I

II
Disclaimer
Excel VBA Made Easy is an independent publication and is not affiliated with,
nor has it been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Microsoft
Corporation.
Trademarks
Microsoft, Visual Basic, Excel and Windows are either registered trademarks
or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other
countries.
Liability
The purpose of this book is to provide basic guideline for people interested in
Excel VBA programming. Although every effort and care has been taken to
make the information as accurate as possible, the author shall not be liable for
any error, harm or damage arising from using the instructions given in this
book.

ISBN: 1449959628

Copyright© Liew Voon Kiong 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without
permission in writing from the author.
III
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to many people who have made
their contributions in one way or another to the successful publication of this
book.
My special thanks go to my children Xiang, Yi and Xun. My daughter Xiang
edited this book while my sons Yi and Xun contributed their ideas and even
wrote some of the sample programs for this book. I would also like to
appreciate the support provided by my beloved wife Kim Huang and my
youngest daughter Yuan. I would also like to thank the million of visitors to my
VBA Tutorial website at http://www.vbtutor.net/VBA/vba_tutorial.html for
their support and encouragement.
About the Author
Dr. Liew Voon Kiong holds a bachelor degree in Mathematics(BSc), a master
degree in management (MM) and a doctoral degree in business
administration(DBA). He has been involved in programming for more than 15
years. He created the popular online Visual Basic Tutorial at www.vbtutor.net
in 1996 and since then the web site has attracted millions of visitors and it is
one of the top searched Visual Basic websites in many search engines
including Google. In order to provide more support for Excel VBA hobbyists,
he has written this book based on his online VBA tutorial at
http://www.vbtutor.net/VBA/vba_tutorial.html. He is also the author of
Visual Basic 6 Made Easy and Visual Basic 2008 Made Easy

IV

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Excel VBA 1
Chapter 2 Working with Variables in Excel VBA 7
Chapter 3 Using Message box and Input box in Excel VBA 16
Chapter 4 Using If….Then….Else in Excel VBA 25
Chapter 5 For……Next Loop 32
Chapter 6 Do……Loop 40
Chapter 7 Select Case.........End Select 44
Chapter 8 Excel VBA Objects Part 1–An Introduction 46
Chapter 9 Excel VBA Objects Part 2 –The Workbook Object 55
Chapter 10 Excel VBA Objects Part 3 –The Worksheet Object 60
Chapter 11 Excel VBA Objects Part 4–The Range Object 66
Chapter 12 Working with Excel VBA Controls 75
Chapter 13 VBA Procedures Part 1-Functions 86
Chapter 14 VBA Procedures Part 2-Sub Procedures 96
Chapter 15 String Handling Functions 99
Chapter 16 Date and Time Functions 102
Chapter 17 Sample Excel VBA Programs 109
Chapter 1
Introduction to Excel VBA
1.1 The Concept of Excel VBA

VBA is the acronym for Visual Basic for Applications. It is an integration of

the Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic with
Microsoft Office applications such as Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word,
Microsoft PowerPoint and more. By running Visual Basic IDE within the
Microsoft Office applications, we can build customized solutions and
programs to enhance the capabilities of those applications.

Among the Visual Basic for applications, Microsoft Excel VBA is the most
popular. There are many reasons why we should learn VBA for Microsoft
Excel, among them is you can learn the fundamentals of Visual Basic
programming within the MS Excel environment, without having to purchase a
copy of Microsoft Visual Basic software. Another reason is by learning Excel
VBA; you can build custom made functions to complement the built-in formulas
and functions of Microsoft Excel. Although MS Excel has many built-in
formulas and functions, they are not enough for certain complex calculations
and applications. For example, it is very dificult to calculate monthly payment
for a loan taken using Excel's built-in formulas, but it is relatively easier to
write VBA code for such calculation. This book is written in such a way that
you can learn VBA for MS Excel at your own pace.

You can write Excel VBA code in every version of Microsoft Office, including
MS Office 97, MS Office2000, MS Office2002, MS Office2003, MS Office
XP , MS Office 2007 and MS Offce 2010. By using VBA, you can build some
very powerful tools in MS Excel, including financial and scientific
applications that can perform financial calculations and programs that can
perform statistical analyses.

1.2 The Visual Basic Editor in MS Excel

There are two ways which you can start VBA programming in MS Excel. The
first is to place a command button on the spreadsheet and start programming by
clicking the command button to launch the Visual Basic Editor. The second
way is to launch the Visual Basic Editor by clicking on the Tools menu then
select Macro from the dropdown menu and choose Visual Basic Editor. Lets
start with the command button first. In order to place a command button on the
MS Excel spreadsheet, you click the View item on the MS Excel menu bar and
then click on toolbars and finally select the Control Toolbox after which the
control toolbox bar will appear, as shown in Figure 1.1. ,then click on the
command button and draw it on the spreadsheet, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.1:
Displaying Control Toolbox in MS Excel.
Figure 1.2: The Command Button in Design Mode

Now you select the command button and make sure the design button on the far
left of the control toolbox is depressed. Next, click on the command button to
launch the Visual Basic Editor. Enter the statements as shown in figure 1.3.
Let’s write out the code here:

Example 1.1
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()
Range (“A1:A10).Value=”Visual Basic “
Range (“C11”).Value=Range (“A11”).Value +Range (“B11”).Value

End Sub The first statement will fill up cell A1 to cell A10 with the phrase
"Visual Basic" while the second statement add the values in cell A11 and cell
B11 and then display the sum in cell C11. To run the program, you need to exit
the Visual Basic Editor by clicking the Excel button on the far left corner of the
tool bar. When you are in the MS Excel environment, you can exit the design
mode by clicking the design button, then click on the command button.

Figure 1.3: The Visual Basic Editor IDE in MS Excel

Running the above VBA will give you the output as shown in Figure 1.4
Figure 1.4:
1.3 The Excel VBA Code

Writing Excel VBA code is almost exactly the same as writing code in Visual
Basic, which means you have to use syntaxes similar to Visual Basic.
However, there are codes specially designed for use in MS Excel, such as the
use of the object or function called Range. It is the function that specifies the
value of a cell or a range of cells in MS Excel spreadsheet. The format of
using Range is as follows:

Range(“cell Name”).Value=K or Range(“Range of Cells”).Value=K

Where Value is the property of Range and K can be a numeric value or a string
Example 1.2
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()
Range (“A1”).Value= “VBA”
End Sub

The above example will enter the text “VBA” into cell A1 of the MS Excel
spreadsheet when the user presses the command button. You can also use
Range without the Value property, as shown in Example 1.3:

Example 1.3
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()
Range ("A1") = 100
End Sub

In the above example, clicking the command button with enter the value of 100
into cell A1 of the MS Excel spreadsheet. The follow example demonstrates
how to input values into a range of cells:

Example 1.4
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()
Range ("A1:A10") = 100 End Sub
Chapter 2
Working with Variables in Excel
VBA
2.1 The Concept of Variables

Variables are like mail boxes in the post office. The contents of the variables
change every now and then, just like the mail boxes. In Excel VBA, variables
are areas allocated by the computer memory to hold data. Like the mail boxes,
each variable must be given a name. To name a variable in Excel VBA, you
have to follow a set of rules, as follows:

a) Variable Names
The following are the rules when naming the variables in VBA It must be less
than 255 characters
No spacing is allowed
It must not begin with a number
Period is not permitted

Examples of valid and invalid variable names are displayed in Table 2.1
Table 2.1: Examples of valid and invalid variable names

Valid Name
My_Car
this year
Long_Name_Can_beUSE Group88

Invalid Name My.Car

1NewBoy
He&HisFather Student ID
*& is not acceptable * Space not allowed
b) Declaring Variables
In VBA, we need to declare the variables before using them by assigning
names and data types. There are many VBA data types, which can be grossly
divided into two types, namely the numeric data types and the non-numeric
data types.

i) Numeric Data Types

Numeric data types are types of data that consist of numbers, which can be
computed mathematically with various standard arithmetic operators such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and more. In VBA, the numeric
data are divided into 7 types, which are summarized in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Numeric Data Types

Type Storage Range of Values

Byte 1 byte 0 to 255
Integer 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
Long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,648
-3.402823E+38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative valuesSingle 4 bytes 1.401298E-45 to
3.402823E+38 for positive values.
-1.79769313486232e+308 to -4.94065645841247E-324 for
negative valuesDouble 8 bytes 4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232e+308
for positive values.
Currency 8 bytes -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807

Decimal 12bytes +/- 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335 if no decimal is

use +/- 7.9228162514264337593543950335 (28 decimal places).

ii) Non-numeric Data Types

Nonnumeric data types are summarized in Table 2.3
Table 2.3: Nonnumeric Data Types Data Type Storage Range String(fixed
length) Length of string

1 to 65,400 characters String(variable length) Date

Boolean
Object
Variant(numeric)
Variant(text)
Length + 10 bytes 8 bytes
2 bytes
4 bytes
16 bytes
Length+22 bytes 0 to 2 billion characters
January 1, 100 to December 31, 9999 True or False
Any embedded object
Any value as large as Double
Same as variable-length string

You can declare the variables implicitly or explicitly. For example,

sum=text1.text means that the variable sum is declared implicitly and ready to
receive the input in textbox1. Other examples of implicit declaration are
volume=8 and label=”Welcome”. On the other hand, for explicit declaration,
variables are normally declared in the general section of the code window
using the Dim statements. Here is the syntax:

Dim variableName as DataType

Example 2.1

Dim password As String Dim yourName As String Dim firstnum As Integer

Dim secondnum As Integer Dim total As Integer
Dim BirthDay As Date You may also combine them into one line, separating
each variable with a comma, as

follows:
Dim password As String, yourName As String, firstnum As Integer.

If the data type is not specified, VBE will automatically declare the variable as
a Variant. For string declaration, there are two possible formats, one for the
variablelength string and another for the fixed-length string. For the variable-
length string, just use the same format as Example 2.1 above. However, for the
fixed-length string, you have to use the format as shown below:

Dim VariableName as String * n

Where n defines the number of characters the string can hold. For example,
Dim yourName as String * 10 mean yourName can hold no more than 10
Characters.

Example 2.2
In this example, we declared three types of variables, namely the string, date
and currency.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim YourName As String, BirthDay As Date, Income As Currency

YourName = "Alex"
BirthDay = "1 April 1980"
Income = 1000
Range("A1") = YourName
Range("A2") = BirthDay
Range("A3") = Income

End Sub

Figure 2.1: Output

screen for Example 2.2
2.2 The use of Option Explicit
The use of Option Explicit is to help us to track errors in the usage of variable
names within a program code. For example, if we commit a typo, VBE will
pop up an error message “Variable not defined”. Indeed, Option Explicit
forces the programmer to declare all the variables using the Dim keyword. It is
a good practice to use Option Explicit because it will prevent us from using
incorrect variable names due to typing errors, especially when the program
gets larger. With the usage of Option Explicit, it will save us time in debugging
our programs.

When Option Explicit is included in the program code, we have to delare all
variables with the Dim keyword. Any variable not declared or wrongly typed
will cause the program to popup the “Variable not defined” error message. We
have to correct the error before the program can continue to run.

Example 2.3
This example uses the Option Explicit keyword and it demonstrates how a typo
is being tracked.
Option Explicit

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim YourName As String, password As String
YourName = "John"
password = 12345
Cells(1, 2) = YourNam
Cells(1, 3) = password

End Sub
The typo is YourNam and the error message ‘variable not defined” is displayed
.
 Figure 2.2:
Error message due to typo error
2.3 Assigning Values to the Variables
After declaring various variables using the Dim statements, we can assign
values to those variables. The general format of an assignment is

Variable=Expression
The variable can be a declared variable or a control property value. The
expression could be a mathematical expression, a number, a string, a Boolean
value (true or false) and more. Here are some examples:

firstNumber=100
secondNumber=firstNumber-99
userName="John Lyan"
userpass.Text = password
Label1.Visible = True

Command1.Visible = false
ThirdNumber = Val(usernum1.Text)
total = firstNumber + secondNumber+ThirdNumber

2.4 Performing Arithmetic Operations in Excel VBA

In order to compute input from the user and to generate results in Excel VBA,
we can use various mathematical operators. In Excel VBA, except for + and -,
the symbols for the operators are different from normal mathematical
operators, as shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3: Arithmetic Operators

Operator Mathematical function Example ^ Exponential 2^4=16
* Multiplication 4*3=12
/ Division 12/4=3
Mod Modulus (return the remainder from an15 Mod 4=3integer division)

\ Integer Division (discards the decimal places) 19\4=4

"Visual"&"Basic"="Visual+ or & String concatenation
Basic"

Example 2.4 Option Explicit Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () Dim

number1, number2, number3 as Single Dim total, average as Double
number1=Cells (1, 1).Value number1=Cells (2, 1).Value

number3= Cells (3, 1).Value Total=number1+number2+number3

Average=Total/3
Cells (5, 1) =Total
Cells (6, 1) =Average End Sub

In example 2.4, three variables are declared as single and another two
variables are declared as variant. Variant means the variable can hold any
numeric data type. The program computes the total and average of the three
numbers that are entered into three cells in the Excel spreadsheet.

Example 2.5
Option Explicit
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim secondName As String, yourName
As String

firstName = Cells(1,1).Value
secondName = Cells(2,1).Value
yourName = firstName + " " + secondName

Cells(3,1) = yourName
End Sub
In the above example, three variables are declared as string. The variable
firstName and the variable secondName will receive their data entered by the
user into Cells(1,1) and cells(2,1) respectively. The variable yourName will
be assigned the data by combining the first two variables. Finally, yourName is
displayed on Cells (3, 1). Performing addition on strings will result in
concatenation of the strings, as shown in figure 2.3 below. Names in A1 and
A2 are joined up and displayed in A3.

Figure 2.3: Concatenation of Strings

Chapter 3
Using Message box and Input box
There are many built-in functions available in Excel VBA which we can use to
streamline our VBA programs. Among them, message box and input box are
most commonly used. These two functions are useful because they make the
Excel VBA macro programs more interactive. The input box allows the user to
enter the data while the message box displays output to the user.

3.1 The MsgBox ( ) Function

The objective of the MsgBox function is to produce a pop-up message box and
prompt the user to click on a command button before he or she can continue.
The code for the message box is as follows:

yourMsg=MsgBox(Prompt, Style Value, Title)

The first argument, Prompt, displays the message in the message box. The Style
Value determines what type of command button that will appear in the message
box. Table 3.1 lists the command button that can be displayed. The Title
argument displays the title of the message box.

Table 3.1: Style Values and Command Buttons Style Value Named
Constant Button Displayed 0 vbOkOnly Ok button 1 vbOkCancel Ok and
Cancel buttons 2 vbAbortRetryIgnore Abort, Retry and Ignore buttons. 3
vbYesNoCancel Yes, No and Cancel buttons

4 vbYesNo
5 vbRetryCancel Yes and No buttons
Retry and Cancel buttons

We can use the named constant in place of integers for the second argument to
make the programs more readable. In fact, VBA will automatically show a list
of named constants where you can yourMsg=MsgBox( "Click OK to

select one of them. For example, Proceed", 1, "Startup Menu") and

yourMsg=Msg("Click OK to Proceed". vbOkCancel,"Startup Menu") are
the same. yourMsg is a variable that holds values that are returned by the
MsgBox ( ) function. The values are determined by the type of buttons being
clicked by the users. It has to be declared as Integer data type in the procedure
or in the general declaration section. Table 3.2 shows the values, the
corresponding named constants and the buttons.

Table 3.2: Returned Values and Command Buttons

Value Named Constant Button Clicked 1 vbOk Ok button

2 vbCancel
3 vbAbort
4 vbRetry
5 vbIgnore
6 vbYes
7 vbNo Cancel button Abort button Retry button Ignore button Yes button
No button

Example 3.1 In this example, the message in cell (1,2) “Your first VBA
program” will be displayed in the message box. As no named constant is
added, the message will simply display the message and the “OK” button, as
shown in Figure 3.1

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim YourMsg As String Cells(1, 2) =

"Your first VBA program" YourMsg = Cells(1, 2)

MsgBox YourMsg
Figure 3.1: Message box with the OK button

Example 3.2
In this Example, the named constant vbYesNoCancel is added as the second
argument, so the message box will display the Yes, No and the Cancel buttons,
as shown in Figure 3.2.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim YourMsg As String

Cells(1, 2) = "Your first VBA program"
YourMsg = Cells(1, 2)

MsgBox YourMsg,vbYesNoCancel
 Figure 3.2:
Message box with the Yes, No and Cancel buttons
To make the message box looks more sophisticated, you can add an icon beside
the message. There are four types of icons available in VBE, as shown in
Table 11.3.
Table 3.3
Value Named Constant
16 vbCritical
32 vbQuestion
48 vbExclamation
64 vbInformation
Icon

Example 3.3

The code in this example is basically the same as Example 3.2, but the named
vbExclamation is added as the third argument. The two name constants can be
joined together using the “+” sign. The message box will now display the
exclamation icon, as shown in Figure 3.3.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim YourMsg As String Cells(1, 2) =

"Your first VBA program" YourMsg = Cells(1, 2)

MsgBox YourMsg, vbYesNoCancel + vbExclamation

Figure 3.3:
Message box with the exclamation icon.

You can even track which button is clicked by the user based on the returned
values shown in Table 3.2. In Example 3.4, the conditional operators
If….Then…Else are used. You do not have to really understand the program
logics yet, they will be explained in later chapter.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
Dim testMsg As Integer testMsg = MsgBox("Click to Test", vbYesNoCancel +
vbExclamation, "Test Message") If testMsg = 6 Then Cells(1,1).Value = "Yes
button was clicked"

ElseIf testMsg = 7 Then Cells(1,1).Value = "No button was clicked" Else

Cells(1,1).Value = "Cancel button was clicked" End If End Sub

3.2 The InputBox( ) Function

An InputBox( ) is a function that displays an input box where the user can enter
a value or a message in the form of text. The format is
myMessage=InputBox(Prompt, Title, default_text, x-position, y-position)
myMessage is a variant data type but typically it is declared as a string, which
accepts the message input by the users. The arguments are explained as
follows:

• Prompt - The message displayed in the inputbox. Title - The title of the Input
Box.•
• default-text - The default text that appears in the input field where users can

use it as his intended input or he may change it to another message.

• x-position and y-position - the position or the coordinates of the input box.
The Interface of example 3.5 is shown in Figure 3.4

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim userMsg As String userMsg =

InputBox("What is your message?", "Message Entry Form", "Enter your
messge here", 500, 700) Cells(1,1).Value=userMsg End Sub

When the user clicks the OK button, the input box as shown in Figure 3.4 will
appear. Notice that the caption of the input box is "Message Entry Form" and
the prompt message is “What is your message”. After the user enters the
message and clicks the OK button, the message will be displayed in cell A1
 Figure 3.4: The
input box
Chapter 4
Using If….Then….Else in Excel
VBA
Visual Basic Editor (VBE) in MS Excel is just as powerful as the stand alone
Visual Basic compiler in the sense that you can use the same commands in
programming. For example, you can use If…Then...Else structure to control
program flow in VBE that execute an action based on certain conditions. To
control the program flow, we need to use the conditional operators as well as
the logical operators, which are discussed in the following sections.

4.1 Conditional Operators

To control the VBA program flow, we can use various conditional operators.
Basically, they resemble mathematical operators. Conditional operators are
very powerful tools which let the VBA program compare data values and then
decide what action to take. For example, it can decide whether to execute or
terminate a program. These operators are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Conditional Operators

Operator Meaning
= Equal to
> More than
< Less Than
>= More than and equal <= Less than and equal <> Not Equal to * You can
also compare strings with the above operators. However, there are certain
rules to follows: Upper case letters are lesser than lowercase letters, "A"<"B"
<"C"<"D".......<"Z" and numbers are lesser than letters.

4.2 Logical Operators

In addition to conditional operators, there are a few logical operators that offer
added power to the VBA programs. They are shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Logical Operators

Operator Meaning
And Both sides must be true
or One side or other must be true
Xor One side or other must be true but not both Not Negates truth

4.3 Using If.....Then.....Elseif….Else Statements with

Operators
To effectively control the VBA program flow, we shall use the If...Then...Else
statement together with the conditional operators and logical operators. The
general format for If...Then...Elseif….Else statement is as follows:

If conditions Then VB expressions Elseif VB expressions Else VB expressions

End If
* Any If...Then...Else statement must end with End If. Sometime it is not
necessary to use Else.

Example 4.1 Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim firstnum, secondnum

As Single

firstnum = Cells(1,1).Value secondnum = Cells(1,2).Value If

firstnum>secondnum Then MsgBox “ The first number is greater than the
second number”

If firstnum<secondnum Then MsgBox “ The first number is less than the second
number” Else MsgBox “ The two numbers are equal ” End If

End Sub

In this example, the program compares the values in cells (1, 1) and cells (1,
2) and displays the appropriate comment in a message box. For example, If the
first number is less than the second number, it will show the message “The first
umber is less than the second number”, as shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1
Example 4.2

In this program, you place the command button on the MS Excel spreadsheet
and go into the VBE by clicking the button. At the VBE, key in the program
code as shown below:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim mark As Integer

Dim grade As String
Randomize Timer
mark = Int(Rnd * 100)
Cells(1, 1).Value = mark
If mark < 20 And mark >= 0 Then grade = "F"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
ElseIf mark < 30 And mark >= 20 Then grade = "E"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
ElseIf mark < 40 And mark >= 30 Then grade = "D"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
ElseIf mark < 50 And mark >= 40 Then grade = "C-"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
ElseIf mark < 60 And mark >= 50 Then grade = "C"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
ElseIf mark < 70 And mark >= 60 Then grade = "C+"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
ElseIf mark < 80 And mark >= 70 Then grade = "B"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
ElseIf mark <= 100 And mark > -80 Then grade = "A"
Cells(2, 1).Value = grade
End If

End Sub

We use randomize timer and the Rnd function to generate random numbers. In
order to generate random integers between 0 and 100, we combined the Int and
Rnd functions, Int(Rnd*100). For example, when Rnd=0.6543, then
Rnd*100=65.43, and Int(65.43)=65. Using the statement cells
(1,1).Value=mark will place the value of 65 into cell(1,1).

Now, based on the mark in cells(1,1), I use the If.......Then....Elseif statement to

put the corresponding grade in cells(2,1). So, when you click on command
button 1, it will generate a random number between 1 and 100 and places it in
cells (1, 1) and the corresponding grade in cells (2,1). The output is shown in
Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2
Example 4.3

This example demonstrates the use of the Not operator. Private Sub
CommandButton1_Click() Dim x, y As Integer x = Int(Rnd * 10) + 1 y = x Mod
2 If Not y = 0 Then MsgBox " x is an odd number"

Else MsgBox " x is an even number" End If

End Sub

In the above example, Rnd is a randomize function that produces random

number between 0 and 1. So Rnd*10 produces a random number between 0
and 9. Int is a function in VBA that returns an integer. Therefore,
Int(Rnd*10)+1 generates random numbers between 1 and 10. Mod is the
operator that returns the remainder when a number is divided by another
number. If x is an even number, x Mod 2 will produce a zero. Based on this
logic, if x Mod 2 is not zero, it is an odd number; otherwise it is an even
number.
Chapter 5
For……Next Loop
Looping is a very useful feature of Excel VBA because it makes repetitive
works easier. There are two kinds of loops in VB, the For.......Next loop and
the Do...Loop. In this chapter, we will discuss the For....Next loop. The format
of a For…..Next loop is

For counter=startNumber to endNumber (Step increment) One or more VB

statements
Next

We will demonstrate the usage of the For….Next loop with a few examples.
Example 5.1
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim i As Integer For i = 1 To 10 Cells(i, 1).Value = i Next

End Sub

In this example, you place the command button on the spreadsheet then click on
it to go into the Visual Basic editor. When you click on the button , the VBA
program will fill cells(1,1) with the value of 1, cells(2,1) with the value of 2,
cells(3,1) with the value of 3......until cells (10,1) with the value of 10. The
position of each cell in the Excel spreadsheet is referenced with cells (i,j),
where i represents row and j represent column.
 Figure 5.1: For….Next loop with single
step increment
Example 5.2

In this example, the step increment is used. Here, the value of i increases by 2
after each loop. Therefore, the VBA programs will fill up alternate cells after
each loop. When you click on the command button, cells (1, 1) will be filled
with the value of 1, cells (2, 1) remains empty, cells (3, 1) filled with value of
3 and etc.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim i As Integer For i = 1 To 15 step 2 Cells(i, 1).Value = i Next

End Sub
 Figure 5.2: For….Next loop
with step increment
If you wish to exit the For ….Next loop after a condition is fulfilled, you can
use the Exit For statement, as shown in Example 5.3.
Example 5.3
In this example, the program will stop once the value of I reaches the value of
10.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim i As Integer

For i = 1 To 15
Cells(i, 1).Value = i
If i >= 10 Then
Exit For
End If
Next i

End Sub
 Figure 5.3: The output of Example 5.3

In previous examples, the For…Next loop will only fill up values through one
column or one row only. To be able to fill up a range of values across rows
and columns, we can use the nested loops, or loops inside loops. This is
illustrated in Example 5.4.

Example 5.4

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () Dim i, j As Integer

For i = 1 To 10
For j = 1 To 5
Cells (i, j).Value = i + j
Next j
Next i

End Sub

In this example, when i=1, the value of j will iterate from 1 to 5 before it goes
to the next value of i, where j will iterate from I to 5 again. The loops will end
when i=10 and j=5. In the process, it sums up the corresponding values of i and
j. The concept can be illustrated in the table below:
j12345i
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) 2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) 3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) 4 (4, 1) (4,
2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) 5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) 6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) 7 (7, 1) (7, 2) (7, 3) (7,
4) (7, 5) 8 (8, 1) (8, 2) (8, 3) (8, 4) (8, 5) 9 (9, 1) (9, 2) (9, 3) (9, 4) (9, 5) 10 (10, 1) (10, 2) (10, 3) (10, 4)
(10, 5)

Figure 5.4: The output of Example

5.4
Example 5.5

This is a simple VBA counter that can count the number of passes and the
number of failures for a list of marks obtained by the students in an
examination. The program also differentiates the passes and failures with blue
and red colors respectively. Let’s examine the code below:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim i, counter As Integer For i = 1 To

20 If Cells(i, 2).Value > 50 Then counter = counter + 1 Cells(i,
2).Font.ColorIndex = 5 Else

'do nothing Cells(i, 2).Font.ColorIndex = 3 End If Next i Cells(21, 2).Value =

counter Cells(22, 2).Value = 20 - counter
End Sub

This program combines the For..Next and the If ...Then...Else statements to

control the program flow. If the value in that cell is more than 50, the value of
counter is increased by 1 and the font color is changed to blue (colorIndex = 5)
, otherwise there is no increment in the counter and the font color is changed to
red (ColorIndex=3). We will discuss more about the Color property in a later
chapter. The output is shown in Figure 5.5.

Figure 5.5: The VBA

counter
Chapter 6
Do……Loop
In the previous chapter, you have learned how to use the For........Next loop to
execute a repetitive process. In this chapter, you will learn about another
looping method known as the Do Loop. There are four ways you can use the
Do Loop as shown below :

The formats are

a) Do While condition Block of one or more VB statements Loop
b) Do Block of one or more VB statements Loop While condition
c) Do Until condition Block of one or more VB statements Loop
d) Do Block of one or more VB statements

Loop Until condition Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim counter As

Integer

Do counter = counter + 1 Cells(counter, 1) = counter Loop While counter < 10

End Sub
In this example, the program will keep on adding 1 to the preceding counter
value as long as the counter value is less than 10. It displays 1 in cells (1,1), 2
in cells(2,1)….. until 10 in cells (10,1).

Example 6.2 Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim counter As Integer

Do Until counter = 10
counter = counter + 1
Cells(counter, 1) = 11 - counter Loop End Sub Private Sub
CommandButton1_Click ()

Dim counter As Integer Do Until counter = 10

counter = counter + 1
Cells(counter, 1) = 11 - counter Loop End Sub
In this example, the program will keep on adding 1 to the preceding counter
value until the counter value reaches 10. It displays 10 in cells (1, 1), 9 in cells
(2, 1)….. until 1 in cells (10,1).

Examle 6.3

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim counter , sum As Integer 'To set the
alignment to center Range("A1:C11").Select With Selection
.HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter End With

Cells(1, 1) = "X" Cells(1, 2) = "Y" Cells(1, 3) = "X+Y"

Do While counter < 10 counter = counter + 1 Cells(counter + 1, 1) = counter

Cells(counter + 1, 2) = counter * 2

sum = Cells(counter + 1, 1) + Cells(counter + 1, 2) Cells(counter + 1, 3) =

sum Loop

End Sub

The above program will display the values of X in cells(1,1) to cells(11,1).

The values of Y are X2 and the values are displayed in column 2, i.e. from
cells(2,1) to cells(2,11). Finally, it shows the values of X+Y in column 3, i.e.
from cells(3,1) to cells(3,11)
Chapter 7 Select Case.........End
Select
Normally it is sufficient to use the conditional statement If....Then....Else for
multiple options or selections programs. However, if there are too many
different cases, the If...Then...Else structure could become too bulky and
difficult to debug if problems arise. Fortunately, Visual Basic provides another
way to handle complex multiple choice cases, that is, the Select Case.....End
Select decision structure. The general format of a Select Case...End Select
structure is as follow:

Select Case variable Case value 1

Statement Case value 2

Statement Case value 3
Statement . Case Else End Select

In the following example, the program will process the grades of students
according to the marks given.
Example 7.1

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim mark As Single

Dim grade As String
mark = Cells(1, 1).Value
'To set the alignment to center Range("A1:B1").Select
With Selection
.HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter End With
Select Case mark
Case 0 To 20
grade = "F"
Cells(1, 2) = grade
Case 20 To 29
grade = "E"
Cells(1, 2) = grade
Case 30 To 39
grade = "D"
Cells(1, 2) = grade
Case 40 To 59
grade = "C"
Cells(1, 2) = grade
Case 60 To 79
grade = "B"
Cells(1, 2) = grade
Case 80 To 100
grade = "A"
Cells(1, 2) = grade
Case Else
grade = "Error!"
Cells(1, 2) = grade
End Select

End Sub
Chapter 8 Excel VBA Objects Part
1–An Introduction
8.1: Objects

Most programming languages today deal with objects, a concept called object
oriented programming. Although Excel VBA is not a truly object oriented
programming language, it does deal with objects. VBA object is something like
a tool or a thing that has certain functions and properties, and can contain data.
For example, an Excel Worksheet is an object, a cell in a worksheet is an
object, a range of cells is an object, the font of a cell is an object, a command
button is an object, and a text box is an object and more.

In order to view the VBA objects, you can insert a number of objects or
controls into the worksheet, and click the command button to go into the code
window. The upper left pane of the code window contains the list of objects
you have inserted into the worksheet; you can view them in the dropdown
dialog when you click the down arrow. The right pane represents the events
associated with the objects.

Figure 8.1: Some common Excel VBA objects.

To view all the available objects, you can click on the objects browser in the
code window.
 Figure
8.2: Objects browser that lists the entire Excel VBA objects.
8.2: Properties and Methods
8.2.1 Properties

An Excel VBA object has properties and methods. Properties are like the
characteristics or attributes of an object. For example, Range is an Excel VBA
object and one of its properties is value. We connect an object to its property
by a period (a dot or full stop). The following example shows how we connect
the property value to the Range object.

Example 8.1

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:A6").Value = 10

End Sub

In this example, by using the value property, we can fill cells A1 to A6 with
the value of 10. However, because value is the default property, it can be
omitted. So the above procedure can be rewritten as

Example 8.2
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
Range("A1:A6")= 10
End Sub

Cell is also an Excel VBA object, but it is also the property of the range
object. So an object can also be a property, it depends on the hierarchy of the
objects. Range has higher hierarchy than cells, and interior has lower hierarchy
than Cells, and color has lower hierarchy than Interior, so you can write
Range("A1:A3").Cells(1, 1).Interior.Color = vbYellow

This statement will fill cells (1, 1) with yellow color. Notice that although the
Range object specifies a range from A1 to A3, but the cells property specifies
only cells(1,1) to be filled with yellow color, it sort of overwrites the range
specified by the Range object.

Font is an object which belongs to the Range object. Font has its own
properties. For example, Range(“A1:A4”).Font.Color=vbYellow , the color
property of the object Font will fills all the contents from cell A1 to cell A4
with yellow color.

Sometime it is not necessary to type the properties, Excel VBA IntelliSense

will display a drop-down list of proposed properties after you type a period at
the end of the object name. You can then select the property you want by
double clicking it or by highlighting it then press the Enter key. The
IntelliSense drop-down is shown in Figure 8.3.
Figure 8.3: The IntelliSense Drop-Down List

Count is also a property of the Range object. It shows the number of cells in
the specified range. For example, Range (“A1:A10”).Count will return a value
of 10. In order to display the number of cells returned, you can write the
following code.

Example 8.3
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim tcount As Integer tcount = Range("A1:A6").count Range("A10") = tcount

End Sub
8.2.2 Methods

Besides having properties, Excel VBA objects also have methods. Methods
normally do something or perform certain operations. For example,
ClearContents is a method of the range object. It clears the contents of a cell
or a range of cells. You can write the following code to clear the contents:

Example 8.4

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range(“A1:A6”).ClearContents

End Sub
You can also let the user select his own range of cells and clear the contents by
using the InputBox function, as shown in Example 8.5

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim, selectedRng As String

selectedRng = InputBox("Enter your range")
Range(selectedRng).ClearContents

End Sub
In order to clear the contents of the entire worksheet, you can use the following
code:
Sheet1.Cells.ClearContents
However, if you only want to clear the formats of an entire worksheet, you can
use the following syntax:
Sheet1.Cells.ClearFormats
To select a range of cells, you can use the Select method. This method selects a
range of cells specified by the Range object. The syntax is
Range(“A1:A5”).Select
Example 8.6: The code to select a range of cells
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:A5").Select This example
allows the user to specify the range of cells to be selected.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim selectedRng As String selectedRng = InputBox("Enter your range")

Range(selectedRng).Select

End Sub
To deselect the selected range, we can use the Clear method.
Range(“CiRj:CmRn”).Clear
Example 8.8
In this example, we insert two command buttons, the first one is to select the
range and the second one is to deselect the selected range.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:A5").Select

End Sub
Private Sub CommandButton2_Click() Range("A1:A5").Clear Instead of using
the Clear method, you can also use the ClearContents method.

Another very useful method is the Autofill method. This method performs an
autofill on the cells in the specified range with a series of items including
numbers, days of week, months of year and more. The format is

Expression.AutoFill (Destination, Type)

Where Expression can be an object or a variable that returns and object.

Destination means the required Range object of the cells to be filled. The
destination must include the source range. Type means type of series, such as
days of week, months of year and more. The AutoFill type constant is
something like xlFillWeekdays, XlFillDays, XlFillMonths and more.

Example 8.9:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range(“A1”)=1 Range(“A2”)=2

Range("A1:A2").AutoFill Destination:=Range("A1:A10") End Sub

In this example, the source range is A1 to A2. When the user clicks on the
command button, the program will first fill cell A1 with 1 and cell A2 will 2,
and then automatically fills the Range A1 to A10 with a series of numbers from
1 to 10. Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Cells(1, 1).Value = "Monday" Cells(2, 1).Value = "Tuesday"

Range("A1:A2").AutoFill Destination:=Range("A1:A10"), Type:=xlFillDays

End Sub

In this example, when the user clicks on the command button, the program will
first fill cell A1 with “Monday” and cell A2 wilh “Tuesday”, and then
automatically fills the Range A1 to A10 with the days of a week.

Example 8.11

This example allows the user to select the range of cells to be automatically
filled using the Autofill method. This can be achieved with the use of the
InputBox. Since each time we want to autofill a new range, we need to clear
the contents of the entire worksheet using the Sheet1.Cells.ClearContents
statement.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim selectedRng As String
Sheet1.Cells.ClearContents selectedRng = InputBox("Enter your range")
Range("A1") = 1 Range("A2") = 2 Range("A1:A2").AutoFill
Destination:=Range(selectedRng)
Chapter 9 Excel VBA Objects Part 2
–The Workbook Object
In the previous chapter, we have learned about Excel VBA objects and their
properties and methods. In this chapter, we shall learn specifically about the
Workbook object as it is one of the most important Excel VBA objects. It is
also at the top of the hierarchy of the Excel VBA objects. We will deal with
properties and methods associated the Workbook object.

9.1 The Workbook Properties.

When we write VBA code involving the Workbook object, we use Workbooks.
The reason is that we are dealing with a collection of workbooks most of the
time, so using Workbooks enables us to manipulate multiple workbooks at the
same time.

When will deal with multiple workbooks, we can use indices to denote
different workbooks that are open, using the syntax Workbooks (i), where i is
an index. For example, Workbooks (1) denotes Workbook1, Workbooks (2)
denotes Workbook2 and more.

A workbook has a number of properties. Some of the common properties are

Name, Path and FullName Let’s look at the following example:
Example 9.1
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() MsgBox Workbooks(1).Name The
program will cause a message dialog box to pop up and displays the first
workbook name, i.e. workbook_object1.xls as shown in Figure 9.1 below:

Figure 9.1: The name of the Excel workbook

If we have only one open workbook, we can also use the syntax ThisWorkbook
in place of Workbook (1), as follows:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

MsgBox ThisWorkbook.Name
End Sub

Example 9.2

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () MsgBox ThisWorkbook.Path

End Sub
Or you can use the following code
Private Sub CommandButton1Click ()
MsgBox Workbooks ("workbook_object1.xls").Path
End Sub

The output is shown below:

Figure 9.2: The path of the opened workbook

Example 9.3
This example will display the path and name of the opened workbook. The
code is:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

MsgBox ThisWorkbook.FullName
End Sub

Or

Private Sub CommandButton1Click() MsgBox

Workbooks("workbook_object1.xls").Fullname
End Sub
The output is shown in Figure 9.3.

Figure 9.3
9.2 The Workbook Methods
There are a number of methods associated with the workbook object. These
methods are Save, SaveAs, Open, Close and more.
Example 9.4

In this example, when the user clicks on the command button, it will open up a
dialog box and ask the user to specify a path and type in the file name, and then
click the save button, not unlike the standard windows SaveAs dialog, as
shown in Figure 9.5.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

fName = Application.GetSaveAsFilename ThisWorkbook.SaveAs
Filename:=fName

End Sub
Figure 9.4: The SaveAs dialog
Another method associated with the workbook object is open. The syntax is
Workbooks.Open ("File Name")
Example 9.5
In this example, when the user click on the command button, it wil open the file
workbook_object1.xls under the pathC:\Users\liewvk\Documents\

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Workbooks.Open

("C:\Users\liewvk\Documents\workbook_object1.xls")
End Sub

The close method is the command that closes a workbook. The syntax is
Workbooks (i).Close
Example 9.6
In this example, when the user clicks the command button, it will close
Workbooks (1).

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Workbooks (1).Close

End Sub
Chapter 10 Excel VBA Objects Part
3 –The Worksheet Object
10.1 The Worksheet Properties

Similar to the Workbook Object, the Worksheet has its own set of properties
and methods. When we write VBA code involving the Worksheet object, we
use Worksheets. The reason is that we are dealing with a collection of
worksheets most of the time, so using Worksheets enables us to manipulate
multiple worksheets at the same time.

Some of the common properties of the worksheet are name, count, cells,
columns, rows and columnWidth.
Example 10.1

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() MsgBox Worksheets(1).Name End Sub

The above example will cause a pop-up dialog that displays the worksheet
name as sheet 1, as shown below:

Figure 10.1
The count property returns the number of worksheets in an opened workbook.
Example 10.2
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
MsgBox Worksheets.Count End Sub
The output is shown in Figure 10.2.
 Figure 10.2
Example 10.3
The count property in this example will return the number of columns in the
worksheet.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() MsgBox Worksheets(1).Columns.Count

End Sub

* It is suffice to write MsgBox Columns.Count as the worksheet is considered

the active worksheet. The output is shown below:

Figure 10.3
Example 10.4
The count property in this example will return the number of rows in the
worksheet.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

MsgBox Worksheets(1).Rows.Count
End Sub

Figure 10.4
10.2 The Worksheet Methods
Some of the worksheet methods are add, delete, select, SaveAs, copy, paste
and more.
Example 10.5

In this example, when the user clicks the first command button, it will add a
new sheet to the workbook. When the user clicks the second command button,
it will delete the new worksheet that has been added earlier.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Worksheets. Add

End Sub
Private Sub CommandButton2_Click() Worksheets(1).Delete
End Sub

Example 10.6
The select method associated with worksheet let the user select a particular
worksheet. In this example, worksheet 2 will be selected.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
‘Worksheet 2 will be selected Worksheets(2).Select End Sub
The select method can also be used together with the Worksheet’s properties
Cells, Columns and Rows as shown in the following examples.
‘Cell A1 will be selected Worksheets (1).Cells (1).Select End Sub
Example 10.6
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() ‘Column 1 will be selected Worksheets
(1).Columns (1).Select End Sub
Example 10.7
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() ‘Row 1 will be selected Worksheets
(1).Rows (1).Select End Sub
Excel VBA also allows us to write code for copy and paste. Let’s look at the
following Example:

‘To copy the content of a cell 1 Worksheets(1).Cells(1).Select Selection.Copy

End Sub

Private Sub CommandButton2_Click() ‘To paste the content of cell 1 to cell 2

Worksheets(1).Cells(2).Select ActiveSheet.Paste
End Sub
Chapter 11 Excel VBA Objects Part
4–The Range Object
11.1 The Range Properties

As an Excel VBA object, the range object is ranked lower than the worksheet
object in the hierarchy. We can also say that worksheet is the parent object of
the range object. Therefore, the Range object also inherits the properties of the
worksheet object. Some of the common properties of the range object are
Columns, Rows, Value and Formula

11.1.1 Formatting Font

There are many Range properties that we can use to format the font in Excel.
Some of the common ones are Bold, Italic, Underline, Size, Name, FontStyle,
ColorIndex and Color. These properties are used together with the Font
property.

The Bold, Italic, Underline and FontStyle properties are used to format the font
style. The syntax for using Bold, Italic and Underline are similar, as shown
below:

Range (“YourRange”).Font.Bold=True Range (“YourRange”).Font.Italic=True

Range (“YourRange”).Font.Underline=True

The FontStyle property can actually be used to replace all the properties above
to achieve the same formatting effects. The syntax is as follows:

Range (“YourRange”).Font.FontStyle=”Bold Italic Underline” The Name

property is used to format the type of font you wish to display in the designated
range. The syntax is as follows:

Range ("A1:A3").Font. Name = "Time News Roman"

The formatting code is illustrated in Example 11.1.
Example 11.1

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:A3").Font.Bold = True

Range("A1:A3").Font.Italic = True Range("A1:A3").Font.Underline = True
Range("A1:A3").Font.Size = 20 Range("A1:A3").Font.FontStyle = "Bold
Italic Underline" Range("A1:A3").Font.Name = "Time News Roman"

End Sub
The Font and ColorIndex properties are used together to format the font color.
You can also use the color property to display the font color,
Example 11.2

Private Sub CommandButton2_Click() Range("A4:B10").Font.ColorIndex = 4

End Sub

.In this example, the font color will be displayed in green (Corresponding with
ColorIndex =4):
Range("A4:B10").Font.Color = VbRed
Example 11.2
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:B3").Columns(3).Formula
= "=A1+B1"
End Sub

In this example, the formula A1+B1 will be copied down column 3 (column C)
from cell C1 to cell C3. The program automatically sums up the corresponding
values down column A and column B and displays the results in column C, as
shown in Figure 11.1.

Figure 11.1
The above example can also be rewritten and produces the same result as
below:
Range("A1:B3").Columns(3).Formula = "=Sum(A1:B1)"
There are many formulas in Excel VBA which we can use to simplify and
speed up complex calculations. The formulas are categorized into Financial,
Mathematical, Statistical, Date ,Time and others. For example, in the statistical
category, we have Average (Mean), Mode and Median

Example 11.3

In this example, the program computes the average of the corresponding values
in column A and column B and displays the results in column C. For example,
the mean of values in cell A1 and Cell B1 is computed and displayed in Cell
C1. Subsequent means are automatically copied down Column C until cell C3.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:B3").Columns(3).Formula

= "=Average(A1:B1)”
End Sub

Example 11.4: Mode

In this example, the program computes the mode for every row in the range
A1:E4 and displays them in column F. It also makes the font bold and red in
color, as shown in Figure 11.2.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:E4").Columns(6).Formula

= "=Mode(A1:E1)” Range("A1:E4").Columns(6).Font.Bold = True
Figure 11.2: Mode for each row displayed in column F
Example 11.5: Median

In this example, the program computes the median for every row in the range
A1:E4 and displays them in column F. It also makes the font bold and red in
color, as shown in Figure 11.3.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:E4").Columns(6).Formula

= "=Median(A1:E1)” Range("A1:E4").Columns(6).Font.Bold = True
Figure 11.3: Median for each row displayed in column F
Example 11.6
In this example, the Interior and the Color properties will fill the cells in the
range A1:A3 with yellow color.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("A1:A3").Interior.Color =
vbYellow
End Sub

11.2 The Range Methods

The range methods allow the range object to perform many types of operations.
They enable automation and perform customized calculations that greatly speed
up otherwise time consuming work if carried out manually.

There are many range methods which we can use to automate our works. Some
of the methods are Autofill, Clear, ClearContents, Copy, cut, PasteSpecial, and
Select.
11.2.1 Autofill Method

This program allows the cells in range A1 to A20 to be filled automatically

following the sequence specified in the range A1 to A2. The Destination
keyword is being used here.

Example 11.7

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () Set myRange = Range ("A1:A2") Set

targetRange = Range ("A1:A20") myRange.AutoFill Destination: =targetRange

End Sub
11.2.2 Select, Copy and Paste Methods
We use the Select method to select a specified range, copy the values from that
range and then paste them in another range, as shown in the following example:
Example 11.9

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () Range ("C1:C2").Select

Selection.Copy Range ("D1:D2").Select ActiveSheet.Paste

End Sub *We can also use the Cut method in place of Copy in the above
example.
11.2.2 Copy and PasteSpecial Methods

The Copy and the PasteSpecial methods are performed together. The copy
method will copy the contents in a specified range and the PasteSpecial
method will paste the contents into another range. However, unlike the paste
method, which just pastes the values into the target cells, the PasteSpecial
method has a few options. The options are PasteValues, PasteFormulas,
PasteFormats or PasteAll. The PasteValues method will just paste the values
of the original cells into the targeted cells while the PasteFormulas will copy
the formulas and update the values in the targeted cells accordingly.

Example 11.10

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("C1:C2").Copy

Range("D1:D2").PasteSpecial Paste:=xlPasteValues
Range("E1:E2").PasteSpecial Paste:=xlPasteFormulas
Range("F1:F2").PasteSpecial Paste:=xlPasteFormats
Range("G1:G2").PasteSpecial Paste:=xlPasteAll

End Sub

The output is displayed in Figure 11.4. The original values are pasted to the
range D1:D2 while the formula is updated in the range E1:E2 but not the
formats. The original formats for the font are bold and red. The formats are
reflected in range F1:F2 but the formulas were not pasted there. Lastly,
everything is copied over to the range G1:G2.

Figure 11.4
We can also modify the code above and paste them according to the Paste
Values option and the Paste Formulas option, as shown in Example 11.10.
Example 11.11

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Range("C1:C2").Select Selection.Copy

Range("D1:D2").PasteSpecial Paste:=xlPasteValues
Range("E1:E2").PasteSpecial Paste:=xlPasteFormulas
Chapter 12 Working with Excel
VBA Controls
Excel VBE provides a number of controls that can be used to perform certain
tasks by writing VBA code for them. These controls are also known as Active-
X controls. As these controls are Excel VBA objects, they have their own
properties, methods and events. They can be found on the Excel Control
Toolbox, as shown in the diagram below:
Option Button Spin ButtonText Box Combo Box
Label
Check Box CommandList Box Button
Toggle ButtonImageScroll Bar
Figure 12.1: Excel VBA Controls
12.1 Check Box

The Check box is a very useful control in Excel VBA. It allows the user to
select one or more items by checking the checkbox or checkboxes concerned.
For example, you may create a shopping cart where the user can click on
checkboxes that correspond to the items they intend to buy, and the total
payment can be computed at the same time.

One of most important properties of the check box is Value. If the checkbox is
selected or checked, the value is true, whilst if it is not selected or unchecked,
the Value is False.
The usage of check box is illustrated in Example 12.1

Example 12.1
In this example, the user can choose to display the sale volume of one type of
fruits sold or total sale volume. The code is shown in next page.
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() If CheckBox1.Value = True And
CheckBox2.Value = False

Then MsgBox "Quantity of apple sold is” & Cells (2, 2).Value ElseIf
CheckBox2.Value = True And CheckBox1.Value = False Then MsgBox
"Quantity of orange sold is " & Cells(2, 3).Value Else MsgBox "Quantity of
Fruits sold is” & Cells (2, 4).Value End If

Figure 12.2: Check Boxex

12.2 Text Box

The Text Box is the standard Excel VBA control for accepting input from the
user as well as to display the output. It can handle string (text) and numeric
data but not images.

Example 12.2
In this example, we inserted two text boxes and display the sum of numbers
entered into the two textboxes in a message box. The Val function is used to
convert string into numeric values because the textbox treats the number
entered as a string. Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

Dim x As Variant, y As Variant, z As Variant x = TextBox1.Text y =

TextBox2.Text z = Val(x) + Val(y)

MsgBox "The Sum of " & x & " and " & y & " is " & z
End Sub
 Figure 12.3: Text Boxes
12.3 Option Button

The option button control also lets the user selects one of the choices.
However, two or more option buttons must work together because as one of the
option buttons is selected, the other option button will be deselected. In fact,
only one option button can be selected at one time. When an option button is
selected, its value is set to “True” and when it is deselected; its value is set to
“False”.

Example 12.3
This example demonstrates the usage of the option buttons. In this example, the
Message box will display the option button selected by the user. The output
interface is shown in Figure 12.4.

Private Sub OptionButton1_Click ()

MsgBox "Option 1 is selected"

End Sub
Private Sub OptionButton2_Click()
MsgBox "Option 2 is selected"
End Sub
Private Sub OptionButton3_Click()

MsgBox "Option 3 is selected"

Figure 12.4: The Option Buttons

Example 12.4

In this example , If …Then….Elseif statements are used to control the action

when an option button is being selected, i.e., changing the background color of
the selected range.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() If OptionButton1.Value = True Then

Range("A1:B10").Interior.Color = vbRed ElseIf OptionButton2.Value = True
Then Range("A1:B10").Interior.Color = vbGreen ElseIf OptionButton3.Value
= True Then Range("A1:B10").Interior.Color = vbBlue End If
 Figure 12.5: Using
Option Buttons
Example 12.5
In this example, the program will change the font color of the item selected.

Private Sub OptionButton1_Click()

Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To 12
If Cells(i, 2) = "apple" Then

Cells(i, 2).Font.Color = vbGreen

End If
Next
End Sub Private Sub OptionButton2_Click()

For i = 1 To 12 If Cells(i, 2) = "orange" Then Cells(i, 2).Font.Color = vbRed

End If

Next End Sub

 Figure 12.6: Changing
font color
12.4 List Box

The function of the List Box is to present a list of items where the user can
click and select the items from the list. To add items to the list, we can use the
AddItem method.
To clear all the items in the List Box, you can use the Clear method. The usage
of Additem method and the Clear method is shown Example 12.6.

Example 12.6 Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() For x = 1 To 10

ListBox1.AddItem "Apple" Next

End Sub
Private Sub CommandButton2_Click()

For x = 1 To 10
ListBox1.Clear
Next
End Sub
 Figure 12.7
12.5 Combo Box

The function of the Combo Box is also to present a list of items where the user
can click and select the items from the list. However, the user needs to click on
the small arrowhead on the right of the combo box to see the items which are
presented in a drop-down list. In order to add items to the list, you can also use
the AddItem method.

Example 12.7 Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() ComboBox1.Text =

"Apple"

For x = 1 To 10 ComboBox1.AddItem "Apple"

Next End Sub Private Sub CommandButton2_Click()

ComboBox1.Clear
 Figure 12.8
12.6 Toggle Button

Toggle button lets the user switches from one action to another alternatively.
When the Toggle button is being depressed, the value is true and when it is not
depressed, the value is false. By using the If and Else code structure, we can
thus switch from one action to another by pressing the toggle button repeatedly.
Example 12.8
In this example, the user can toggle between apple and orange as well as font
colors.

Private Sub ToggleButton1_Click ()

If ToggleButton1.Value = True Then
Cells (1, 1) = "Apple"
Cells (1, 1).Font.Color = vbRed

Else
Cells (1, 1) = "Orange"
Cells (1, 1).Font.Color = vbBlue

End If
Chapter 13 VBA Procedures Part 1-
Functions
13.1 The Concept of Functions

A VBA procedure is a block of code that performs certain tasks. We have

actually learned about VBA procedures in our previous chapters, but all of
them are event procedures. Event procedures are VBA programs that are
associated with VBA objects such as command buttons, checkboxes, and radio
buttons. However, we can also create procedures that are independent from the
event procedures. They are normally called into the event procedures to
perform certain tasks. There are two types of the aforementioned procedures,
namely Functions and Sub Procedures. In this chapter, we will discuss
functions. We will deal with Sub Procedures in the next chapter.

13.2 Types of Functions

There are two types of Excel VBA functions; the built-in functions and the
userdefined functions. We can use built-in functions in Excel for automatic
calculations. Some of the Excel VBA built-in functions are Sum, Average, Min
(to find the minimum value in a range), Max (To find the maximum value in a
range), Mode, Median and more. However, built-in functions can only perform
some basic calculations, for more complex calculations, user-defined functions
are often required. User-defined functions are procedures created
independently from the event procedures. A Function can receive arguments
passed to it from the event procedure and then return a value in the function
name. It is usually used to perform certain calculations.

13.3 Writing Function Code

VBA Function begins with a Function statement and ends with an End Function
statement. The program structure of a Function is as follows:

Function FunctionName (arguments) As DataType Statements

End Function
In Excel VBA, when you type the Function statement, the End Function
statement will automatically appear.

Example 13.1
In this example, we create a function to calculate the area of a rectangle. It
comprises two arguments, one of them is to accept the value of width and the
other is to accept the value of height. Note that the function Area_Rect is called
from the event procedure (clicking the command button) and the values to be
passed to the arguments are enclosed in the parentheses.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim a As Variant, b As Variant

a = InputBox("Enter Width of Rectangle") b = InputBox("Enter Height of

Rectangle") MsgBox "The area of the rectangle is” & Area_Rect(a, b)

End Sub Function Area_Rect(x As Variant, y As Variant) As Variant

Area_Rect = x * y End Function

We can also create a user-defined function to be used just as the built-in

functions by inserting a module in the Visual Basic Editor and enter the
function code there. After creating the function, we can then return to the
spreadsheet and use this function as any other built-in functions. To insert the
module, click on Tool in the menu bar, select Macro and the click on Visual
Basic Editor.

Figure 13.1: Inserting Visual Basic Editor

In the Visual Basic Editor window, insert a module by clicking Insert on the
menu bar, and then click on Module.
 Figure 13.2: Inserting
Module
In the module environment, key in the function code for the function Area_Rect
, as shown in the diagram below.
Figure 13.3: Key in the VBA code for the function.

Now, you can return to the Excel spreadsheet and enter the function in any cell.
In this Example, the function is entered in cell C1 and the values of width and
height are entered in cell A1 and cell B1 respectively. Notice that the value of
area is automatically calculated and displayed in cell C1.

Figure 13.4
The formula can be copied and updated to other cells by using the autofill
method, i.e. by dragging the place holder on the bottom right corner of the cell,
as shown in Figure 13.5 below.
Figure 13.5: using autofill method to update the formula.
The user-defined function not only calculates numerical values, it can also
return a string, as shown in Example 13.2 below:

Example 13.2
This program computes the grades of an examination based on the marks
obtained. It employed the Select Case…….End Select code structure. The
code is shown on next page.
Function grade(mark As Single) As String

Select Case mark Case 0 To 20 grade = "F" Case 20 To 29

grade = "E"

Case 30 To 39
grade = "D" Case 40 To 59
grade = "C" Case 60 To 79
grade = "B" Case 80 To 100 grade = "A" Case Else

grade = "Error!" End Select End Function

In the Excel spreadsheet environment, key in the marks in column A and key in
the grade function in column B. Notice that the grades will be automatically
updated in column B as marks are entered or updated in column A, as shown in
Figure 13.6

Figure 13.6: The grade function

Example 13.3
In this example, we create a function that calculates commissions payment
based on the commissions payment table below. We can use the If….Then…
Elseif program structure to write the function code.
Commissions Payment Table
Sales Volume($) Commissions
<500 3%
<1000 6%
<2000 9%
<5000 12%
>5000 15

Function Comm(Sales_V As Variant) as Variant If Sales_V <500 Then

Comm=Sales_V*0.03
Elseif Sales_V>=500 and Sales_V<1000 Then Comm=Sales_V*0.06
Elseif Sales_V>=1000 and Sales_V<2000 Then Comm=Sales_V*0.09
Elseif Sales_V>=200 and Sales_V<5000 Then Comm=Sales_V*0.12
Elseif Sales_V>=5000 Then
Comm=Sales_V*0.15
End If

End Function

After creating the Comm Function, we can then enter the sales volume in one
column and enter the formula based on the function Comm in another column.
The commissions will be automatically computed and updated accordingly.
Figure 13.7
13.4 Passing variables by reference and by Value in a Function

Variables in a function can be passed by reference or by value, using the

keywords ByRef and ByVal respectively. The main difference between ByRef
and ByVal is ByRef will change the value of the variable while ByVal will
retain the original value of the variable. By default, the function uses ByRef to
pass variables.

Example 13.4
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim N As Variant N = 27 Range("A1") = CRoot(N) Range("A2") = N

Range("A3") = CRoot2(N) Range("A4") = N End Sub

Function CRoot(ByRef r As Variant) r = r ^ (1 / 3) CRoot = r End Function

Function CRoot2(ByVal w As Variant) w = w ^ (1 / 3) CRoot2 = w

End Function In this example, we created two similar functions, CRoot and
CRoots respectively. However, the first function uses the ByRef keyword and
the second function uses the ByVal keyword. Notice that the value of N has
changed to 3 by the function CRoot, as shown in cell B3. Now the function
CRoot2 compute the cubic root of N based on the new value of N, i.e. 3, and
shows result in cell B4. However, it does not change the value of N, it remains
as 3, as shown in cell B5.
Chapter 14 VBA Procedures Part 2-
Sub Procedures
A sub procedure is a procedure that performs a specific task and to return
values, but it does not return a value associated with its name. However, it can
return a value through a variable name. Sub procedures are usually used to
accept input from the user, display information, print information, manipulate
properties or perform some other tasks. It is a program code by itself and it is
not an event procedure because it is not associated with a runtime procedure or
a VBA control such as a command button. It is called by the main program
whenever it is required to perform a certain task. Sub procedures help to make
programs smaller and easier to manage.

A Sub procedure begins with a Sub statement and ends with an End Sub
statement. The program structure of a sub procedure is as follows:

Sub ProcedureName (arguments) Statements

End Sub Example 14.1

In this example, a sub procedure ResizeFont is created to resize the font in the
range if it fulfills a value greater than 40. There are two parameters or
arguments associated with the sub procedure, namely x for font size and Rge
for range. This sub procedure is called by the event procedure Sub
CommandButton1_Click () and passed the values 15 to x (for font size) and
Range (“A1:A10”) to Rge (for range) to perform the task of resizing the font to
15 for values>40 in range A1 to A10.

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() ResizeFont 15, Range("A1:A10") End

Sub

Sub ResizeFont(x As Variant, Rge As Range) Dim cel As Range For Each cel
In Rge

If cel.Value > 40 Then cel.Font.Size = x End If Next cel

End Sub

Figure 14.1: Output for Example 14.1

To make the program more flexible and interactive, we can modify the above
program to accept input from the user. The values input by the user through the
input boxes will be passed on to the procedure to execute the job, as shown in
Example 14.2.

Example 14.2

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim rng As String rng =

InputBox("Input range") x = InputBox("Input Font Size") ResizeFont x,
Range(rng)

End Sub Sub ResizeFont(x As Variant, Rge As Range) Dim cel As Range For
Each cel In Rge If cel.Value > 40 Then cel.Font.Size = x

End If Next cel End Sub

Chapter 15 String Handling
Functions
Excel VBA handles strings similar to the stand-alone Visual Basic program.
All the string handling functions in Visual Basic such as Left, Right, Instr, Mid
and Len can be used in Excel VBA. Some of the string handling functions are
listed and explained below:

15.1 InStr
InStr is a function that looks for the position of a substring in a phrase. InStr
(phrase,"ual") will find the substring "ual" from "Visual Basic" and then return
its position; in this case, it is fourth from the left.

15.2. Left
Left is a function that extracts characters from a phrase, starting from the left.
Left (phrase, 4) means four characters are extracted from the phrase, starting
from the leftmost position.

15.3. Right
Right is a function that extracts characters from a phrase, starting from the
Right. Right (phrase, 5) means 5 characters are extracted from the phrase,
starting from the rightmost position.

15.4. Mid
Mid is a function that extracts a substring from a phrase, starting from the
position specified by the second parameter in the bracket. Mid (phrase, 8, 3)
means a substring of three characters are extracted from the phrase, starting
from the 8th position from the left.

15.5. Len
Len is a function that returns the length of a phrase.

Example 15.1
In this example, we insert five command buttons and change the names to
cmdInstr, cmdLeft, cmdRight, cmdLeft, cmdMid and cmdLen respectively.

Private Sub cmdInstr_Click () Dim phrase As String

phrase = Cells (1, 1).Value

Cells (4, 1) = InStr (phrase, "ual") End Sub Private Sub cmdLeft_Click ()

Dim phrase As String phrase = Cells (1, 1).Value Cells (2, 1) = Left (phrase,
4)

End Sub Private Sub cmdLen_Click () Dim phrase As String phrase = Cells (1,
1).Value Cells (6, 1) = Len (phrase) End Sub

Private Sub cmdMid_Click () Dim phrase As String phrase = Cells (1,

1).Value Cells (5, 1) = Mid (phrase, 8, 3)

End Sub Private Sub cmdRight_Click () Dim phrase As String

phrase = Cells (1, 1).Value Cells (3, 1) = Right (phrase, 5) End Sub
Figure 15.1: The end results after clicking all the command buttons.
Chapter 16
Date and Time Functions
Excel VBA can be programmed to handle Date and Time, adding extra
capabilities to time and date handling by MS Excel. We can use various built-
in date and time handling functions to program Excel VBA date and time
manipulating programs.

16.1 Using the Now ( ) Function

The Now () function returns the current date and time according to your
computer’s regional settings. We can also use the Format function in addition
to the function Now to customize the display of date and time using the
syntaxFormat (Now, “style

argument”). The usage of Now and Format functions are explained in the table
below:
Table 16.1: Various Date and Time Formatting with Different Style
Arguments

Formatting with various style arguments

Format(Now, "s")
Format(Now, "n")
Format(Now, "h")
Format(Now, "m")
Format(Now, "mmm")
Format(Now, "mmmm")
Format(Now, "y")
Format(Now, "yyyy")
Example 16.1
Output

Current Time in seconds

Current Time in minutes
Current Time in hours
Current Month in numeric form
Current Month in short form
Current Month in full name
Number of days to date in current year Current Year

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () Cells (1, 1).Value = Now () Cells (2,

1).Value = Format (Now, "s") Cells (3, 1).Value = Format (Now, "n") Cells (4,
1).Value = Format (Now, "h") Cells (5, 1).Value = Format (Now, "m") Cells
(6, 1).Value = Format (Now, "mmm")

Cells (7, 1).Value = Format (Now, "mmmm") Cells (8, 1).Value = Format
(Now, "y") Cells (9, 1).Value = Format (Now, "yyyy")

End Sub

Figure 16.1: Output of various date

and time formats
16.2 Date, Day, Weekday, WeekdayName, Month, MonthName and Year
Functions
The usage of these functions is illustrated in the following table:

Table 16.2: Various Date and Time functions Function

Date
Day(Date)
Weekday(Date)
WeekdayName(Weekday(Date)) Month(Date)
MonthName(Month(Date)) Year(Date)

Output
Current date and time
Day part of the current date
Weekday of the current week in numeric form. Weekday name of the current
date
Month of the current year in numeric form Full name of the current month
Current year in long form

Example 16.2

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Cells(1, 1) = Date Cells(2, 1) =

Day(Date)

Cells(3, 1) = Weekday(Date) Cells(4, 1) = WeekdayName(Weekday(Date))

Cells(5, 1) = Month(Date) Cells(6, 1) = MonthName(Month(Date)) Cells(7, 1)
= Year(Date)

End Sub

Figure 16.2: Output of various date and time

formats.
16.3 DatePart Function
The DatePart function is used together with the Now function to obtain part of
date or time specified by the arguments. The DatePart function is generally
written as
DatePart (Part of date to be returned, Now)

Various DatePart expressions and the corresponding outputs are shown in

Table 16.3
Table 16.3: DatePart Expressions DatePart Expression
DatePart(“s”,Now)
DatePart(“n”,Now)
DatePart(“h”,Now)
DatePart(“w”,Now)
DatePart(“m”,Now)
DatePart(“y”,Now)
DatePart(“yyyy”,Now)

Part of Date /Time Returned Current second

Current minute
Current hour
Current weekday
Current month
Current day of the year
Current year

Example 16.3

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () Cells (2, 2) = DatePart ("yyyy", Now)

Cells (3, 2) = DatePart ("m", Now) Cells (4, 2) = DatePart ("d", Now) Cells
(5, 2) = DatePart ("w", Now) Cells (6, 2) = DatePart ("h", Now) Cells (7, 2) =
DatePart ("n", Now) Cells (8, 2) = DatePart ("s", Now)

End Sub
 Figure 16.3: DatePart Function
16.4 Adding and Subtracting Dates
Dates can be added using the DateAdd function. The syntax of the DateAdd
function is
DateAdd (interval, value to be added, date)
Where interval=part of date to be added. For example,DateAdd (“yyyy”, 3,
Now) means 3 years will be added to the current year. Similarly, Dates can be
subtracted using the DateDiff function. The syntax of the DateDiff function is
DateDiff (interval, first date, second date)

Where interval=part of date to be subtracted. For example, DateDiff (“yyyy”,

Now, “6/6/2012”) means 3 years will be subtracted from the current year. Both
the

aforementioned functions use the argument “s” for second, “n” for minute, “h”
for hour, “d” for day,”w” for week, “m” for month and “yyyy” for year.
Example 16.4
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

Cells (1, 1) = Date

Cells (2, 1) = DateAdd ("s", 300, Now)
Cells (3, 1) = DateAdd ("n", 30, Now)
Cells (4, 1) = DateAdd ("h", 3, Now)
Cells (5, 1) = DateAdd ("d", 2, Now)
Cells (6, 1) = DateAdd ("m", 3, Now)
Cells (7, 1) = DateAdd ("yyyy", 2, Now)
Cells (8, 1) = DateDiff ("yyyy", Now, "8/6/2012") Cells (9, 1) = DateDiff
("d", Now, "13/6/2009") Cells (10, 1) = DateDiff ("m", Now, "8/10/2011")
Cells (11, 1) = DateDiff ("d", Now, "8/10/2009") Cells (12, 1) = DateDiff
("n", Now, "8/10/2009") Cells(13, 1) = DateDiff("s", Now, "8/10/2009")

End Sub Figure 16.5: DateAdd

and DatePart functions
Chapter 17 Sample Excel VBA
Programs
17.1 BMI Calculator

Body Mass Index (BMI) is so popular today that it has become a standard
measure for our health status. If your BMI is too high, it means you are
overweight and would likely face a host of potential health problems
associated with high BMI, such as hypertension, heart diseases, diabetics and
many others. The formula for calculating BMI is

BMI=weight / (height)2
The Excel VBA code for BMI calculator is illustrated below:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim weight, height, bmi, x As Single

weight = Cells(2, 2)
height = Cells(3, 2)
bmi = (weight) / height ^ 2
Cells(4, 2) = Round(bmi, 1)
If bmi <= 15 Then
Cells(5, 2) = "Under weight" ElseIf bmi > 15 And bmi <= 25 Then Cells(5, 2)
= "Optimum weight" Else
Cells(5, 2) = "Over weight"
End If

End Sub The function Round is to round the value to a certain decimal places.
It takes the format Round(x, n), where n is the number to be rounded and n is
the number of decimal places. The second part of the program uses the
If...Then…. Else statement to evaluate the weight level. The output is shown in
Figure 17.1
 Figure 17.1: BMI
Calculator
17.2: Financial Calculator

This is an Excel VBA program that can calculate monthly payment for the loan
taken from the bank. The formula to calculate periodic payment is shown
below, where PVIFA is known as present value interest factor for an annuity.

Payment=Initial Principal/PVIFA,
The formula to compute PVIFA is
1/i - 1/i (1+i)n

where n is the number of payments. Normally you can check up a financial

table for the value of PVIFA and then calculate the payments manually. The
function Format is to determine the number of decimal places and the use of the
$ sign. Below is the Excel VBA code for the financial calculator:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

Dim N As Integer Dim p, pmt, rate, I, PVIFA As Double p = Cells(2, 2) rate =

Cells(3, 2) N = Cells(4, 2) * 12 I = (rate / 100) / 12 PVIFA = 1 / I - 1 / (I * (1
+ I) ^ N) pmt = p / PVIFA Cells(5, 2) = Format(pmt, "$#,##0.00")

End Sub
The above financial VBA calculator can also be programmed using the built-in
worksheet function, PMT. It is very much easier to program than the previous
one. The format of this function is
WorksheetFunction.pmt (rate, N, amount)
Where rate is the interest rate, N is the period of payments (of number of
periodic payments) and amount is the amount borrowed.

People usually key in the annual interest rate as an integer rather than in
decimal form, so we need to divide the rate by 100 and then divide again by 12
to get the monthly rate.

The negative sign is placed in front of the amount borrowed because this is the
amount the borrower owed the financial institute,. If we don't put the negative
sign, the payment will have a negative sign.

The VBA code is shown below:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

Dim rate, N As Integer Dim amt, payment As Double amt = Cells(2, 2)

rate = (Cells(3, 2) / 100) / 12 N = Cells(4, 2) * 12 payment =

WorksheetFunction.pmt(rate, N, -amt) Cells(5, 2) = Format(payment,
"$##,###.00")

End Sub
 Figure 17.2: Financial
Calculator
17.3: Investment Calculator

In order to get one million dollars in the future, we need to calculate the initial
investment based on the interest rate and the length of a period, usually in
years. The formula is

WorksheetFunction.PV (rate, N, periodic payment, amount, due)

Where rate is the interest rate, N is the length of the period and amount is the
amount borrowed. Below is the Excel VBA code for the investment
Calculator:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click () Dim F_Money, Int_Rate, Investment As

Double Dim numYear As Single F_Money = Cells(2, 2) Int_Rate = (Cells(3,
2) / 100) numYear = Cells(4, 2)

Investment = PV(Int_Rate, numYear, 0, F_Money, 1) Cells(5, 2) = Format(-

Investment, "$##,###,##0.00")

End Sub This Excel VBA program will test whether a number entered by the
user is a prime number or not. Prime number is a number that cannot be
divided by other numbers other than itself, it includes 2 but exclude 1 and 0
and all the negative numbers.
 Figure 17.3: Investment Calculator
17.4: Prime Number Tester

In this program, we use the Select Case ......End Select statement to determine
whether a number entered by a user is a prime number or not. For case 1, all
numbers that are less than 2 are not prime numbers. In Case 2, if the number is
2, it is a prime number. In the last case, if the number N is more than 2, we
divide this number by all the numbers from 3,4,5,6,........up to N-1, if it can be
divided by any of these numbers, it is not a prime number, otherwise it is a
prime number. We use the Do......Loop While statement to control the program
flow. Besides, we also used a tag="Not Prime' to identify the number that is
not prime, so that when the routine exits the loop, the label will display the
correct answer. Below is the code:

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

Dim N, D As Single Dim tag As String N = Cells (2, 2)

Select Case N Case Is < 2 MsgBox "It is not a prime number" Case Is = 2
MsgBox "It is a prime number" Case Is > 2 D = 2 Do If N / D = Int(N / D)
Then MsgBox "It is not a prime number" tag = "Not Prime" Exit Do End If D =
D + 1 Loop While D <= N - 1

If tag <> "Not Prime" Then MsgBox "It is a prime number" End If End Select
End Sub
17.5 Selective Summation

This is an Excel VBA program that can perform selective summation according
to a set of conditions. For example, you might just want to sum up those figures
that have achieved sales target and vice versa. This VBA program can sum up
marks that are below 50 as well as those marks which are above 50.

In this program, rng is declared as range and we can set it to include certain
range of cells, here the range is from A1 to A10.
Then we used the For .......Next loop to scan through the selected range
rng.Cells(i).Value read the value in cells(i) and then passed it to the variable
mark.
To do selective addition, we used the statement Select Case....End Select
Finally, the results are shown in a message box
Here is the code:
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click ()

Dim rng As Range, i As Integer Dim mark, sumFail, sumPass As Single

sumFail = 0 sumPass = 0 Set rng = Range("A1:A10") For i = 1 To 10 mark =
rng.Cells(i).Value Select Case mark Case Is < 50 sumFail = sumFail + mark
Case Is >= 50 sumPass = sumPass + mark

End Select Next i MsgBox "The sum of Failed marks is" & Str(sumFail) &
vbCrLf & "The sum of Passed marks is" & Str(sumPass)

End Sub