|fyldstf .
& kfl/>lds -Remuneration) : ;+u7gsf x/]s sfdbf/x?n] ljgf e]befj
pgLx?sf] of]ubfgsf] d'Nofª\sg cg';f/ plrt kfl/>lds kfpg] Joj:yfsf] ljsf;
x'g' kg]{ .
*s]Gb|Ls/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -Centralization and Decentralization) :
;+u7gsf] p2]Zo, k|s[lt, o;df sfo{/t sfdbf/sf] Ifdtf / cfjZoStf cg';f/ zlQm
tyf clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sf] aLrdf ;dGjo ug'{.
( tx z[ª\vnf -Scalar chain or Line of Authority) : ;+u7gsf] sfo{
k2lt klbo z[ª\vnfdf cfwfl/t eP/ sfo{ ug'[{ kg]{
 !) cfb]z-Order): o;n] ;+u7gdf /x]sf dflg; tyf cGo j:t' ;a} plrt :yfgdf
/xg'kg]{ ,
!! ;dfgtf-Equity) : ;a}nfO{ ;dfg lsl;dn] Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{
!@ cjlwsf] l:y/tf -Stability of Tenure of Personnel): ;+u7gdf
/x]sf sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;+u7gdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ul//xg] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf
ug'{kg
!# hfu?s -Initiative): sd{rf/Lx?n] cfˆgf] leqL OR5faf6 g} ;+u7gsf]
sfo{Kf|lt hfu?stf b]vfPdf ;+u7gn] cfgf] nIo ;xh ?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .
!$;xof]usf] efjgf -Esprit De Corps): ;+u7gsf sfo{x? ;fd'lxs ?kdf
k"/f ug{ tyf ;+u7gsf] sfo{af]emnfO{ ldn]/ k'/f ug{ ;s]df o;af6 ;fd'lxs efjgfsf]
ljsf; x'g]

ljleGg !$ j6f Principles ;'q M DAD U C USSR, 0! I SEE.

D=Division of Work
A=Authority and Responsibility
D=Discipline
U=Unity of Direction
C= Centralization and Decentralization
U=Unity of Command
S=Stability of Service
S=Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest
R=Remuneration
O=Order
I=Initiative
S=Scalar Chain
E=Equity
E=Esprit-de Corps
gjLgtd cjwf/0ff (Emerging Concept of management)
;dosf] kl/jt{g / dfu cg'?k o;sf cjwf/0ffx?, l;4fGt / bz{gdf kl/jt{g
x'Fb} hfG5 . xfn Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf k|of]u e}/x]sf gjLgtd cjwf/0ffx? s|dz
;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg (Participatory Management), 1fg Joj:yfkg
 (Knowledge Management) , 4G4 Joj:yfkg (Conflict Management),
tgfj Joj:yfkg (Stress Management), ;Dk"0f{ u'0f Joj:yfkg (Total
Quality Management), hg;lQmsf] ljljlws/0f tyf ;;lQms/0f ct{ut dfgj
;;fwg Joj:yfkg h:tf Joj:yfkgsf cfodx? cfw'lgs Joj:yfkgdf pkhsf]
?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
 ;xeflutf d'ns Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt (Participative Management
Theory)
 kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg (Change management)
 4G4 Joj:yfkg (Conflict Management)
 tgfj Joj:yfkg (Stress Management),
 ;Dk"0f{ u'0f Joj:yfkg (Total Quality Management),
 Dffgj ;;fwg Joj:yfkg (Human Resource management

Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{x¿ (Functions of Management):

Functions.
1. Henry Fayol
……….Planning,Organizing, Stafing,
Leading and Controlling
2. Luther Gulick………… POSDCoRB
 Planning,
 Organizing,
 Staffing,
 Directing,
 Coordination
 Reporting
 Budgeting
3. Ricky Griffin (P=I=E)..of]hgf –Planning) , sfof{Gjog Implementation /
d+'Nofªsg Evaluation
Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{x¿ (Functions of Management):
A. k|fylds sfo{(Primary Function)
 Planning,
 Organizing,
 Staffing,
 Leading,
 Directing,
 Controlling.
REFREE
 Regulating,
 Empowering,
 Facilitation,
 Refreeing (for fair play), Watchdog sf] ?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{
 Eco-friendly,
 Equity.
B. ;xfos sfo{x¿ (Subsidiary Functions)
 Decision Making,
 Motivation,
 Co-ordination,
 Communication,
 Supervision,
  Reporting,
 Budgeting,
 Monitoring,
 Evaluation,
 Negotiation, Conflict-Management,
 Grievance Handling.

;fdfGotof Joj:yfkg tLg txdf afFl8Psf] x'G5 M

!= dflyNnf] txsf] Joj:yfkg,
@= dWod txsf] Joj:yfkg,
#= tNnf] txsf] Joj:yfkg .
tLg txsf] Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ klg km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . Joj:yfkgsf txn] clwsf/sf]
cj:yf, Joj:yfksLo x}l;otsf] cj:yf / txut cfb]znfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . d'Vo ¿kdf
Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
Planning:
ljutsf] cg'ej, lzIff, lbIff, ef]ufO{ tYo / tYofÍ ;fy} ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df eljiok|lt
sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu jt{dfgsf] ;f]+rg} of]hgf xf] . s], slxn], sxfF, s;/L, s;n] ug]{ cflb
ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6L sfo{qmd tof/ ug'{ .
Organizing:
-ef}lts, ljQLo, dfgjLo ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Nofpg], ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ k|0ffnL
to ug]{ / ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ pTkfbsTjsf] ;DaGw ljsl;t ug]{ k|lqmof_
Leading:
;+u7gnfO{ ;xL g]t[Tj k|bfg u/L nIo k|flKt ug]{ lbzftkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] / x/]s ;+u7gsf]
kl/b[ionfO{ jf:tljstfdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .
Motivation:
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;+u7gfTds nIo / JolQmut nIolar PsLs/0f ug]{, df}lb|s /
u}/ df}lb|s pTk|]/0ffsf tTjx¿nfO{ ;dofg's'n k|bfg ub}{ hfg] . ;+u7gdf sfo{/t df}h'bf
hgzlQmx?sf] sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf (Ability to do) nfO{ sfo{ ug]{ rfxgf jf sfo{ ug]{ tTk/tf
(Willingness to do/Readingness to do) df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ k4lt xf] .
Co-ordination:
-;+:yf–;+:yflarsf] ;dGjo dfkm{t\ ;fwg ;|f]t, cf}hf/ pks/0f / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;jf]{Qd
pkof]u ug]{ .
Controlling:
-nIo cg'¿k k|ult eO/x]sf] 5 5}g x]/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ x]/L gsf/fTds
¿kdf km/s km/s ePdf lgoGq0fsf] cf}hf/x¿ ckgfpg] .
Staffing:
-;+u7gsf] ;lhj kIf dfgj ;+;fwg ePsfn] ;xL dflg;sf] ;xL tj/n] k|fKt u/L ;xL 7fpFdf
kb:yfkg ug]{ j[lQ ljsf; / k'/:sf/ tyf b08sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;+u7gdf dflyNnf] txsf]
Joj:yfkg clwsf/ ;DkGg x'G5 .
 Management: Concept, Principles and Functions.
1. Joj:yfkgsf] zf:qLo l;4fGt hGdbftfsf] x'g\ <
a. H. Fayol
b. F.Taylor
c. Max weber
d. dflysf ;a}
2. Joj:yfkgsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf hGdbftfsf] x'g\ <
a. H. Fayol
b. F.Taylor
c. Max weber
d.dflysf ;a}
3= Max Webers'g b]zsfgful/s x'g\ <
a_hfkfg
b_ hd{gL
c_ h]?;]n
d_ lhDafa]
4= x]g/L kmf]onsf] d[To' slxn] ePsf] xf] <
a_ ;g\ !(@%
b_;g\ !(@)
c_;g\ !*^$
d_;g\ !*^%
5.sd{rf/LtGq l;4fGtsfhGdbftfsf] x'g\ <
 a. H. Fayol
b. Taylor
c. Max weber
d. Marshal
6= sd{rf/LtGqsf l;4fGtsf] ljz]iftftnsfdWo] s'g xf] <
a_ ;+u7gn] >d ljefhg k4tL ckgfpg'.
b_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg gLlt–lgodx? ;';+utagfpg'
c_ sd{rf/Lx?sf] egf{, lgo'QmLtyf a8'jf k|fljlw sbIftfsf] cfwf/ df ug {'.
d_ dflysf ;a}
7=tnsfdWo] Joj:yfkgsf] zf:qLo l;4fGtsf] of]ubfgs'gxf] <
a_ Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx?sf] ljsf; ug]{ cfwf/ to u/]sf] 5.
b_ Joj:yfkgsfk|d'vk|s[ofx? sfo{x? / ;Lkx? klxrfg u/]sf]5 .
c_ Joj:yfkgnfO{ j}1flgs ;f]wk'5sf] :jLs[t ljifosf] ?kdfk|sfzkf/]sf] 5.
d_ dflysf ;a}
8= Joj;flosjftfj/0fnfO{ sltefudfljefhgul/Psf] 5 <
a_ 1
b_ 2
c_ 3
d_ 4
9= k|fljlwsjftfj/0f leqtnsfdWo] s'g kb}{g <
a_k|ljlwsf] tx
b_ k|ljlwsf] ult
c_ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f
d_k|zf;lsogLlt
10= tnsfdWo] s'gcfly{s jftfj/0f leqkb{5 <
a_ tnsf ;a}
b_ cfly{s cj:yf
c_ Jofkf/ gLlt
d_ cf}Bf]lusgLlt
11= DofS; j]j/n] s'gljZjljBfnodfsfg"g / cy{zf:qsf] cWoog u/]sflyP<
a_ hd{gsf] xfO8nau{ ljZjljBfno
b_ ef/tsf] k'gljZjljBfno
c_ g]kfnsf] lqe'jgljZjljBfno
d_ s'g} xf]Og .
12= cfGtl/s jftfj/0f lgoGq0f of]Uo x'G5.æ of] syg ;xL 5 <
a_ 5
b_ 5}g
c_ /fhg}ltscj:yfdf e/ kb{5
d_ Joj:yfkgsf] of]Uotfdflge{/ /xG5 .
13= ;fdflhs ;f+:s[ltsjftfj/0f -Socio cultural Environment_ nfO{ s] s'/fn] k|efjkfb{5 <
a_ 5
b_ hLjgz}nL
c_ lzIff
d_ dflysf ;a}
14= km]onn] k|ltkfbg u/]sfJoj:yfkgsf l;4fGtdf tnsfdWo] s'g kb{5<
a_;dfgtf
b_sfo{ljefhg
c_;f]kfg z[Înf
 d_dflysf ;a}
15=F.W Taylorsf] j}1flgsJoj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ tnsfdWo] s'gJoj:yfkgljbn] :jLsf/
u/]sfx'G<
a_;dfgtf
b_sfo{ljefhg
c_;f]kfg z[Înf
d_dflysf ;a}
16= j}1flgsJoj:yfkgsflktfeg]/ s;nfO{ elgG5 <
a_ Theo Haiman
b_FW Taylor
c_Henry Fayol
d_Max Weber
17= Joj:yfkgsf] kl/efiffnfO{ tnsfdWo] s'gn] ;d]6]sf] 5.
a_ c?dfkm{t\ sfo{;Dkfbgug]{ / u/fpg] k|lqmof
b_ ;dGjo / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{
c_ k"jf{g'dfg, of]hgfth{'df / ;+u7g ug]{ sfo{
d_dflysf ;a}
18= tnpNn]lvts'gljz]iftfÚsnfsf] ?kdfJoj:yfkgdf kb}{g<
a_ ljlzi6 / ultzLnk|lqmof
b_ lg/Gt/ cEof;
c_ ljzli6Ls/0f
d_ Jojxfl/s 1fg
19= Joj:yfkgsfljz]iftfx?dftnsf] s'g kb}{g<
a_ egf{ 5gf}6
b_ p2]Zod'vL
 c_ k[i7kf]if0f
d_ Joj:yfkgsf] ;j{JofkLk|of]u
20.;xeflutfd"ns Joj;yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] Joj:yfkgljbsf] x'g\ <
a. Louis Allen
b. RensisLinkert
c. Adam Smith
d. DaivdOsbor
21= of]hgf th{'df k|lqmofdf tnsfdWo] s'g kb}{g <
a_ egf{ 5gf}6 / kb:yfkgf
b_ p2]Zolgwf{/0f
c_ k"jf{g'dfgug]{
d_ dflysf ;a}
22= Joj:yfkg s] xf] <
a_ Ps snfxf]
b_ Ps Joj;fo ÷ k]zfxf]
c_ Ps lj1fg xf]
d_ dflysf ;a}
23=Joj:yfkgsfsfo{x? tnsfdWo] s'grflxFxf]Og<
a_ ;+u7g
b_ lgoGq0f
c_ ;fdflhspQ/bfloTj
d_ dflysf ;a}
24=;+u7gsf sfo{cGtu{t tnsf] s'g kb}{g <
a_ p2]Zoxfl;nug]{ u/L dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx? klxrfgug]{
 b_ hgzlQmsf] cfjZostflgwf{/0f ug]{
c_ lqmofsnfknfO{ tfls{s?kdf ;d"lxs/0f ug]{
d_ sfo{tflnsf / ah]6 th{'dfug]{
25= tnsfdWo] s'gl;kJoj:yfksnfO{ cfjZos kb}{g <
a_ k|ljlwsl;k
b_ dfgjLol;k
c_ wf/0ffut l;k
d_ ;jf/L ;fwgrnfpg] l;k
26=Joj:yfkgsf] zf:qLo l;4fGt cg';f/ s'g l;4fGt kb}{g <
a_ j}1flgs Joj:yfkg l;4fGt
b_ k|zf;lgsJoj:yfkg l;4fGt
c_ lsG;sf] /f]huf/Lsf] l;4fGt
d_ sd{rf/L tGq l;4fGt
27= F.W. TaylornfO{ ld8jn :6Ln sDkgLn] ;g\ !*(* dfs'gkbdflgo'Qm u/]sf] xf] <
a_ d]Vo OGhLlgo/
b_ kmf]/d]g
c_ k/fdz{bftf
d_ sDkgLk|d'v
28= k|zf;lsoJoj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtsf hGdbftfsf] x'g<
a. Taylor
b. H.Foyal
c. Max weber
d. Newmann
29= x]g/LFayolsf] hGdslxn] ePsf] lyof] <
a_ ;g\ !*$!
 b_ ;g\ !*!$
c_;g\ !$*!
d_ ;g\ !$!*

30. H. Foyaln] k|sflzt u/]sf] klxnf] k':tss'gxf] <

a_ A General and Industrial Management
b_Principle of Scientific management
c_Principle of Administrative management
d_Principle of administrative skills
31= x]g/L kmf]ofns'g b]zsfgfu/Lsx"g<
a_ hd{g
b_ O6fnL
c_ k|mfG;
d_ hfkfg
32= x]g/L kmf]onsf] Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGt sltcf]6f 5g\ <
a_ !$
b_ !%
c_ !#
d_ !)
33= x]g/L kmf]onsfcg';f/ Joj;floslqmofsnfknfO{ sltefudfljefhgul/Psf] 5<
a_ $
b_ %
c_ &
d_ ^
34= x]g/L kmf]onsf] Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt Esprit de cropssf] cy{ s] xf] <
a_ cfb]zdfPstf
b_ ;xof]usf] efjgf
c_ lgikIftfsf] efjgf
d_ dflysf ;a}
35= Max Webers'g b]zsfgful/s x'g<
a_ hfkfg
b_ hd{g
c_ h]?;]nd
d_ lhDafa]
36=sd{rf/L tGqsf] l;4fGtsf] ljz]iftftnsfdWo] s'gxf] <
a_ ;+u7gn] >d ljefhg k4tL ckgfpg' .
b_ sfo{ ;DkfbgdfPs¿ktfNofpggLltlgodx¿ ;';+utagfpg' .
c_ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egf{, lgo'lQmtyf a9'jf k|fljlwsbIftfsf] cfwf/dfug{'
d_ dflysf ;a}
37=tnsfdWo] Joj:yfkgsf] zf:qLo l;4fGtsf] of]ubfgs'gxf] <
a_ Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ cfwf/ to u/]sf] 5 .
b_ Joj:yfkgsfk|d"vk|s[ofx¿, sfo{x¿ / l;kx¿ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .
c_ Joj:yfkgnfO{ j}1flgs ;f]wk'5sf] :jLs[t ljifosf] ¿kdfk|sfzkf/]sf] 5 .
d_ dflysf ;a} .
38= ;du| g]kfndfckgfOPsf] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ lgofn]/ x]bf{ tnsfdWo] s'gljz]iftf kfpg;lsG5<
a_ k|ltlqmofpGd'vJoj:yfkg
b_ dflyb]lvtnsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] Jofkstf
c_ sdhf]/ of]hgfsf] cEof;
 d_ dflysf ;a}
39= Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{dftnsf] s'gtYo ;xL 5 <
a_ Joj:yfkglg/Gt/ k|lqmofxf]
b_ Joj:yfkgsf] If]q l;ldt x'G5.
c_ sfof{nodfJoj:yfkgsf] s'g} e"ldsfx'Fb}g
d_ dflysf ;a}
40= g]kfnsf] jt{dfgJoj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljz]iftfdftnsfdWo] s'g k5{ <
a_ lkmtnf] Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f
b_ lg0f{o tof/dfPsflwsf/jfbLk|j[lQ
c_ oyfl:yltjfbL
d_ dflysf ;a}
41= g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] If]qdfJoj:yfkgsf] r'gf}lttnsfdWo] s'g k5{ <
a_ Joj:yfkgdf /fhgLltsbafa / x:tIf]k
b_ Joj;flostfsf] sdL
c_ Joj:yfkg p2]Zod"nsx'gg;s]sf]
d_ dflysf ;a}
42= a}+sdfJoj:yfkg ;kmnkfg{ tnsfdWo] s'g s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ftug{'k5{ <
a_ p2]Zod"nsx'g]
b_ kf/bzL{ x'g]
c_ e|i6frf/ lgd{"n ug]{
d_ dflysf ;a}
43=k|zf;geGbfJoj:yfkg km/flsnf] ljifoxf] eGg] wf/0ffn] ;j{k|yds'g b]zaf6 dfGotfkfPsf] xf] <
a_ a]nfot
b_ rLg
 c_ k|mfG;
d_ s'g} klgxf]Og
44= j}1flgsJoj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbsPkm=8An'= 6]n/sf] hGds'g b]zdfePsf] xf] <
a_ O6fnL
b_ k|mfG;
c_ hd{gL
d_ cd]l/sf
45. tnsfdWo] Joj:yfkgsfsfo{dfs'g kb}{g <
a) of]hgfagfpg] tyf lg0fo{ lng]
b)sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgug]{
c)g]t[Tj / lgoGq0f ug]{
d)sd{rf/L ;+u7gnfO{ a9fjf lbO{ /fhgLlts ;fl/s x'g]
45. s:tf] Joj:yfksljQLoJoj:yfksxf] <
a) w]/} cyf]{kfh{g ug]{ Joj:yfks .
b) ljQLo ;+;fwgnfO{ Joj:yfkgug]{ Joj:yfks
c) wgf9\os'nsf] Joj:yfks
d) ljQLo ;+:yfdfsfdug]{ Joj:yfks
47. tnsfdWo] pRrtxsf] Joj:yfksdfsf] kb}{g <
a) sfo{sf/L k|d'v
b) General Manager
c) Management committee
d) Operation incharge
48. j}hflgsJoj:yfkgsf] l;¢fGts'gxf] <
a)>d ljefhg / sfdbf/nfO{tflnd
 b)pko'Qmtl/sf / d]nldnfk
c)b'j} xf]
d)s'g} xf]Og

49. Joj:yfkgsfljz]iftftnsfdWo] s'gxf] <

a) lj1fg tyfs+nf
b) ;fd"lxslqmofsnfk
c) ultlzn
d) dflysf ;a}
50. Joj:yfkg – Ps snfdfs'gljz]iftfljBdfg /xG5 <
a) o;sf l;¢fGtx? j}1flgsk/LIf0faf6 ljsf; ePsf]n]
b) ljZoJofkL ?kdf k|dfl0ft l;¢fGtePsf]n]
c) sf/0f / k|efjsf] ;DaGwePsf]n]
d) dflysf ;a}
51. Joj:yfkg – Ps lj1fg s;/L xf] <
a)o;sf l;¢fGtx? j}1flgsk/LIf0faf6 ljsf; ePsf]n]
b)ljZoJofkL ?kdf k|dfl0ft l;¢fGtePsf]n]
c)sf/0f / k|efjsf] ;DaGwePsf]n]
d)dflysf ;a}
52) k]zfeg]sf] s] xf] <
a) ;fdflhstTjo'Qmsfo{
b) w]/} wgcfh{g ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] sfo{
c)sf/0f / k|efjsf] ;DaGwePsf]n]
d)dflysf ;a}
53) ljQLok|f]T;fxgsf] l;¢fGtdftnsfdWos'g kb{5 <
a) tnjeQf
 b) z}lIfseQf
c) dx+uL / 3/ef8f eQf
d) dflysf ;a}

54) Joj:yfkgsfk|d'v>+[vnfx? slt j6f 5g\ <

a) pRrJoj:yfkg
b)dWodJoj:yfkg
c)sfo{utJoj:yfkg
d)lgDgJoj:yfkg
55) la|l6; ljrf/wf/f cg';f/ Joj:yfkgnfO{ sltk|sf/dfljefhgul/Psf] 5 <
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
56) Joj:yfkgsfk|d'v>+[vnfx? slt j6f 5g\ <
a) Management
b) Marketing and Negotiation
c) Management Association of Nepal
d) Marketing Association of Nation
57) Joj:yfklstflnd k||bfgug]{ ;+:yfMANsf] k"/f ?k s] xf] <
a. Management
b. Marketing and Negotiation
c. Management Association of Nepal
d. Marketing Association of Nation
58) x]g/L kmf]onsf] Joj:yfkgsf l;¢fGtsltcf]6f 5g\ <
a) 4
b) 5
 c) 7
d) 14
59) x]g/L kmf]onsfcg';f/ Joj;floslqmofsnfknfO{ sltefudfljefhgul/Psf] 5 <
a) !$
b) !&
c) !#
d) !)
60) cd]l/sgljrf/wf/f cg';f/ Joj:yfkgs'gsfo{ xf] <
a) pRrtx
b) tNnf] tx
c) txljlxg
d) dWodtx
61) la|l6; ljrf/wf/f cg';f/ tnsfdWo] s'gJoj:yfkg kb{5 <
a) k|zf;lgsJoj:yfkg
b) ;~rfngJoj:yfkg
c) dflysfb'j}
d) s'g} klgxf]Og