Staking-out Shoring

The process of relocating the point of boundaries Temporary supports designed to carry forms for
and property line of the site where the building to beams and slabs
be constructed

Stakes Lumber forms

Wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one Should only be partially seasoned
end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries
or supports of the batter boards Plywood forms
used where a smooth surface is required;
should be waterproof, grade "A" and at least 1/2"
Strings
thick
are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung
across batter boards and used to indicate the
outline of the building wall and foundation Grade A
What grade of water proofing does plywood form
should be?
Batter boards
Horizontal boards; establishes height of the footing 1/2" thick
trenches and foundations; establishes height of
How thick is a plywood form at least?
finish floor levels

Leveling Steel forms

Done with a line level or carpenter's level, or with may be in the form of PANS for concrete joist
a transit; height of the batter boards may be level construction or STEEL DECKING or
with or a little higher that the top of the finished CORRUGATED STEEL for concrete slabs and
foundation slab-and-joist construction

Fiber boards
Batter boards A building material, usually composed of wood
wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the fiber or cane or other vegetable fiber, compressed
stake which serve as the horizontal plane where with a binder into sheet form; the physical
the reference point of the building measurements characteristics depend on the fiber, binder,
are established
density, and surface finish

Spirit level Phenolic Foam

an instrument or toll capable of vertical and A thermosetting foam plastic used to provide
horizontal line check thermal insulation

Plumb bob Phenolic resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin

A weight attached to a string, used for vertical line is a thermosetting, waterproof, low-cost, mold-
check resistant, high strength synthetic resin made from
phenol and formaldehyde; has good resistance to
aging; used extensively in the manufacture of
Plastic hose filled with water
adhesives, exterior and marine plywood,
a method of leveling horizontally batter boards
laminated products, and molded articles
without transit
Lumber and Steel
3-4-5 Multiples with the use of Steel Tape 2 major materials used for shoring construction
Measure
a manual method of squaring the corners of
building lines in staking Seasoned
Lumber forms (shoring) should be partially ______
and to some extent slightly wet in order to prevent
Formwork
swelling and distortion of the forms
used to shape and support fresh concrete until
cured and able to support itself
One side and both edges Sill plate
Lumber forms (shoring) should be dressed at least a heavy horizontal timber at the bottom of the
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ even for non-exposed frame of a wood structure
surfaces
Walers
a horizontal timber or beam used to brace or
2"
support an upright member, as sheeting, formwork
Lumber forms (shoring):
for concrete
size of lumber stocks used for column, beams, and
girder bottoms Bracing
Structural elements installed to provide restraint or
1"
support to other members, so that the complete
Lumber forms (shoring):
assembly forms a stable structure; may consist of
size of lumber stocks used for floor panels and
knee braces, cables, rods, struts, ties, shores,
beam and girder sides
diaphragms, rigid frames, etc., singly or on
combination
2x4"
Lumber forms (shoring): Snap ties
dimensions of lumber for struts, posts, shores, and have notches or crimps that allow their ends to be
uprights snapped off below the concrete surface after
stripping off the forms
1 or 2"
Lumber forms (shoring): She bolt
sizes of lumber stock for cleats
consist of walers rod that are inserted through the
form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod.
Crude oil and Petrolane After stripping, the waler rods are removed for
Lumber forms (shoring) reuse while the inner rod remains in the concrete.
used to prevent concrete form adhering to the
wood and preserve the forms against damage by Shoring
alternate wetting and drying; on forms against also used to support scaffolding works
surfaces which will be sufficient since oiling
prevents adhesion of the plaster Scaffolds
are temporary platforms designed to support
Wire ties or bolts and rods workers and materials on the face of a structure
Lumber forms (shoring) and to provide access to work areas above the
used to hold wall forms together; rods are ground. Any elevated platform is called a ______
preferred and should be arranged that upon
removal or the forms
Ledger, Brace/Diagonal, Standard, Heads,
Jacks, and Bases
Wire ties Major components of metal shoring:
Lumber forms (shoring):
should be used only on light and unimportant work Hand tools
where discoloring will not objectionable are the tools that use power delivered by man only

Yokes
Power Tools
are clamping devices for keeping column forms
are those that employ power supplied by forces
and tops of wall forms from spreading under the
other than that coming from humans
fluid pressure of newly placed concrete
Equipment
Spreaders
is a term that refers to large complex tools and
Usually of wood, space and keep the wall or space
machines that is designed to do a particular job
and keep the wall or forms apart
Heavy equipment
is equipment which is very large and very powerful
Pry bar Hacksaw
used to force open boards used in forming is used to cut metals
concrete
Wood chisel
Folding rule and Tape measure used to trim wood and clear away excess material
are the most common tools for measuring boards, from wood joints
pipe, wire, etc.
Cold chisel
Digital rule used to trim metals
used to measure relatively long distances such as
those in highway construction Nail set
used to drive finishing nails below the surface of a
Framing square wooden trim or molding
is a layout tool that is used to measure 90˚ angles
at the corners of framework and joint, They can Pipe wrench
also be employed to determine cutting angles on used to turn round objects like pipes
dimension lumber
Brick trowel
Level used to place and trim mortar between bricks or
is a long, straight tool that contains one or more concrete
vials of liquid and used to determine if the
horizontal or vertical is exact Bull float
used to smoothen out the surface of wet concrete
Chalk line or Chalk box
used for marking lines Blind riveter
used to fasten pieces of sheet metal together
Claw hammer
an ordinary hammer used to drive or remove nails power drill
used to drill holes in wood, metal and concrete
Sledgehammer
is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the Power screwdriver or Screwgun
ground and to break up concrete and stone used to install and remove screws

Standard screwdriver Radial arm saw

has a flat tip and is designed to fit a standard used for crosscutting wood and consists of a
slotted screw motor-driven saw blade that is hung on an arm
over a table
Phillips screwdriver
has an X-shaped tip and is used to turn Philips- Table saw
head screw only is used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood
composites and consists of a blade mounted on an
Spiral ratchet screwdriver electric motor beneath a table-like surface
is that which relies on a pushing force rather than
a twisting force Portable circular saw
used for cutting materials that are difficult to cut
Ripsaw with stationary tools
has chisel-like teeth designed for ripping or cutting
with the grain of wood Power miter saw
circular saw mounted over a small table used to
Crosscut saw cut various angles in wood
is used to cut across the grain of wood
Saber saw
Backsaw used to cut curves or holes in floors and roofs for
is a special type of handsaw that has a very thin pipes and has a small knife-shaped blade that
blade and makes very straight cuts such as those moves up and down
on trims and molding’s
Pneumatic hammer or Jackhammer Arc welding machine
used to break up concrete or asphalt paving used to weld materials by melting portions of the
metal
Rotary hammer
like an electric drill that operates with both rotating Laser-powered welder
and reciprocating actions and is used to drill holes used to weld material by employing laser to hear
in concrete the metal

Nailers or Nail guns Cranes

fasten materials together by shooting nails into the are machines that lift large and heavy materials.
building material
Crawler cranes
Powder-actuated stud driver
a crane mounted on metal treads so that it can
a kind of nailer that is powered by gunpowder and
move over rough terrain
is used to drive long pins into wood, steel or
concrete
Truck crane
Staplers a crane mounted on a truck frame so that it can be
like nailers but are loaded with U-shaped staples driven in the site
instead of nails for fastening

Conveyor Tower crane or Climbing crane

an equipment which moves materials other than used in the construction of tall building because it
fluids has a built-in jack that raises the crane from floor
to floor as the building is constructed
Transit
an equipment used by surveyors to measure Excavator
horizontal and vertical angles to obtain land a machine used for digging or scooping earth from
elevation a place and depositing it in another

Surveyor's level
is that which is used to determine an unidentified Backhoe
elevation from a known core an excavator used for general digging which is
usually mounted in either a crawler or truck frame
Construction laser
flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a
Trencher
baseline for additional measurements and is used
a special kind which digs trenches or long, narrow
as a level or as an alignment tool
ditches for pipelines or cables
Water pump
used to pump out of holes in the ground so that Front-end loader
construction work can commence a large shoveling machine that can scoop or
deposit a large amount of material
Concrete pump
used to move concrete from concrete mixer to the
concrete form Scraper
a machine that loads hauls and dumps soil over
Concrete mixer medium to long distances
a machine that mixes concrete ingredients by
means of a rotating drum. Raw materials are Grader
introduced into the mixing drum through its open an earth working machine that grades or levels the
end discharged by tilting the mixing drum to allow ground
the concrete to pour out
Compactor or Roller
a machine that compacts soil to prepare for road
paving

Paver
a machine that places spreads and finishes
concrete or asphalt paving material

Superstructure, Substructure, Foundation

Major parts of a building