Problem Set 1

Mathematics in the Modern World (GEMATMW)

Lopez, Hugo Victor Marqueses, Lorenz Bernard Ortiz, Arjaye

Santiago, Venedict Paul Sia, Geraldine Marie

February 14, 2024

1. Given that the 23rd term of the Fibonacci sequence is 28,657 and the 25th term is 75,025, what is the
22nd term?
The nth element Fn of the Fibonacci sequence is given by:

Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2

Thus:

F25 = F23 + F24

F25 = F23 + (F22 + F23 )
F22 = F25 − 2(F23 )
F22 = 75, 025 − 2(28, 657)
∴ F22 = 17, 711

2. Every counting number can be written as a sum of two or more Fibonacci numbers, no number being
used more than once. For example,

25 = 21 + 3 + 1

Represent the following numbers this way:

(a) 40
i. The largest Fibonacci number Fn |Fn ≤ 40 is F10 = 34.
ii. 40 − 34 = 6.
iii. The largest Fn |Fn ≤ 6 is F6 = 5.
iv. 6 − 5 = 1
v. 1 = F2
∴ 40 = 34 + 5 + 1
(b) 52
i. The largest Fn |Fn ≤ 52 is F10 = 34.
ii. 52 − 34 = 18.
iii. The largest Fn |Fn ≤ 18 is F8 = 13.
iv. 18 − 13 = 5

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 v. 15 = F6
∴ 52 = 34 + 13 + 5

3. If the point Q(5, −2) slides 7 units left and 3 units up and then followed by a flip across the x-axis and
afterward, by a flip in the line y = x, find the image of Q after these motions.
The following transformations are to be applied to Q(5, −2):
(a) A shift 7 units to the left:

(x, y) 7→ (x − 7, y)

(b) A shift 3 units up:

(x, y) 7→ (x − 7, y + 3)

(c) A reflection across the x-axis:

(x − 7, y + 3) 7→ (x − 7, −y − 3)

(d) A reflection across the line y = x:

(x − 7, −y − 3) 7→ (−y − 3, x − 7)

Thus:

Q(5, −2) 7→ Q(2 − 3, 5 − 7)

∴ Q(5, −2) 7→ Q(−1, −2)

4. Find the image of the point R(3, −5) if it is rotated 30◦ counterclockwise and afterward flipped across
the y-axis. Express the coordinates rounded up to two decimal places.
The following transformations are to be applied to R(3, −5)
(a) A rotation deg 30 counterclockwise:

(x, y) 7→ (x cos 50◦ − y sin 50◦ , x sin 50◦ + y cos 50◦ )

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 (b) A reflection across the y-axis:
(x cos 50◦ − y sin 50◦ , x sin 50◦ + y cos 50◦ ) 7→ (−x cos 50◦ + y sin 50◦ , x sin 50◦ + y cos 50◦ )

Thus:
R(3, −5) 7→ R(−3 cos 50◦ + −5 sin 50◦ , 3 sin 50◦ + −5 cos 50◦ )
7→ R(−3 cos 50◦ − 5 sin 50◦ , 3 sin 50◦ − 5 cos 50◦ )
∴ R(3, −5) 7→ R(−5.76, −0.92)

5. The following figure is constructed as follows:

Begin with a line segment and remove its middle third. Then remove the middle thirds of the remaining
segments and continue this process indefinitely. Find the dimension of the figure.

The figure described is known as the Cantor set. The dimension of this figure is given by the following
formula such that each iteration of the fractal produces N copies h1 the size of the original:
log N
D=
log h
1
Each iteration produces 2 lines, each 3 the length of the original. Thus:
N =2
h=3

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 The dimension of the figure is thus given by:
log 2
=
log 3
∴ D ≈ 0.63

6. Find the truth value of each statement.

(a) If 3 is positive, then 2 is negative.

Let p = ”3 is positive”
q = ”2 is negative”

p q p→q
T T T
The truth value of p → q is given as follows: T F F
F T T
F F T
3 > 0, thus p = T .
2 > 0, thus q = F .
∴p→q=F
(b) 3 is positive and 2 is negative.

Let p = ”3 is positive”
q = ”2 is negative”

p q p∧q
T T T
The truth value of p ∧ q is given as follows: T F F
F T F
F F F
3 > 0, thus p = T .
2 > 0, thus q = F .
∴p∧q =F
(c) Either 3 is positive or 2 is negative.

Let p = ”3 is positive”
q = ”2 is negative”

p q p∨q
T T T
The truth value of p ∨ q is given as follows: T F T
F T T
F F F
3 > 0, thus p = T .
2 > 0, thus q = F .
∴p∨q =T

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 (d) 3 is positive if and only if 2 is negative.

Let p = ”3 is positive”
q = ”2 is negative”

p q p↔q
T T T
The truth value of p ↔ q is given as follows: T F F
F T F
F F T
3 > 0, thus p = T .
2 > 0, thus q = F .
∴p↔q=F
(e) Neither 3 is positive nor 2 is negative.

Let p = ”3 is positive”
q = ”2 is negative”

p q p∨q ¬(p ∨ q)
T T T F
The truth value of ¬(p ∨ q) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q is given as follows: T F T F
F T T F
F F F T
3 > 0, thus p = T .
2 > 0, thus q = F .
∴ ¬(p ∨ q) = F

7. State the contrapositive of the following proposition:

If a function f has a relative maximum at a number c, the either the derivative of f at c equals zero
or the derivative of f at c is undefined.

Let m = ”The function f has a relative maximum at a number c”

z = ”The derivative of f at c equals zero”
u = ”The derivative of f at c is undefined”

The contrapositive of the statement:

m → (z ∨ u)

Is thus:

¬(z ∨ u) → ¬m
≡ (¬z ∧ ¬u) → ¬m

Which can be translated to English as:

If neither the derivative of the function f at a number c equals zero nor is the derivative of f at c
undefined, then f does not have a relative maximum at c.

8. State the negation of each proposition:

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 (a) Some real numbers are not integers.
All real numbers are integers.
(b) It’s raining cats and it’s raining dogs.
It’s not raining cats or it’s not raining dogs.
(c) Neither the use of a calculator is allowed nor the textbook can be accessed during the exam.
Either the use of a calculator is allowed or the textbook can be accessed during the exam.

9. If p, q, and r are true propositions and s is false, find the truth value of the following:
p q r s p∨q ¬(p ∨ q) ¬(p ∨ q) ∧ r p ∨ ¬s (p ∨ ¬s) ∧ ¬q (¬(p ∨ q) ∧ r) ∧ ((p ∨ ¬s) ∧ ¬q)
T T T F T F F T F F

∴ (¬(p ∨ q) ∧ r) ∧ ((p ∨ ¬s) ∧ ¬q) = F

10. Make a formal proof of validity for the following argument:

¬a ∨ (b ∧ c)
¬i → ¬(b ∧ c)
a
∴i

Proof.
(1) ¬a ∨ (b ∧ c)
(2) ¬i → ¬(b ∨ c)
(3) a
(4) (b ∧ c) Disjunctive syllogism (1, 3)
(5) b Simplification (4)
(6) b∨c Addition (5)
(7) i Modus tonens (2,6)

11. Show that the following argument is invalid.

(p ∨ q) ∧ (p → q)
¬p
∴ ¬q

Proof. To prove that the argument is invalid, we must show that the conclusion Q is false when all
the premises P1 , P2 , . . . , Pn are true (i.e., show that the statement P1 ∧ P2 ∧ · · · ∧ Pn → Q is not a
tautology.) This is shown by the following truth table:
p q p∨q p→q (p ∨ q) ∧ (p → q) ¬p ¬q (((p ∨ q) ∧ (p → q)) ∧ ¬p) → ¬q
T T T T T F F T
T F T F F F T T
F T T T T T F F
F F F T F T T T
Thus, when p is false and q is true, all the premises are true but the conclusion is false. This shows
that the argument is invalid.