PHY-206: Computer Programming

and Numerical Methods

Lecture 1

Introduction to Computer

Anup Majumder
Assistant Professor
Department Of Computer Science and Engineering
Jahangirnagar University
 Outline
● What is a Computer?
● Computer Organizations
● Computer Hardware
– Input Device
– CPU
– Memory
– Output Device
– Secondary Storage Device

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 What Is a Computer?
● Computer is a
– device capable of performing computations and making logical
decisions

– Computer has two parts-

• Hardware
• Software

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Hardware

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 Basic hardware of a PC system
● Input Devices
● Central Processing Unit (CPU)
● Memory Unit
● Output Devices
● Secondary Storage Devices

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 1. Input Devices

● Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU.

– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Joystick
– Microphone
– Webcam
– Scanner
– Touch Screen

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 Keyboard
● Traditional keyboards
● Flexible keyboards
● Ergonomic keyboards
● Wireless keyboards
● PDA keyboards

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 Keyboard Cont…
• Keyboard is the most common and very popular input
device which helps to input data to the computer.
• The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional
typewriter, although there are some additional keys
provided for performing additional functions.

• Keyboards are of two sizes

o 84 keys or
o 101/102 keys,
but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also
available for Windows and Internet.

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Keyboard Cont…

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 Keyboard Cont…
S.No Keys & Description
Typing Keys
1 These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (0-9) which generally give the
same layout as that of typewriters.
Numeric Keypad
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a
2 set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding
machines and calculators.
Function Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at
3 the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some
specific purpose.
Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys.
4 Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down,
Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keys

5 Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock,
Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen. 12
 Mouse

● Mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor

(pointer) on a computers display screen. Old mouse have got two
buttons, the right and left button while modern ones will have a
third scroll button in between the two.
● To use the mouse, one points and clicks to issue instructions to
the computer.
● It was invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research
Center in 1963 and then pioneered by Xerox in the 1970s. This
invention came as a major breakthrough in computer ergonomics.

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 Two Types of Mouse

● Mechanical - a type of computer

mouse that has a rubber or metal
ball on its underside and it can roll
in every direction.
● Optical: This type uses a laser
for detecting the mouse's
movement.

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How a Mouse Hooks Up to a PC

● PS/2 Mouse

● Serial Mouse

● USB/Cordless Mouse

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 Other Pointing Devices

● Trackball

● Track point

● Touch pad

● Touch Screen

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● Joystick – input device for
computer games

● Light Pens – light-sensitive

penlike device

● Stylus – penlike device

commonly used with tablet PCs
and PDAs.

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 Scanning Devices
● Optical scanners
● Card readers
● Bar code readers
● Character and mark recognition devices

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 Image Capturing Devices
● Digital Cameras

● Digital Video Cameras

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 2. Central Processing Unit

● Brain of the computer.

● It directs and controls the entire computer system
and performs all arithmetic and logical operations.

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 3. Memory Unit

● Where the programs and data are

stored .
– READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
contains the pre-programmed
computer instructions such as the
Basic Input Output System (BIOS).
– RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
is used to store the programs and data
that you will run. Exists only when
there is power.

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 4. Output Devices
● Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to
our requests and instructions.
– Monitor
– Audio Speakers
– Printer

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 Types of Monitor
● Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

● Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

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 Printers

● IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by physically

striking the paper. Ex. Daisy wheel printers, line
printers, dot matrix printers & band printers.
● NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply pressure on
the paper but instead produces character by using
lasers, ink spray, photography or heat.

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 Dot matrix
printer

Laser Inkjet printer

printer
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 5. Secondary Storage Devices
● Attached to the computer system to allow you to store
programs and data permanently for the purpose of
retrieving them for future use.
● Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom

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 Floppy Disk
● The most common secondary storage device
● 3.5” disk – 1.44MB

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 High-Capacity Floppy Disks
● Floppy disk cartridges
● 3 ½ inches in diameter
● Stores more information
● Zip disks

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 Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk

● Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks

● Holds a greater amount of data

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 Optical Discs
● A standard part of modern desktop machines, especially
used for multimedia purposes and preferred in loading
applications.

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 Kinds
● Blue Ray Disk – 40G
● Digital Versatile Disk
– DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
– DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
– Single Layer and Double Layer
● Compact Disk
– CD-R – write once, 650MB
– CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB

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 Optical Drives

● CD-ROM read CDs

● CD-Writer read/write CDs
● DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
● DVD Writer read/write CDs, read/write DVDs

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 Other Secondary Storage
● Solid-State Storage
– No moving parts
– Flash memory cards

– USB flash drives

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 Parts that Build Up A System
Unit
● Casing or cover ● Sound card
● Power Supply ● Floppy disk drive
● Motherboard ● Hard disk drive
● Microprocessor ● CD-ROM drive
● Memory ● MODEM
● Video Card

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 Casing or cover

● The box or outer shell that

houses most of the computer,
it is usually one of the most
overlooked parts of the PC.
● Protects the computer
circuits, cooling and system
organization.

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 Power Supply
● Responsible for powering every device in your
computer.
● Parts of a Power supply:
– Disk drive connectors
– Motherboard connector
– Power supply fan
– Power switch
– Input voltage selector
– Cover
– Power plugs receptacle

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 Motherboard
● The physical arrangement in a computer that contains
the computer’s basic circuitry and components.
● Components are:
– Microprocessor
– (Optional) Coprocessors
– Memory
– Basic Input / Output System (BIOS)
– Expansion Slot
– Interconnecting circuitry

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 Expansion Slots
● Graphic cards
● Sound cards
● Modem cards
● Network interface cards/network adapter

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