CLIMATE CHANGE IN KILIFI COUNTY

GROUP MEMBERS
1. Vallery Esendi……………….. AB13/PU/41248/21

2. Euleria Vilokho……………… AB13/PU/41810/22

3. Isaac Engesut………………… AB13/PU/41811/22

4. Purity Rukwaro………………... AB/PU/41246/21

5. Andrew Karanja……………….. AB13/PU/41809/22

6. Idd Said…………………………......AB13/PU/41196/21

7. Amondi Shaleta Ochieng…………. AB13/PU/41198/22

8. Charity Ann……………………… AB13/PU/41813/22

9. Ruth Ombira…………………….. AB13/PU/41807/22

10. Ivonne Njoki Nyamu…………….. AB13/PU/41805/22

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR

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THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE IN FRENCH, PWANI
UNIVERSITY.
8/10/2023

DECLARATION
This research project is an original work and it has not been presented anywhere.
SIGNATURE….. ombirajojo……………… DATE…10/8/2023……………………………
Secretary
DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR
I hereby declare that this research project was carried under my supervision.
SIGNATURE……………………………… DATE……………………………….
DR. Nicholas Ajwang.
Senior Lecture
School of Humanities and social sciences
Pwani University

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Contents
DECLARATION 2
ABSTRACT 5
CHAPTER ONE 6
1.0 INTRODUCTTION 6
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 6
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEACH PROBLEM 6
1.3 OBJECTIVES 7
1.4 RESEACH QUESTIONS 7
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 7
1.6 LIMITATIONS 7
1.7 JUSTIFICSTION 8
CHAPETER TWO 9
LITERATURE REVIEW 9
Abstract: 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Climate Change Impacts in Kilifi 9
2.3 Climate Change Drivers in Kilifi 9
2.4 Research Methods and Data: 9
2.5 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Kilifi: 9
2.6 Research Gaps and Future Directions: 10
2.7 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK /CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 10
CHAPTER THREE 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE 11
2.2.1 Rising sea level 11
2.2.2 Drought and water scarcity 11
2.2.3 Declining agricultural productivity 11
2.2.4 Increased prevalence of diseases 11
2.2.5 Loss of biodiversity 11

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 2.2.6 Economic impacts 11
2.2.7 Social and cultural disruptions 11
2.2.8 Infrastructure damage 11
2.3 Ecosystem in Kilifi: 12
2.3.1 Rising sea levels 12
2.3.2 Increased temperatures 12
2.3.3 Changes in rainfall patterns 12
2.3,4 Increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones 12
2.3.5 Coastal ecosystem degradation 12
2.4 Effects of climatic change in Kilifi county 12
2.4.1 Rising temperatures 12
2.4.2 Increased droughts 12
2.4.3 Changing precipitation patterns 12
2.4.4 Sea level rise 12
2.4.5 Increased frequency 13
2.4.6 impact on biodiversity 13
2.4.7 health impacts 13
2.5 Remedies to climate change 13
2.5.1 Afforestation 13
2.5.2 Renewable energy 13
2.5.3 Sustainable agriculture 13
2.5.4 Water conservation 13
2.5.5 Waste management 13
2.5.6 Education and awareness 13
2.5.7 Sustainable transportation 13
CHAPTER FOUR 14
METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION 14
CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION 16
REFERENCES 18

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ABSTRACT
Climatic change is a pressing issue that affects numerous regions worldwide, and Kilifi
County in Kenya is no exception. This abstract delves into the specific climate-related
challenges faced by Kilifi County and highlights the potential impacts on the
environment, agriculture, and the livelihoods of its residents.
Kilifi County is located along the Kenyan coast, which makes it vulnerable to the
changing climate patterns, particularly in terms of rising temperatures, irregular rainfall,
and sea-level rise. These factors have already had detrimental effects on the coastal
ecosystems, including coral bleaching and degradation of mangrove forests, which are
vital for biodiversity preservation and coastal protection from storms and erosion.
Agriculture is the backbone of Kilifi County's economy, with small-scale farming and
fishing communities relying heavily on rain-fed agriculture. However, the unreliable
rainfall patterns have led to decreased agricultural productivity, resulting in food
insecurity and economic losses for the residents. The prolonged dry seasons impact
crop production, leading to decreased yields and increased soil degradation, which
further exacerbates the vulnerability of the agricultural sector.
Furthermore, the coastal communities heavily depend on fishing as a source of
livelihood and food security. However, the warming of the oceans and the resultant
changes in fish distribution have negatively impacted the fishing industry. The decline in
fish stocks and the loss of coral reefs have resulted in reduced catches and diminished
income for the fishing communities.
In addition to these environmental and socio-economic challenges, Kilifi County also
faces the threat of sea-level rise. The rising sea levels pose a significant risk to the
coastal communities, as it leads to increased coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion into
freshwater sources, and the displacement of vulnerable populations living in low-lying
areas.
To address the challenges posed by climatic change, Kilifi County must implement
adaptive measures and sustainable practices. These could include promoting climate-
resilient agriculture techniques such as drip irrigation, crop diversification, and
agroforestry. Strengthening coastal protection through the restoration and conservation
of mangrove forests and implementing sustainable fishing practices can also contribute
to buffering the negative impacts of climatic change.
In conclusion, climatic change in Kilifi County poses significant challenges to the
environment, agriculture, and the livelihoods of its residents. Urgent and comprehensive
action is required to mitigate these impacts and ensure the county's resilience to the
changing climate patterns. Additionally, collaboration between the government, local

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communities, and international organizations is essential in implementing long-term
solutions that prioritize sustainable development and adaptation strategies.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTTION
In more than 8years down the line, Kilifi has been experiencing long duration of drought
and famine from January to June. It’s always flooding from July to December. The
floods have caused soil erosion. The coastal location of Kilifi makes it vulnerable to sea
level, a consequence of climate change. This puts coastal communities at risk and
coastal ecosystems such as mangrove and coral reefs which serve as habitats for
marine life and provide protective buffers against storms.
Climate change also increases existing socio-economic challenges in Kilifi. This region
heavily relies on natural resources for livelihood. The impact s of climate further strain
local economies and livelihoods. To address these challenges, Kilifi has prompted
renewable energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon
emissions. Kilifi is actively engaging in national and international efforts to combat
climate change. Collaboration with other regions and countries helps share best
practices and develop strategies for adaptation and mitigation
In conclusion, climate change in Kilifi is generating various challenges. However,
proactive measures are being taken to address these challenges focusing on renewable
energy, water conservation, livelihood resilience and international cooperation
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In particular, the coastal regions are highly vulnerable to climate change i.e. sea levels.
Kilifi located on the coastal region that is experiencing the effects of climate change.
This region based on agriculture and tourism which are being severely impacted. This
leads to reduced crop yields, decreased agricultural productivity and increased
vulnerability to food insecurity. The effects of climate change in Kilifi are not only in
endangering the livelihoods and well being of its population but are also increasing
existing social economic inequalities. The study of specific impacts of climate change
in the region aims to asses the current and projected impacts of climate change in Kilifi.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEACH PROBLEM

The research problem in this case is the impact of climate change in Kilifi i.e. rising
temperatures droughts and floods. These Climate change impacts have significant
implications for the local community, agriculture and bio-diversity. This research
problem aims to provide valuable and other stake holders in order to develop effective
and sustainable climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies for Kilifi.

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1.3 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives for this research are to:
1. Conservation and restoration of ecosystem
2. Capacity building and awareness raising.
3. Sustainable urban planning.
4. Strengthening climate governance and policy frameworks.
5. Adaptation.
6. Mitigation.
1.4 RESEACH QUESTIONS
What is climate change?
Effects of climate change
Causes of climate change
Ecosystem in Kilifi
Problems caused by climate change
What are the remedies to climate change?
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
It Should be noted that the scope of climate change studies involves field such as
atmospheric sciences, ecology economics, engineering and policy analysis.
1.6 LIMITATIONS
Limited data availability: Kilifi may have limited historical climate data, making it
challenging to asses long-terms in temperature and precipitation accurately.
Localized effects: Kilifi’s climate change impacts may vary from global or regional
trends due to micro-level factors i.e. urbanization’
Uncertainties in future projections: Climate model used to project future climate
sceneries often have uncertainties associated with them.
Lack of financial resources: The implementation of climate change adaptation and
mitigation strategies requires financial resources.
Policy Challenges: Effective climate change adaptation and mitigation require
supportive policies and governance frameworks.

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Limited public awareness: Climate Change awareness and education at the community
level are crucial to foster behavioral change and promote sustainable practices.

1.7 JUSTIFICATION
There are several justifications for climate change in Kilifi:
Rising Temperatures: Kilifi has experienced a consistent increase in average
temperature over the years. This rise in temperature is directly attributed to climate
change and can have detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health.
Changing Rainfall Patterns: Kilifi has also witnessed shifts in rainfall patterns. There has
been a decrease in annual rainfall and an increase in the frequency and intensity of
extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. These changes can lead to water
scarcity, crop failures, and loss of biodiversity.
Sea Level Rise: Kilifi is located along the coast, making it vulnerable to rising sea levels.
As global temperatures rise, glaciers and ice sheets melt, causing the sea level to rise.
This phenomenon can result in coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion into freshwater
sources, and the displacement of coastal communities.
Loss of Biodiversity: Climate change poses a significant threat to the rich biodiversity
found in Kilifi. Increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can disrupt
ecosystems, leading to habitat loss and the extinction of species. This loss of
biodiversity can have severe consequences for the overall health and stability of both
the local environment and the economy, which relies heavily on tourism and agriculture.
Human Health Impacts: Climate change can exacerbate existing health issues and
create new ones. Rising temperatures can contribute to the spread of vector-borne
diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever. Changes in rainfall patterns can also
impact water quality and availability, leading to waterborne diseases. Additionally,
extreme weather events like floods and droughts can increase the risk of injury,
malnutrition, and mental health issues, especially among vulnerable populations.
Overall, these justifications highlight the dire consequences of climate change in Kilifi,
emphasizing the urgent need for adaptation and mitigation strategies to protect the
environment, biodiversity, and human well-being in the region.

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CHAPETER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Abstract:
This literature review aims to explore the existing knowledge and understanding of
climate change in the region of Kilifi, Kenya. Kilifi is a coastal area that is vulnerable to
various climate change impacts, including sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and changing
rainfall patterns. The review synthesizes research articles, government reports, and
other relevant sources to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on
climate change in Kilifi, as well as identifying key research gaps and potential
adaptation strategies. The findings can inform future research, policy decisions, and
community-led initiatives aimed at mitigating and adapting to climate change in Kilifi.
2.1 Introduction:
Background information on Kilifi and its vulnerability to climate change
Importance of studying climate change in Kilifi
2.2 Climate Change Impacts in Kilifi :
Sea-level rise and coastal erosion
Changing rainfall patterns and drought
Temperature rise and heatwaves
Impact on agriculture and food security
Health effects on the local population
2.3 Climate Change Drivers in Kilifi :
Global climate change trends and their local implications
Anthropogenic activities and their contribution to climate change
Natural factors contributing to climate change in Kilifi
2.4 Research Methods and Data:
Summary of research methods and data sources used in climate change studies in Kilifi
2.5 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Kilifi:
Government policies and initiatives
Community-based adaptation projects
Role of NGOs and other organizations in promoting adaptation

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Challenges and barriers to implementing adaptation strategies in Kilifi
2.6 Research Gaps and Future Directions:
Identified gaps in the existing literature on climate change in Kilifi
Suggestions for future research to address these gaps
Importance of interdisciplinary research and community engagement
2.7 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK /CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framework of climate change in Kilifi can be understood by examining
the key concepts and theories related to climate change and its impacts on this specific
region. These concepts include greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect, global
warming, climate variability and change and the vulnerability and adaptation of local
communities.
I. Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect
The theoretical framework of climate change in Kilifi starts with understanding the role
of greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide and methane, in trapping heat in the earth’s
atmosphere. This trapping effect, known as the greenhouse effect, is important for
maintaining a habitable temperature on earth.
II. Global Warming
The theoretical framework of climate change in Kilifi also encompasses the concept of
Global warming, which refers to the long-term increase in average global temperature
due to greenhouse gas emission.
III. Climate variability and adaptation.
Climate change in Kilifi is not only about increasing temperature but also includes
changes in precipitation patterns, sea level rise and extreme weather events like
draughts and floods.
IV. Vulnerability and adaptation.
The theoretical frame work of climate change in Kilifi also considers how the local
community is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and how they can adapt to
these changes.
Overall, the theoretical framework of climate change in Kilifi involves understanding the
concepts and theories related to greenhouse gases, global warming, climate variability
and change and the vulnerability and adaptation of local communities.

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CHAPTER THREE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Climate over the past few years in Kilifi have experienced and still experiencing a lot of
change both ecologically and as a result of these changes it has affected both plants
and animals.

2.2 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE

2.2.1 Rising sea level ; Kilifi is a coastal town that is being affected by rising sea levels
caused by climate change. This result in increased coastal erosion, flooding and
salinization of fresh water sources.
2.2.2 Drought and water scarcity : Climate change has led to increased periods of
drought in Kilifi, resulting in water scarcity for agricultural, domestic and industrial use.
This negatively impacts the livelihoods of farmers and leads to food insecurity and
waterborne diseases.
2.2.3 Declining agricultural productivity : Changing rainfall patterns and increased
temperatures affect agricultural productivity in Kilifi. Crop yields are reduced, leading to
decrease income and food shortages. Farmers have to adapt to new farming
techniques and crop varieties to try to cope with the changing climate.
2.2.4 Increased prevalence of diseases: Climate change can contribute to the spread of
vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and cholera. Warmer
temperatures and increased rainfall create favorable conditions for the breeding of
disease vectors and the proliferations of waterborne pathogens.
2.2.5 Loss of biodiversity : Climate change and habit destruction are contributing to the
loss of biodiversity in Kilifi. Rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns disrupt
ecosystems and put wildlife and plant species at risk.
2.2.6 Economic impacts : Climate change has economic implications for the people of
Kilifi. The decline in agricultural productivity and coastal erosion affect the livelihoods of
farmers and fishermen, leading to higher poverty rates. The tourism sector, which is an
important source of income in Kilifi, may also be negatively impacted by sea level rise
and environmental degradation.
2.2.7 Social and cultural disruptions : Climate change can cause social and cultural
disruptions in Kilifi. Displacement of coastal communities due to rising sea-levels can
lead to loss of traditional land and socio-economic systems. Additionally, climate-
related disasters and food insecurity can lead to increased social tensions and conflicts
within communities.
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2.2.8 Infrastructure damage : Increased flooding and storm resulting from climate
change can damage infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and buildings in Kilifi.
2.3 Ecosystem in Kilifi:
Kilifi is experiencing various changes in its ecosystem due to climate change. Some of
the notable climatic changes affecting Kilifi’s ecosystem include:
2.3.1 Rising sea levels : Climate change has led to the melting of polar ice caps and
thermal expansion of oceans, resulting in rising sea levels. This directly affects Kilifi’s
coastal ecosystem, leading to increased erosion of coastal areas, loss of land, and
intrusion of saltwater into freshwater bodies like rivers and underground aquifers
2.3.2 Increased temperatures : Climate change has led to increased temperatures in
Kilifi. Higher temperatures can result in increased evaporation and drying up of water
bodies such as rivers, lakes and ponds. This affects aquatic biodiversity, including fish
species, amphibians, and another aquatic organism.
2.3.3 Changes in rainfall patterns: Climate change has also affected Kilifi’s rainfall
patterns, leading to more unpredictable and extreme weather events. This includes
longer and more intense droughts as well as increased frequency and intensity of heavy
rainfall patterns.
2.3,4 Increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones : Climate change has also
contributed to an increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones along the
Kenyan coast. These cyclones bring strong winds, storms surges, and heavy rainfall,
causing significant damage to Kilifi’s ecosystem
2.3.5 Coastal ecosystem degradation : The combination of rising sea levels, erosion,
and increased cyclonic activities has resulted in the degradation of Kilifi’s coastal
ecosystems. Mangrove forests, coral reefs, and seagrass habitats, which are vital for
the overall health and productivity of the coastal ecosystem, are under threat.
2.4 Effects of climatic change in Kilifi county : Climate change can have several
effects on Kilifi county in Kenya. These significant effects include:
2.4.1 Rising temperatures : Kilifi county will experience increased temperatures as a
result of climate change. This can lead to heat-related health issues such as heat
strokes and dehydration, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly and
children.
2.4.2 Increased droughts : Climate change can lead to more frequent and prolonged
droughts in Kilifi county. This can result in reduced water availability for agriculture,
drinking, and increased competition for resources.
2.4.3 Changing precipitation patterns: Climate change can also alter rainfall patterns in
Kilifi county. This can result in either increase or decrease rainfall, leading to
irregularities in the agricultural calendar. Farmers may experience crop losses due to

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either excessive or inadequate rainfall.
2.4.4 Sea level rise : Kilifi county’s coastal areas are vulnerable to sea-level rise, which is
a result of climate change. As sea level rises, coastal erosion, increased flooding, and
saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources can occur.
2.4.5 Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events: such as storms,
floods and cyclones in Kilifi county. These events can cause significant damage to
infrastructure ‘homes and livelihoods and can also results in injury or loss of lives
2.4.6 impact on biodiversity climate change can disrupt ecosystems and affect the
natural habitats and species found I Kilifi county
changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can have
2.4.7 health impacts : climate change can also impact public health in Kilifi county.
changing temperature and rainfall and patterns can affect the prevalence and
distribution of vector borne diseases such as malaria dengue fever and
cholera
2.5 Remedies to climate change
There are several remedies that can be implemented in Kilifi to address climate
changes
2.5.1 Afforestation : Promote large scale tree planting initiatives to increase the number
of trees and vegetation cover in the region. Trees help absorb carbon dioxide and
release oxygen, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
2.5.2 Renewable energy : Invest in renewable energy source such as solar, wind, and
biogas to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Encourage individuals, businesses and
government institutions to adopt sustainable energy practices.
2.5.3 Sustainable agriculture : Promote sustainable farming practices such as
agroforestry, organic farming and crop rotation to reduce soil degradation, preserve
water resource and minimize greenhouse gas emission from agriculture.
2.5.4 Water conservation : Promote water conservation strategies such as rainwater
harvesting, efficient irrigation methods and proper water management system to
enhance water availability and reduce the impact of drought.
2.5.5 Waste management : Implement effective waste management strategies to
reduce the amount of water being disposed of in landfills. Promote recycling,
composting and waste-to-waste energy initiatives to minimize methane emissions from
landfill sites.
2.5.6 Education and awareness : conduct educational campaigns and workshops to
verse awareness about climate change and its impacts. Encourage behavioral changes
and sustainable practice among the local population.

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2.5.7 Sustainable transportation . Promote public transport, carpooling and cycling as
alternatives to private vehicles. Invest in infrastructure that supports non-motorized
transport and electric vehicles to reduce emissions from the transportation sectors.
Inconclusion: It is important to note that these remedies should be implemented in
conjunction with each other for a more comprehensive approach to addressing climate
change in Kilifi.

CHAPTER FOUR

METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

To evaluate changes in weather patterns and the impact of climate change on nutrition
indicators county-specific quantitative data were collected by residents.
Household milk production is used as an index for draught land is associated with
household food and nutrition security. Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) were also
conducted with different community member and community health care stakeholders
to explore the challenges in access to adequate nutrition and possible local solution.
The locals were interviewed. About 70% of the local confirmed that climate change has
highly affected Kilifi not only in food production but has resulted imminence poverty.
The meteorological station provided the average range of temperature and rainfall in the
past 8 years.

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 A BAR GRAPH SHOWING RAINFALL IN MM
400

350

300
RAINFALL (MM)

250

200

150

100

50

0
Category 1
YEARS

2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014

Figure 1: bar graph showing rainfal

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 LINE GRAPH SHOWING TEMPRATURE
60

50
Range in Temprature(avarage)

40

30

20

10

0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
years

Figure 2: line gragh showing Temperature

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CONCLUSTION AND RECOMMENDATION
Moving towards renewable energy sources: Kilifi County should prioritize transitioning
to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. This will help
reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon emissions, contributing to
mitigating climate change.
Afforestation and reforestation programs: Kilifi County should implement initiatives to
increase forest coverage and protect existing forests. This can include planting new
trees, promoting community involvement in conservation efforts, and enforcing strict
regulations against illegal logging and deforestation.
Sustainable agriculture and land-use practices: Encouraging farmers to adopt
sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic farming and agroforestry, can help
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote soil health. Additionally, promoting
efficient water management techniques, such as drip irrigation, can conserve water
resources in the face of changing climate patterns.
Climate-smart infrastructure development: Kilifi County should prioritize climate
adaptation and resilience in infrastructure planning. This includes designing buildings
with energy-efficient features, constructing flood-resistant roads and bridges, and
implementing proper drainage systems to reduce the impacts of extreme weather
events.
Public awareness and education campaigns: It is important to raise awareness among
the local community about climate change and its impacts. This can include organizing
workshops, seminars, and outreach programs to educate residents on sustainable
practices, energy conservation, and the importance of reducing emissions.
Waste management and recycling initiatives: Implementing effective waste
management systems, including recycling programs, can help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from landfill sites. Encouraging residents and businesses to properly sort
and recycle waste will also contribute to a cleaner environment and a reduced carbon
footprint.
Encouraging sustainable tourism practices: Kilifi County is a popular tourist destination.
Encouraging sustainable tourism practices, such as reducing plastic waste, promoting
eco-friendly accommodations, and supporting local communities, can help mitigate the
negative impacts of tourism on the environment.
Strengthening climate change governance: Kilifi County should prioritize the
development and enforcement of climate change policies and regulations. This includes
establishing a Climate Change Department or Taskforce to oversee and coordinate
climate change initiatives, as well as collaborating with national and international
organizations to access funding and technical support.
Integrated water resource management: Given the county's proximity to the coast, Kilifi

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should focus on preserving and managing its water resources effectively. This can
include promoting rainwater harvesting, rehabilitating and protecting natural water
sources, and implementing water conservation measures in industries and households.
By examining the existing literature on climate change in Kilifi, this review provides a
comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge, identifies research
gaps, and suggests potential adaptation strategies. This synthesis of information can
serve as a foundation for future studies, policies, and community-led initiatives
designed to address the challenges of climate change in Kilifi.

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REFERENCES
Kilifi county 2016 short Rears and food security https://www.ndma.go.ke
/index.php/resource-center / category/35-2016
UN sustainable development goals https://sdgs.un.org./goals.Unfortunately, there is no
continuation text provided for me to continue writing from. Please provide me with a prompt or
given text to continue.

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