Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2017) 6(12): 3844-3858

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 12 (2017) pp. 3844-3858
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.444

Comparative Study of Fish Silage Prepared from

Fish Market Waste by Using Different Techniques

Nikhil D. Palkar*, J.M. Koli, S.B. Patange, S.T. Sharangdhar,

R.K. Sadavarte and A.E. Sonavane

College of Fisheries Shirgaon, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, Dr. B.S. Konkan

Krishi Vidhypeeth, Dapoli, India
*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

In the present study an attempt was made for transformation of fish market waste into
silage by using three different methods: Inorganic (98% sulphuric acid with weight
percentage of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5%), organic (98% formic acid with weight percentage of 2.5,
Keywords 3.5 and 4.5%) and biological method (molasses with weight percentage of 5, 10, 15% and
curd used as lactic acid bacteria source for fermentation). The chemical, microbiological
Fish silage, Fish
waste, Organic and
and nutritional properties of the differently preserved fish silages were estimated during a
mineral acid and storage period of 60 days at ambient temperature. The important findings are summarised
Lactobacillus. as the rate of pH, AAN and TVB-N values were gradually increased and then get stable. In
case of biological silage 10% and 15 % molasses pH was decreased below 4.5 after 72
Article Info hours. The rate of autolysis in sulphuric acid silage was slow compared to formic acid and
biological silage. In case of bio-fermented silage (15% molasses) a steady supply of
Accepted:
28 October 2017 nutrients from molasses showed a steady increase in LAB from 2.24×10 6 to 3.67×109cfu/g
Available Online: and then decrease. TPC was decreased from 4.50×106 to 8.20×103cfu/g. In present study,
10 December 2017 sulphuric acid 2.5%, formic acid 2.5%, biological silage 5 and 10% silages were corrupted
at the end of 24, 24, 12 and 30 days respectively. The appropriate amount of sulphuric
acid, formic acid and molasses for preparation of fish silage were determined as 3.5%,
3.5% and 15% respectively.

Introduction

Fish is today considered as the most mainly in fish meal production (Anon, 1999).
promising inexpensive alternative source of In the tropical countries, every efforts must be
animal protein consumed by the man and it made to preserve fish for human
offers relatively high amount of essential consumption, but seasonal variation in catch,
amino acid, minerals and fatty acids as transport difficulties, inadequate processing
compared to live stock (Huisman et al., facilities etc., resulted in the important
1989). In 2015, total marine fish landing of quantities of fish has been wasted (Disney et
Maharashtra was 2.65 lakh tonnes (CMFRI, al.,1977).
2015). An average of 30% of the catch was
sold locally as a fresh fish, 20-30 % was used During, sea foods processing large amount of
in canning industry and the rest was used fish waste and deteriorated whole fishes are
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discarded daily in the fish markets (Faid et Fish silage is defined as a liquid product
al., 1996). Fish waste, includes frames and produced from the whole fish or parts of it, to
rests from trimming, guts, skins, fats, viscera, which acids, enzymes or lactic acid-producing
eggs, heads, breasts, scales and deteriorated bacteria are added, with the liquefaction of
filets. A fish contain 45 % flesh, 24-27 % the mass provoked by the action of enzymes
head, 12 % skeleton, 3 % skin, 4 % cut off from the fish (FAO, 2007). Fish silage is the
and 12 % viscera including eggs, milts and liquefied product rich in protein and free
liver of its total body weight (DOF, 2013). amino acids (Martin, 1996). The liquefaction
These wastes are a potential source of of fish mass carried out by enzymes already
pollution and contamination of the present in fish (Tatterson and Windsor, 1974).
environment, as they degrade rapidly in warm This is obtain by action of the naturally
temperatures. If it is not appropriately stored occurring enzymes presence in the whole fish,
or managed, it creates aesthetic problems and fish minced or fish offal. The enzymes,
strong odours due to bacterial decomposition. mainly from the digestive organ, break down
But on the other hand, they contain relatively protein into smaller soluble unit and the acid
high amount of nutrients such as protein, fat helps to speed up their enzyme activity while
and minerals (Djazuli et al., 2007) which is preventing bacterial spoilage (Al-Abri et al.,
easily available in low cost. So that, there is 2014).
need for developing new methods for
biotransformation of this fishery waste into Depending on the process employed in the
animal feed to reduce aqua production cost. preservation of fish waste, fish silage can be
categorised in two methods, viz. acid silage
Fish meal production is most commonly used and bio-fermented silage (Raa and Gildberg,
method to recover the nutrient loss in 1982). Acid silage is produced by mixing fish
discarding the fish processing by products and waste with inorganic (sulphuric acid,
it was used as animal feed. If there is absence hydrochloric acid) and organic acid (formic
of any fish meal plant in the area due to acid, propionic acid) or mixture of both
restriction on fish meal production to avoid organic and inorganic acid, while bio-
fish odours, no transport facility is available fermented silage is obtain by adding
towards the nearest fish meal plant and fermentable sugar to fish biomass.
increasing price of fish meal due diminishing Fermentation is carried out by lactic acid
fish stock, then one has to look for alternate bacteria (LAB) which are already present in a
process fish mass or added externally for successful
fermentation. In view of above facts, the
The best alternative way of utilizing fish present research work was to study different
waste material is the production of fish silage methods of producing high quality of fish
which does not release any off odour during silage.
preparation (Pagarkar et al., 2005).The
product has a good nutritive quality and can Materials and Methods
be sufficient for animal feeding. This
procedure is safe, cost effective, eco-friendly Fish market wastes were procured from fish
and has a good nutritive quality which can be market of Ratnagiri. The fish mainly
adequate for animal feeding (Hanafy and consisted of heads, tails, gills, fins and
Ibrahim, 2004). Fish silage preparation visceras of Sardine (Sardinella fimbriata,
usually depends on the locally available raw Sardinella longiceps), Mackerel (Rastrelliger
materials and conditions (Hasan, 2003). kanagurta), Tuna (Euthynnus affinis, Auxis

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thazard), Pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus), stirred every 8 hours. pH changes were
Ribbon fish (Trichiurus lepturus, measured by using pH meter and recorded
Lepturocanthus savala), Bombay duck until it reached a stable level.
(Harpadon nehereus), Seer fish
(Scomberomorus guttatus, Scomberomorus Silage production by biological method
commerson), Mullet (Mugil cephalus). The using Curd (Palekar, 2009)
collected fish wastes were washed with
potable water and stored at -20 °C until 1.5 kg of minced fish waste was poured in
further used. three plastic containers (500 grams in each).
Then, sugar cane molasses and water was
The fish waste was thawed, washed, and added to each container with weight
grinded into paste using mixer for preparation percentages of 5%, 10%, 15% (v/w) and 30%
of different types of silage. (v/w) respectively. 65 mg of butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT) were added to each
Silage production using mineral acid sample. The mixture was stirred using a
(Mousavi et al., 2013) sterile glass rod to ensure through proper
mixing. After these samples were heated in
1.5 kg of minced fish waste was poured in water bath for 15 minutes at 90 °C and then
three plastic containers (each container cooled at a room temperature. Then curd
containing 500 gram of fish waste) and 98% (starter culture) with a weight percentage of
sulphuric acid with weight percentages of 2.5, 10 % (w/w) was added to them. Mix the
3.5, and 4.5 % (v/w) and 65 mg of Butylated samples thoroughly and stored in airtight
Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) were added to each plastic container. pH changes were measured
sample. The mixture was stirred regularly by pH meter and recorded until it reached a
with sterile glass rod to ensure through stable level.
mixing and inhibit growth of mould on the
surface. Samples were kept at room Preparation of starter culture
temperature (28°C to 32°C) for 60 days and
stirred every 8 hours. pH changes were Curd was prepared fresh from boiled and
measured by pH meter and recorded until it cooled milk and kept for overnight. Lactic
reached a stable level. acid bacterial (LAB) count of curd was
estimated by pour plating technique on MRS
Silage production using organic acid agar and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) count of
(Mousavi et al., 2013) 4.20 x 106cfu /gram used for preparation of
biological silage.
1.5 kg of minced fish waste was poured in
three plastic containers (each container Chemical analysis
containing 500 gram of fish waste) and 98%
formic acid with weight percentages of 2.5, Chemical analysis of raw materials and
3.5, and 4.5 % (v/w) and 65 mg of Butylated silages were analysed by measuring moisture,
Hydroxyl Toluene (BHT) were added to each protein, fat, ash content and pH according to
sample. The mixture was stirred regularly AOAC official methods (AOAC, 2005). AAN
with sterile glass rod to ensure through measured according to Benjakul and
mixing and inhibit growth of mould on the Morrissey (1997), T-VBN measured
surface. Samples were kept in room according to Beatty and Gibbons (1937) and
temperature (28°C to 32°C) for 60 days and TPC according to APHA (1992).

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Statistical analysis Biochemical and microbiological changes

during storage
The data were analysed to test significant
difference by applying analysis of variances pH
(ANOVA) tools available in MS-Excel 2010.
The significant differences were tested by 5% Sulphuric acid
level of significances and are mentioned as p
< 0.05 for significances difference (Snedecor In present study the pH of different treatment
and Cocharn, 1967). of sulphuric acid silage A1, A2, A3 (sulphuric
acid 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5% respectively) were
Results and Discussion 2.97, 1.94, and 1.33 initially. In treatment A1
(sulphuric acid 2.5%) pH was reached up to
Biochemical and microbiological analysis 4.62 at the end of 24th day. Then sample was
of fish market waste corrupted. It may be due to quantity of acid
used was insufficient to prevent the activity of
The biochemical and microbiological putrefactive bacteria. In Treatments A2 and
characteristics of fish waste were analysed A3 (Sulphuric acid 3.5% and 4.5%) pH was
during the initial stage of present work. The stable at 2.66 and 1.92 at the end of 30th day
fish waste used for the present work was respectively. There was no increased in pH at
having acceptable fishy smell and appearance. the end of 60th days of storage. Similar trends
Proximate composition of fish waste on wet were observed by Mousavi et al., (2013)
basis is shown in Table 1. Fish waste reported that when 98% sulphuric acid with
contained moisture 77.09 ± 0.14 %, crude weight percentage 2.5% used sample got
protein 15.20 ± 0.15 %, fat 4.03 ± 0.07 % and musty after 20 days. In sulphuric acid with
ash 3.30 ± 0.11 %.On a similar line the weight 3.5% and 4.5%, pH of samples
biochemical quality of fish market waste reached a stable level at 2.58 and 1.94
contained 79.47 % of moisture, 15.78 % of respectively after 40 days (Fig. 1).
protein, 2.13% of lipid and 2.32 % of ash in
fish waste reported by Palekar (2009). Similar Formic acid
results also given by Abowei and Tawari
(2011), Gullu et al., (2015), Tatterson and In present study the initial pH of different
Windser (1974), Hasan and heath (1987), treatments of Formic acid silages viz. B1, B2,
Ozyurt et al., (2015).The variation noted in B3 (Formic acid 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5%) were
proximate composition may be due to the age, 3.43, 3.14, and 2.73 respectively. In,
sex, body weight, seasonal, feeding aspects of Treatment B1 (Formic acid 2.5%), pH was
fish material. increased from 3.43 to 4.64 at the end of
24thday. Then sample was corrupted because
The pH, α- amino nitrogen, TVB-N and TPC of amount of acid used was incapable for
of fish waste were 6.8 ± 0.49, 10.64 ± 0.13 arrest the action of putrefactive bacteria. pH
mg-N100g-1, 18.64 ± 0.09 mg-N100g -1 and of treatments B2 and B3 (Formic acid 3.5%
5.1× 106 cfu/g respectively. Similar results and 4.5%) were stable at 3.65 and 3.41 at the
were depicted by Palekar (2009) had found end of 24th day respectively. Mousavi et al.,
7.16 of pH, 18.68 mg-N100g-1of TVB-N, (2013) investigated similar trends, when 98%
32.11 mg- N100g-1ofα amino nitrogen (AAN) Formic acid with weight percentage 2.5%
and 6.7×106cfu/g TPC in pink perch raw used sample got musty after 6 days at pH
material. 3.61. Formic acid with weight 3.5% and 4.5%

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used pH of sample reached a stable level at and scales (Ozyurt et al.,2015). The results
3.88 and 3.61 respectively after 56 and 66 indicate that 15 % molasses was sufficient to
days (Fig. 2) produce good fermentation.

Biological silage Alpha Amino Nitrogen (AAN)

The initial pH of Biological silage prepared Digestion of protein in the silage as

using different percentages of molasses viz. determined by liquefaction and production of
C1, C2 and C3 (Biological silage 5%, 10 % NPN and NH3.The rapid production of NPN
and 15%) were 6.85, 6.56 and 6.75 was observed within 30 days of storage.
respectively. During fermentation fall in pH
was noticed in all the treatments. In treatment Sulphuric acid
C1 (Biological silage 5%), pH was decreased
from 6.85 to 5.24 at the end of 12thday.Then The AAN content of different treatments of
sample was corrupted. It occurs due tofive sulphuric acid silage viz. A1, A2 and A3
percent molasses was inadequate to produce (sulphuric acid 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5%) were
good fermentation. Similar observations were 25.27, 14.80, 11.89 mg-N100g-1initially and
reported by Kompiang et al., (1979), they it reached up to 47.71 and 45.24 mg-N100 g-1
observed Fish: molasses ratio of 100:5 gave at the end of 30th day in treatments A2 and A3
silage stable only up to few days. Generally, (sulphuric acid 3.5 and 4.5%) respectively
fish is a poor source of carbohydrates. It (shown in Fig. 4). There was no increase in
needed for to ferment and produce lactic acid AAN even after 30thday of storage. Treatment
in the silage. Production of organic acid helps A3 (Sulphuric acid 4.5 %) showed slow rate
to reduction of pH value in fermented silage of autolysis compared to treatments A1 and
and prevents the growth of spoilage organism. A2 (sulphuric acid 2.5 and 3.5%).This is
If sufficient carbohydrate is not present in the occurs due to difference in the pH produced
medium, required levels of acid will not be by acids. At high acid concentration of acid
produced, as results of putrefying bacteria shown low pH and inhibitory to proteolysis.
increased. In, treatments C3 (Biological silage When mineral and organic acid are used for
15%) pH were decrease below 4.4 within 72 production of fish silage the rate of
hours and then increase and stable at 4.30 at liquefaction of protein is different. At pH 3
the end of 24th days respectively (Fig. 3). the rate of autolysis and yield of soluble
matter was less (Raa and Gildberg, 1982).
Similar trends were observed by James (1966)
that precooked silage showed rapid Raghunath and Mc Curdy (1990) reported
fermentation and reached a pH of 4.4 within that at pH 3 both endopeptidases and
72 hours. Treatment C2 (Biological silage exopeptidases were active, the silage quickly
10%) got putrefied at the end of 30th day. The breaking down the protein nitrogen to amino
last measured pH was 4.65. Similar results nitrogen. But at pH 2 only acid endopeptidase
were scrutinized by Neethiselvan et al., and a weak exopeptidase activity were
(2002), Palekar (2009). Recommended pH detected, thus slowing the rate of autolysis.
value for preserved fish silage should be Stone and hardy (1986) reported that acid
below 4.5 reported by Epse and Lied stabilised silage (sulphur 2.45%) of pacific
(1999).The slight fluctuation in pH during the whiting shown no increase in levels of amino
storage period in all silages was probably nitrogen even after 42 days of storage
caused by the dissolving of fish skin, bones indicating the absence of autolysis.

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Formic acid g/100g at the end of 60 days. Palekar (2009)

described AAN in biological silage was
The AAN content of different treatments of increase from 36.67 mg N100g-1 to 157.00 mg
Formic acid silage: B1, B2 and B3 (Formic N100g -1 at the end of 90th day of storage (Fig.
acid 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5%) were 26.97, 6).
16.31, 14.76 mg-N 100g-1initially and it
reached up to 52.15 and 49.02 mg-N100 g -1 Total Volatile base Nitrogen (TVB-N)
at the end 24th day in treatments B2 and B3
(Formic acid 3.5 and 4.5%) respectively In most of the countries, total volatile
shown in Figure 5. nitrogen is used as quality criterion for fish
silage. TVN consists mainly of
There was no increase in AAN even after 24th trimethylamine (TMA) and ammonia NH3.
day of storage. Babu et al., (2005) reported TMA originates from bacterial decomposition
maximum alpha amino nitrogen value (as % of trimethylamineoxide (TMAO) and analysis
of TN) was lower in 2.5% acid silage for it may be used as criterion of the freshness
(21.21% of TN) than in 3% acid Silage of raw materials. The acceptable limit of
(24.33% of TN) and 2% Acid silage (27.30% TVB-N is 35-40 mg/100g (Connel)
of TN). Haaland and Njaa (1989) reported
that when acid addition was too low pH Sulphuric acid
increase during storage, resulting in much
higher production of ammonia. Palekar TVB-N content of Sulphuric acid treatments
(2009) observed AAN of formic acid was A1, A2 and A3 (Sulphuric acid 2.5, 3.5 and
39.76 mg-N 100g-1 initially which increased 4.5%) were 16.85, 16.99 and 17.17 mg
up to 272.69 mg-N 100g-1 at the end of 90th N100g-1 initially which increased up to 27.07,
day. 26.29 mg N100g-1 in treatments A2 and A3
(Sulphuric acid 3.5 and 4.5%) respectively
Biological silage (shown in Fig. 7).

Different treatments of Biological silage Formic acid

viz.C1, C2 and C3 (Biological silage 5%, 10
% and 15%) contained initial AAN were TVB-N content of Formic acid treatments B1,
16.61, 14.28 and 13.34 mg-N 100g-1 which B2, B3 (Formic acid 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5%) were
increased up to 34.92 and 37.35 mg-N 100 g-1 19.79, 17.13, 16.99 mg-N100g-1 initially
at the end 24th day in treatments C2 and C3 which increased up to 27.16, 25.25 mg-
(biological 10% and 15 %) respectively. N100g-1 in treatments B2 and B3 (Formic
acid 3.5 and 4.5%) respectively. The similar
There was no increase in AAN even after results were obtained by Haaland and Naaja
24thday of storage in treatments C2 and C3 (1989). According to Ahmed and
(biological silage 10 % and 15%) Mahendrakar (1996a) reported during
respectively. In the present study, the value of fermentation of fresh water fish viscera, the
protein solubilisation was found to be lower TVB-N values increased to 8% of the total
in biological silage compared to acidified nitrogen from initial 1.3%. Tanuja et al.,
silage. Similar observation was detected by (2014) showed that TVB-N level in both the
Dapkeevicius et al., (1998). Ozyurt et al., treatments (with and without antioxidant)
(2015) depicted similar results during were well below the limit of acceptability (35-
fermentation of fish silage that AAN was 40 mg %) except on the 90th day of storage
0.07g/100g initially increased up to 0.69 (Fig. 8).
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Fig.1 pH changes in different treatments of sulphuric acid silage during storage

Fig.2 pH Changes in different treatments of formic acid silage during storage

Fig.3 pH Changes in different treatments of Biological silage during storage

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Fig.4 AAN changes in different treatments of sulphuric acid silage during storage

Fig.5 AAN changes in different treatments of formic acid silage during storage

Fig.6 AAN changes in different treatments of biological silage during storage

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Fig.7 TVB-N changes in different treatments of Sulphuric acid silage during storage

Fig.8 TVB-N changes in different treatments of formic acid silage during

Fig.9 TVB-N changes in different treatments of biological silage during storage

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Fig.10 TPC changes in different treatments of biological silage during storage

Fig.11 LAB changes in different treatments of biological silage during storage

Table.1 Proximate composition of fish market waste

Fish waste Proximate composition (%)

Moisture 77.09± 0.14
Crude protein 15.20±0.15
Fat 4.03 ±0.07
Ash 3.30 ±0.11

Table.2 Chemical and microbiological analysis of fish market waste

pH 6.5
AAN (mg-N100g-1) 10.66
TVB-N (mg-N100g-1) 16.55
TPC (cfu/g) 6.2 × 106

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Palekar (2009) reported similar value of Lactobacillus plantarum. It was found that the
TVB-N in formic acid silage increased from bacterial silage showed only few aerobic
18.22 mg-N 100 g-1 to 57.67 mg-N 100g-1 at mesophilic organisms due to the low pH
the end of 90th day of storage. values and the development of LAB (Fig. 10).

Biological silage Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)

In case of biological silage TVB-N value of In biological silage C1, C2 and C3

treatments C1, C2 and C3 (Biological silage (Biological silage 5, 10, 15%) initial LAB
5%, 10%, 15%) were 22.73, 22.17, 19.83 mg count were 2.73×106, 4.70×106, 2.24×106
N100g-1 initially and which increased up to cfu/g respectively. A sharp increase in LAB
57.35, 39.43, 33.55 mg N100g-1 at the end of count was observed after fermentation shown
12th, 24th, 24th day respectively. In treatment in (Table 2 and Fig. 11). The last measured
C3 (Biological silage 15 % molasses) there LAB in treatment C3 (Biological silage 15%)
was no changes in TVB-N value at the end of was 5.10 ×107cfu/g at the end of 60th day.
60th day. Faid et al., (1996) showed that TVN During storage study there was increase in
increased in trial 1 from 71.26mg N100g-1 to LAB were observed initially and then
reach 95.03 mg N100g-1 after1 day and gradually decreased up to end of storage. But
remain constant around 132 mg N100g-1 after at a certain stage LAB count was decreased
15 days of fermentation at 22º C. The initial due to depletion in carbohydrate sources.
TVB-N of CS (Curd silage) was 20.13 mg-N Total LAB counts of silage at maximum
100g-1 which increased up to 133.28 mg -N bacterial growth in this study were similar to
100 g-1 at the end of 90thday reported by the results reported by Palekar (2009), Zahar
Palekar (2009) (Fig. 9). et al., (2002) and Ozyurt et al., (2015).

Total Plate Count (TPC) Changes in proximate composition

In, biological silage treatments C1, C2, C3 Protein

(Biological silage 5, 10, 15%) shown TPC
3.16×106, 2.74×106, 4.50×106 cfu/g initially. In the present study results of protein content
In the present study TPC were decreased in the present experiment showed
during storage. In Treatment C2 (Biological significantly decreased with respect to
silage 10%) TPC was decreased and then increase in concentration of acid as well as
increased after 24 days. If sufficient increase in experimental duration. During the
carbohydrate is not present in the medium, initial day of the experiment, the average
required levels of acid will not be produced, crude protein content recorded was 15.20%.
as results of putrefying bacteria increased. But at the end of the experiment, a fall in
The last measured TPC in C3 (Biological protein level was noticed with considerable
silage 15%) was 8.20 ×103cfu/g at the end of level of 13.11%, 12.91% in treatments A2, A3
60th day. Ozyurt et al., (2015) observed (3.5 and 4.5% sulphuric acid) ensilages,
slightly similar result. Similar results were 13.03%, 12.82% in B2 and B3 (3.5 and 4.5%
depicted by Palekar (2009), Rahmi et al., formic acid ensilages) and14.72% in
(2008). Bello et al., (1993) studied bacterial treatment C3 (15 %molasses) respectively at
fish silage produced from several fish species the end of 60 days. Reduction of protein
mixed with molasses, fruits sorbate content in the ensilage may be due to break
(pineapple and papaya) and starter culture of down of protein (FAO, 2007). Vidotti et al.,

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(2003) observed a reduction in crude protein But at the end of the experiment, a significant
level in combined (2% each of formic acid decrease in moisture level was noticed with
and sulphuric acid) fermented silage of tilapia considerable level of 75.24%, 75.54% in
filleting residue when compared to non- treatments A2 and A3 (3.5 and 4.5 %
fermented tilapia filleting residue. sulphuric acid ensilages); 75.32%, 75.49% in
Ramasubburayan et al., (2013) and Palekar B2 and B3 (3.5 and 4.5 % formic acid
(2009) reported similar results were that at ensilages) and 73.62 in C3 (biological silage
end of the experiment, a fall in protein level 15 % molasses) respectively. Biological
was noticed. silage shown higher decreased in moisture
level compared to acid level. This may be
Fat addition of lactic acid bacteria source such as
curd might have increased the solid matter
The fat content in the present study revealed and decreased the moisture level. Ozurt et al.,
that at the beginning of the experiment, it was (2015) observed moisture content was
an average 4.03 % in concentrations of decreased in all silages (Formic acid, Formic
sulphuric acid, formic acid, and biological acid + Sulfuric acid, and streptococcus
silages. But when the experimental days thermophiles) except Lactobacillus
prolonged, the lipid content increased at the plantarum. Fermented silage showed lesser
end of the experiment, the increase in lipid amount of moisture than acid silage. Palekar
content were 5.06 %, 5.24 % in treatments A2 (2009) reported moisture content was
and A3 (3.5 and 4.5 % sulphuric acid silages), decreased during storage in formic acid
5.02 %, 5.46 % in B2 and B3 (3.5 and 4.5 % silage, Lactobacillus plantarum silage and
formic acid silages) and 4.54 in C3 curd silage after 90 days of storage.
(biological silage with 15% of molasses)
respectively. In the present study the Ash
continuous increase in lipid content during
storage period may be due to release of fats Result of ash content in the present
from raw material Dapkevicius et al., (1998) experiment found that significant decrease in
reported 3.6% increase in lipid content from ash content of the silage with respect to
11.3 to 14.9% from initial to final stage (15 increase in acid concentration. During the
days) of storage of 3% formic acid ensilage of initial day of the experiment, the average ash
blue whiting. The lipid content was between content recorded was 3.30 %. But at the end
8.08 and 8.27 % in 2, 2.5,3 % concentrations of the experiment, increase in ash level was
of formic acid silages but at the end of the noticed with considerable level of 5.12, 4.84
experiment, the increase in lipid content % in A2 and A3 (3.5 and 4.5 % sulphuric acid
increased between up to 10.66 and 12.24 silages); 5.03, 4.72 % in B2 and B3 (3.5 and
respectively in the 2, 2.5, 3 % concentrations 4.5 % formic acid silages) and 5.89 % in C3
of formic acid silages on dry matter basis (biological silage with 15 % molasses)
reported by Ramasubburayan et al.,(2013), respectively. Ozurt et al., (2015) reported ash
Palekar (2009). content was increased in all silages (Formic
acid, Formic acid + Sulfuric acid,
Moisture Lactobacillus plantarum and streptococcus
thermophiles). Neethiselven et al., (2002)
In present study found that significant depicted ash in curd, Lactobacillus plantarum
decrease in moisture content of silages. The and FC silages 4.39, 3.37 and 3.35%
initial moisture content recorded was 77.09%. respectively. Babu et al., (2005), Palekar

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(2009) observed that ash content was higher Peches Maritimes. Royaume du Maroc.
in fermented silage than acid silage AOAC, (2005) Official methods of analysis,
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43:221-227
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dissertation of Nikhil D. Palkar. The authors hydrolysate from pacific Whiting Solid
are thankful to Associate Dean, College of wastes. J. Agriculture., Food Chem, 45:
Fisheries, Shirgaon, Ratnagiri for providing 3423-3430
necessary facilities to carry out research work. CMFRI, (2015) Central Marine Fisheries
Research Institutes. Department of
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How to cite this article:

Nikhil D. Palkar, J.M. Koli, S.B. Patange, S.T. Sharangdhar, R.K. Sadavarte and Sonavane
A.E. 2017. Comparative Study of Fish Silage Prepared from Fish Market Waste by Using
Different Techniques. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(12): 3844-3858.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.444

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