Enginering Analysis

ENGINEERING
ANALYSIS
Application of Ordinary Differential Equations
Name : Amr Gamal Mahmoud Mohamed

Directed by :prof .Eng /shazley abdo
Series RL Circuit
The RL circuit shown above has a resistor and an inductor

connected in series. A constant voltage V is applied when the
switch is closed.
The (variable) voltage across the resistor is given by:
VR=iR
The (variable) voltage across the inductor is given by:
VL=L dt/di
Kirchhoff's voltage law says that the directed sum of the
voltages around a circuit must be zero. This results in the
following differential equation:
Ri+ L di/dt=V
Once the switch is closed, the current in the circuit is not
constant. Instead, it will build up from zero to some steady state.
Solving the DE for a Series RL Circuit
The solution of the differential equation Ri+ L dt/di=V is:

i=V/R(1−e−(R/L)t)
Example 1
An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an

inductance of 1 H, and no initial current.Find the current in the
circuit at any time t. Distinguish between the transient and
steady-state current.
solution
The formula is : Ri +l di/dt =V
After substituting: 50i+di/dt=5
We re-arrange to obtain:
di/dt+50i=5
This is a first order linear differential equation.
We'll need to apply the formula for solving a first-order which for
these variables will be:
ie∫Pdt=∫(Q e∫Pdt)dt
We have P=50 and Q=5.
We find the integrating factor:
I.F.= e∫50dt=e50t
So after substituting into the formula, we have:
(i)(e50t)=∫(5)e50tdt =5/50 e50t+K =1/10 e50t+K
When t=0, i =0, so K=−1/10=−0.1
This gives us : i=0.1(1−e−50t)
The transient current is: i=0.1(1−e−50t) A.
The steady state current is: i=0.1 A.
RL parallel circuit
A first-order RL parallel circuit has one resistor (or network of
resistors) and a single inductor. First-order circuits can be
analyzed using first-order differential equations. By analyzing a
first-order circuit, you can understand its timing and delays.
Analyzing such a parallel RL circuit, like the one shown here,
follows the same process as analyzing an RC series circuit. So if
you are familiar with that procedure, this should be a breeze.
Start with the simple RL parallel circuit
Because the resistor and inductor are connected in parallel in the

example, they must have the same voltage v(t). The resistor
current iR(t) is based on Ohm’s law:
The element constraint for an inductor is given as
where i(t) is the inductor current and L is the inductance.
Now substitute v(t) = L di(t)/dt into Ohm’s law because you have
the same voltage across the resistor and inductor:
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) says the incoming currents are
equal to the outgoing currents at a node. Use KCL at Node A of
the sample circuit to get iN(t) = iR(t) =i(t).
Substitute iR(t) into the KCL equation to give you
The RL parallel circuit is a first-order circuit because it’s

described by a first-order differential equation, where the
unknown variable is the inductor current i(t). A circuit containing a
single equivalent inductor and an equivalent resistor is a first-
order circuit.
Knowing the inductor current gives you the magnetic energy

stored in an inductor.
Calculate the zero-input response for an RL parallel circuit
Here is how the RL parallel circuit is split up into two problems:

the zero-input response and the zero-state response. Here, you’ll
start by analyzing the zero-input response.
To simplify matters, you set the input source (or forcing function)
equal to 0: iN(t) = 0 amps. This means no input current for all time
— a big, fat zero. The first-order differential equation reduces to
For an input source of no current, the inductor current iZI is called

a zero-input response. No external forces are acting on the circuit
except for its initial state (or inductor current, in this case). The
output is due to some initial inductor current I0 at time t = 0.
You make a reasonable guess at the solution (the natural

exponential function!) and substitute your guess into the RL first-
order differential equation. Assume the inductor current and
solution to be iZI(t) = Bekt
This is a reasonable guess because the time derivative of an

exponential is also an exponential. Like a good friend, the
exponential function won’t let you down when solving these
differential equations.
You determine the constants B and k next. Substitute your
guess iZI(t) = Bekt into the differential equation:
Replacing iZI(t) with Bekt and doing some math gives you the
following:
You have the characteristic equation after factoring out Bekt:
The characteristic equation gives you an algebraic problem to

solve for the constant k:
Use k = –R/L and the initial inductor current I0 at t = 0. This

implies that B = I0, so the zero-input response iZI(t) gives you the
following:
The constant L/R is called the time constant. The time constant
provides a measure of how long an inductor current takes to go
to 0 or change from one state to another.
To analyze the RL parallel circuit further, you must calculate the
circuit’s zero-state response, and then add that result to the zero-
input response to find the total response for the circuit.
Series RC Circuit
In this section we see how to solve the differential equation

arising from a circuit consisting of a resistor and a capacitor. (See
the related section Series RL Circuit in the previous section.)
In an RC circuit, the capacitor stores energy between a pair of
plates. When voltage is applied to the capacitor, the charge
builds up in the capacitor and the current drops off to zero.
Case 1: Constant Voltage
The voltage across the resistor and capacitor are as follows:

VR=Ri
and
VC=1/c ∫idt
Kirchhoff's voltage law says the total voltages must be zero. So
applying this law to a series RC circuit results in the equation:
Ri+1/c ∫idt=V
One way to solve this equation is to turn it into a differential
equation, by differentiating throughout with respect to t:
R di/dt+i/c=0
Solving the equation gives us:
i=V/R e−t/RC
Case 2: Variable Voltage and 2-mesh Circuits
We need to solve variable voltage cases in q, rather than in i,

since we have an integral to deal with if we use i.
So we will make the substitutions:
i=dq/dt
and
q=∫idt
and so the equation in i involving an integral:
Ri+1/c/∫idt=V
becomes the differential equation in q:
R dq/dt+1/C q=V
Parallel RC Circuit
In a parallel RC circuit, a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) are

connected in parallel to a voltage source. The behavior of the
circuit is influenced by the charging and discharging of the
capacitor.
Differential Equation for a Parallel RC Circuit:
The voltage across a capacitor (vc(t)) is given by the equation:

VC=1/c ∫idt
Ohm's law for a resistor is:
vR(t) = Ri(t)
Kirchhoff's current law for the parallel circuit states that the
current through the resistor is equal to the total current, so:
i(t) = iR(t) + ic(t)
Combining these equations, we get:
Ri(t) + 1/c ∫idt=v(t)
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):

Differentiating both sides with respect to time gives a first-order
linear ODE:
R di/dt+i/c= v(t)
Solution and Applications:
The solution to this ODE involves finding the current (\(i(t)\)) as a

function of time. The behavior of the circuit is characterized by
the charging and discharging of the capacitor.
Applications include:
1.Charging and Discharging Analysis:Understanding how the

capacitor charges and discharges over time.
2. Time Constant:Determining the time constant (\(RC\)) of the

circuit, which influences the rate at which the capacitor charges
or discharges.
3. Filter Design: Parallel RC circuits are used in filters, and ODEs

help optimize filter performance.
4.Transient Response: Analyzing the transient response of the

circuit during changes in input voltage.

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ENGINEERING

Name : Amr Gamal Mahmoud Mohamed

The RL circuit shown above has a resistor and an inductor

The solution of the differential equation Ri+ L dt/di=V is:

An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Ω, an

Start with the simple RL parallel circuit

Because the resistor and inductor are connected in parallel in the

The element constraint for an inductor is given as

where i(t) is the inductor current and L is the inductance.

Substitute iR(t) into the KCL equation to give you

The RL parallel circuit is a first-order circuit because it’s

Knowing the inductor current gives you the magnetic energy

Calculate the zero-input response for an RL parallel circuit

Here is how the RL parallel circuit is split up into two problems:

For an input source of no current, the inductor current iZI is called

You make a reasonable guess at the solution (the natural

This is a reasonable guess because the time derivative of an

You have the characteristic equation after factoring out Bekt:

The characteristic equation gives you an algebraic problem to

Use k = –R/L and the initial inductor current I0 at t = 0. This

In this section we see how to solve the differential equation

The voltage across the resistor and capacitor are as follows:

We need to solve variable voltage cases in q, rather than in i,

In a parallel RC circuit, a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) are

Differential Equation for a Parallel RC Circuit:

The voltage across a capacitor (vc(t)) is given by the equation:

Ohm's law for a resistor is:

i(t) = iR(t) + ic(t)

Combining these equations, we get:

Ri(t) + 1/c ∫idt=v(t)

Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):

Solution and Applications:

The solution to this ODE involves finding the current (\(i(t)\)) as a

1.Charging and Discharging Analysis:Understanding how the

2. Time Constant:Determining the time constant (\(RC\)) of the

3. Filter Design: Parallel RC circuits are used in filters, and ODEs

4.Transient Response: Analyzing the transient response of the

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