What is the difference between the two

groups?
Group 1 Group 2
Melting of ice Burning of wood
Boiling of water Photosynthesis
Cutting paper Decaying organism
Molding clay Cooking egg
• -the differences between physical and chemical changes
• -how to write word and chemical equations
• -the different types of chemical reaction
• -the definition of oxidation and reduction
• -how to use state symbols in an equation
• -the writing of ionic equations
• -electricity and chemistry-conductivity of metals
• -electrolysis
• -oxidising agents, reducing agents and redox reactions
Can you give more examples of chemical
change?

What is the difference between physical

and chemical change?
Physical change
• Ice, water, steam are all water even if they have different appearance,
they are made of similar molecules of water.
• Change of phase is a chemical change because the compound stays
the same
• In physical change, there is NO new substance formed. The substance
remain chemically the same.
• The result of physical change are easy to reverse or separate.
Chemical change
•New substance are made during reaction
•Many reactions are difficult to reverse
•During chemical reaction, energy can be:
• Exothermic – energy is given out (there are more
exothermic reaction) (e.g. burning of gasoline,
cellular respiration)
• Endothermic – energy is taken in (e.g.
photosynthesis)
Chemical reaction equations
• Reactants – names of substances that reacts
• Products – names of substance that is formed
Word equations to chemical (formula) equation
Burning of magnesium
Word equation: Magnesium + Oxygen  Magnesium
oxide
Chemical equation: Mg + O2  MgO
Lets try!
• Iron (III) + Copper (II) sulfate  Iron (III) sulfate + Copper
• Calcium carbonate  Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
• Calcium oxide + water  Calcium hydroxide
• Sodium + water  Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
• Magnesium + water  magnesium hydroxide + hydrogen
Lets try!
• Iron + Copper (II) sulfate  Iron (II) sulfate + Copper
Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu
• Calcium carbonate  Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
• Calcium oxide + water  Calcium hydroxide
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
• Sodium + water  Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
• Magnesium + water  magnesium hydroxide + hydrogen
Mg + H2O  Mg(OH)2 + H2
What’s wrong with these equations?
•Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
•Mg + H2O  Mg(OH)2 + H2
Law of conservation of mass
• The total mass of all of the products of a chemical reaction is equal to
the total mass of all the reactants
• During chemical reactions, the atoms of one element are not changed
to another element nor disappear or appear.
• A reaction involves breaking and making of bonds between atoms to
give new products.
• For example:
Hydrogen + oxygen  water
2H2 + O2  2H2O
• This is a balanced equation, since the reactants and products have
same amount of each element on them.
Try balancing these equations now.
•Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
•Mg + H2O  Mg(OH)2 + H2
•CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Techniques in balancing
1. Write the correct formulas for the reactants and products, with reactants on the
left and the products on the right separated by 
2. Start with the more complex parts (compounds that have several elements in
them).
3. Balance the substance with one kind of element only last.
4. Leave any elements in the free state until last since changing the coefficients on
these only changes that one kind of atom
5. For the reactions involving ionic groups, balance the ion as a group. Ex. [SO4-3].
6. When necessary, If fractions appear in an equation, multiply everything by the
smallest number that will eliminate the fraction. At the end, make sure that all
coefficients are in the lowest possible integer.
7. Remember: You will only add numbers before the substance to balance. You
need to retain the identity (formulae) of the substance.
Example 1
1. C3H8 + O2 --> H2O + CO2
• This reaction occurs when propane (C3H8) is burned in the presence
of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide
Example 1
• 2. Write down the number of atoms per element. Do this for each
side of the equation. Look at the subscripts next to each atom to find
the number of atoms in the equation. When writing it out, it's a good
idea to connect it back to the original equation, noting how each
element appears
Example 1
• 3. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last, as they are often on both
sides. Hydrogen and oxygen are both common in molecules, so it's
likely that you'll have them on both sides of your equation. It's best to
balance them last.
Example 1
• 4. Start with single elements. If you have more than one element left
to balance, select the element that appears in only a single molecule
of reactants and in only a single molecule of products. This means
that you will need to balance the carbon atoms first.
Example 1
• 5. Use a coefficient to balance the single carbon atom. Add a
coefficient to the single carbon atom on the right of the equation to
balance it with the 3 carbon atoms on the left of the equation
Example 1
• 6. Balance the hydrogen atoms next. Since you have balanced all
atoms besides the hydrogen and oxygen, you can address the
hydrogen atoms. You have 8 on the left side. So you'll need 8 on the
right side. Use a coefficient to achieve this.
Example 1
• Balance the oxygen atoms. Remember to account for the coefficients
that you've used to balance out the other atoms. Because you've
added coefficients to the molecules on the right side of the equation,
the number of oxygen atoms has changed. You now have 4 oxygen
atoms in the water molecules and 6 oxygen atoms in the carbon
dioxide molecules. That makes a total of 10 oxygen atoms.
 Example 2
• Na2SO4 + MgCl2  NaCl + MgSO4
• In this example, the equation can be balanced easily not by individual
atoms. Instead, the ions can be the basis of balancing the equation.
Reactants Products

Na+ 2 1
SO42- 1 1
Mg2+ 1 1
Cl- 2 1
Let’s try:

•N2 + H2  NH3
•NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O
•Fe + H2O  Fe3O4 + H2
•C4H10 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Answer:

•N2 + 2H2  2NH3

•2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
•3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2
•2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O
Types of chemical reaction
Group 1 Group 2

Fe(s)+ S(s)  FeS (s) CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

N2(g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) 2H2O (l)  2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

CaO (s) + H2O (l)  Ca(OH)2 (aq) H2CO3 (aq)  H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Types of chemical reaction
Group 1 Group 2
Synthesis (Direct combination) Decomposition

Fe(s)+ S(s)  FeS (s) CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

N2(g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g) 2H2O (l)  2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

CaO (s) + H2O (l)  Ca(OH)2 (aq) H2CO3 (aq)  H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Synthesis (Direct •Simpler substance forms larger
combination)
Reaction and more complex substance
•Two or more substances react
together to form just one
product.
•Most synthesis reactions are
exothermic reaction.
•Photosynthesis is considered as
Synthesis reaction but it is an
endothermic reaction.
Decomposition •One reactant breaks down to
reaction give two or more simpler
products
•Decomposition is normally
endothermic. It requires
energy.
•Thermal decomposition – when
heat energy is used for the
decomposition
Decomposition •One reactant breaks down to
reaction give two or more simpler
products
•Decomposition is normally
endothermic. It requires
energy.
•Thermal decomposition – when
heat energy is used for the
decomposition
Displacement
reaction
•A more reactive element will
displace a less reactive one from
a solution of one of its
compound
•Neutralisation reaction Neutralisation
involves reacting acids reaction
and bases (alkalis).
•The acid is neutralized
when it reacts with a
base.
•When neutralization
occurs it produces salt.
Precipitation reaction
• When two solutions are mixed or when a
gas is bubbled in a solution and there is a
sudden formation of solid
• Formation of insoluble product
• Example: Limewater test for carbon dioxide
CO2 (g)+ Ca(OH)2 (aq) CaCO3(s) ↓ +H2O (l)
Precipitate
• Precipitate – the insoluble product produced in
precipitation reaction
 Combustion reaction
• The reaction of a substance with
oxygen causing the release of energy.
• It is exothermic reaction
• Burning – combustion wherein a
flame / fire is produced
• Examples:
• Cellular respiration
• Burning of fuel

• Burning fuel
2 C8H18 + 13 O2  16 CO2 + 18 H2O
 Oxidation reaction
• In combustion reaction, the
substance involved is oxidized
• Oxygen is added and forms
compounds of oxide, which is
an oxidation
• Rusting of Iron:
4 Fe + 3O2  2 Fe2O3
Iron Oxygen Iron(III) oxide
 Reduction reaction
• The oxidized iron, Iron (III) oxide, can be reversed and
iron can be regenerated.
Fe2O3 loses oxygen to form Fe; Reduction

Fe2O3 + 3H2  2Fe + 3H2O

H2 gain oxygen to form H2O; Oxidation

• Iron(III) oxide loses oxygen, it undergoes reduction

• Hydrogen gas gains oxygen, it undergoes oxidation
Redox reaction
• Reduction and oxidation are always a partner
reaction.
• Reduction will occur simultaneously with
oxidation
• One reactant will undergo reduction
• One reactant will undergo oxidation
 Redox reaction
• In a broader definition, redox
reaction is actually due to gain or
loss of electrons
• Reducing agent examples –
hydrogen, carbon, carbon monoxide
• Oxidising agent examples – oxygen,
hydrogen peroxide, permanganate,
dichromate
 Example
• 2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu (s) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)
• Solution:
• Begin by writing the equation and showing the ions.
• 2Ag+1 + 2NO3-1 + Cu0 → Cu+2 + 2NO3-1 + 2Ag0
• What has happened in this reaction?
• Two electrons have been transferred from a copper atom (Cu) to
two silver ions (Ag+).
• Oxidation: Cu0 → Cu+2 + 2e- (loss of electrons)
• Reduction: 2Ag+1 + 2e- → 2Ag0 (gain of electrons)
Common redox reactions
• Corrosion. When metal rusts, it is because air, water and
other substances reacted with it. Oxidation occurs to form
rust.
• Rancidity. Fats and oils can be oxidized which will make it
rancid. The taste and smell will change and normally
unpleasant.
• Metal extraction and purification. One method of extraction
of metal from metal oxides is through reduction using
carbon.
State symbols in chemical reaction
Ionic equations
• Ionic equations are used to identify the particles that
are actually taking part in a particular reaction.
• Spectator ions – ions present that do NOT take part in
the reaction
For example:
2Ag+1 + 2NO3-1 + Cu0 → Cu+2 + 2NO3-1 + 2Ag0
NO3- (nitrate) is an Spectator ion
How to create an ionic equation?
• 2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu (s) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Step 1: Breakdown the substance with (aq) in their ions
[2Ag+ + 2NO3- ] (aq) + Cu (s)  [Cu2+ + 2NO3- ] (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Step 2: Cross out the ions that stays the same after the reaction. From
Step 1, you can see from the state symbols the substance that changed
and not changed.
[2Ag+ + 2NO3- ] (aq) + Cu (s)  [Cu2+ + 2NO3- ] (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Step 3: Copy the remaining substances to write the ionic equation.
Ionic equation: 2Ag+(aq) + Cu (s)  Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s)
 Let’s try: Create the ionic equation of the following reaction and
tell which is a reducing agent and oxidizing agent in each
reaction

• Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

 Let’s try: Create the ionic equation of the following reaction and
tell which is a reducing agent and oxidizing agent in each
reaction

• Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Ionic equation: Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq)  Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
Zn0  Zn2+ + 2e- becomes more positive, loss of electron,
oxidation/oxidised, reducing agent
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu0 becomes less positive, gain of electron,
reduction/reduced, oxidizing agent
Lose of Electron, Oxidation, Reducing Agent Gain of Electron, Reduction, Oxidising Agent
Let’s try more:

• CuSO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Cu(OH)2 (s) + Na2SO4 (aq)

• AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
• Na2SO4 (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq)  BaSO4 (s) + 2NaOH (aq)
Conductivity in solids
• Conductors – all metals are conductor of electricity
• include graphite which is made of a nonmetal carbon
• For a solid to conduct, it must have a structure that contains free
electrons that are able to flow through it.
• Metals (and graphite) can conduct electricity because they have
mobile free electrons in their structure.
• Insulators - Most solid covalent non-metals DO NOT conduct
electricity. There are NO electrons that are not involved in bonding
or no free electrons.
• When solid conducts electricity, there is NO CHEMICAL CHANGE.
Testing a material for electrical conductivity

•You can test a material

if it is conductor by
passing electricity in a
circuit (shown in left). If
the bulb lights up then
it is a conductor of
electricity.
Conductors and insulators

Conductors Insulators (non-conductors)

Giant molecular Simple molecular
Copper Diamond Sulfur
Silver Poly(ethene)
Aluminum Polychloroethene (PVC) Iodine
Poly(tetrafluoroethene)
Steel PTFE
Brass
Graphite
 Electrolytes Non-electrolytes
Conductivity in liquids • Sulfuric acid • Distilled water
• Electrolytes – ionic compounds produces ions • Molten ionic • Ethanol
compounds • Petrol
when dissolved in water which can conduct
• Molten lead • Paraffin
electricity by the movement of the ions. bromide • Molten sulfur
• Non-electrolytes – Most covalent compound • Sodium chloride • Sugar solution
dissolved in liquid does NOT conduct electricity. solutions
They do not form ions. • Hydrochloric acid
• Sodium hydroxide
• When electrolytes conduct electricity, chemical solution
change takes place and the ionic compounds
are split up (decomposition reaction)
• Electrolysis – the breakdown of ionic
compound (molten or in aqueous solution) by
using electricity
PbBr2 (l) Pb (l) + Br2 (g)
• Solid ionic compounds does NOT conduct
electricity
Summary of electrolytes

•Molten salts
•Solution of salts in water
•Solution of acids
•Solution of alkali
 Metallic conductivity Electrolytic conductivity

• Electrons flow • Ions flow

• A property of elements (metals • Property of ionic compounds,
and graphite) and alloys acids and bases
• Takes place in solids and liquids • Takes place in liquids and solutions
(e.g. mercury, molten metals) (not solid)
• No chemical change takes place • Chemical decomposition takes
place
 Movement of ions in a solution
• Ionic compounds in solution conducts electricity
by the movement of ions in a particular direction
in an electric field.
• Electrode - used as either of the two terminals of
an electrically conducting medium; it conducts
current into and out of the medium
• Cathode – negative electrodes that attracts
positive ions (cations)
• In cathode during electrolysis, metal ions (e.g. Na+,
Cu2+ etc.) and H+ is moves toward it
• Anode – positive electrodes that attracts
negative ions (anions)
• In anode during electrolysis, negative ions (normally
non-metal ions: Cl-,MnO4- , CrO42-) moves toward it
Movement of ions video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGjELaQUS_4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGogLK-t7lI
Common color of ions:
• Manganate (MnO4-) - purple
• Copper ions (Cu2+) – blue
• Chromate (CrO42-) – yellow
Electrolytic cell – the apparatus or set-
up where electrolysis is carried out

• The set-up is made of:

• A battery to supply direct
current
• Graphite electrodes to carry the
current in and out of the liquid
electrolyte.
• Graphite is normally used
because it is quite inert or
unreactive. It will not react with
the electrolyte or the product
after electrolysis
• In electrolyte, the ions moves
to carry the current.
 Electrolysis of molten compounds: ZnCl2

Positive electrode Negative electrode

Anode: Cathode:
• 2Cl- (aq)  Cl2 (g)+ 2e- Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-  Zn (s)
 Electrolysis of molten compounds
Electrolysis of Zinc chloride: ZnCl2 (aq)  Zn (s) + Cl2 (g)
• At the negative electrode (cathode), positive ions gain electrons to form the metal
solid form
• Example: Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-  Zn (s)
• At the positive electrode (anode), negative ions loss electrons to form the nonmetal
• Example: 2Cl- (aq)  Cl2 (g)+ 2e-
• Electrical energy from the battery (cell) caused a chemical change (decomposition
reaction)
 Industrial electrolysis of molten compounds
• Electrolysis is important since it is the only
method that can be used to extract reactive
metals (Group I: Na, K, Rb etc; Group II: Mg,
Ca, Sr etc; and aluminum,Al)
• Metals and hydrogen is produced at the
cathode.
• Nonmetals (except hydrogen) is formed in the
anode.
• For example: Aluminum oxide
• Molten aluminum ion is attracted to the cathode:
Al3+ + 3e-  Al
• Oxygen is released in the anodes:
2O2-  O2 + 4 e-
 Electrolysis of solutions
• Water can dissociate into H+ ions and OH- ions
H2O  H+ + OH-
• When you do electrolysis of solutions, the ions of
water competes with the other ions in a solution
• At the cathode:
• The more reactive the metal, the more it tends to
stay as ions and stay in the solution. H+ ions will
accept electrons instead, hydrogen molecules
will be formed and be discharged. Example:
Sodium ion in solutions
• For less reactive metals, such as copper ions it
will accept the electrons readily and form metal
atoms. The metal will be discharged leaving the
H+ ions in the solution.
 Electrolysis of solutions
• At the anode:
• Ions of halogens such as Cl-, Br- or I-, at high
concentration, they will give up electrons easily
than the OH- ions. Cl2, Br2 and I2 are formed
and discharged. Hydroxide (OH-) will stay in the
solution
• If NO halogens are present, the OH- ions will
give up electrons more easily than any other
nonmetal ions (e.g. Sulfates, nitrates). When
OH- are discharged, oxygen is formed
Electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid solution:
Effective way of electrolysis of water

• Water is a poor conductor of electricity so

we can add dilute sulfuric acid to decompose
water to hydrogen and oxygen gas
• Hofman voltameter (image in right) – used
to keep gases separate in electrolysis
• In the cathode, hydrogen is collected
• In the anode, oxygen is collected
• The ratio of volumes is approximately 2:1.
Two parts hydrogen, one part oxygen.
 Electrolysis of
concentrated sodium
chloride solution
• There are four ions present in the solution.
• Na+, H+, Cl- and OH-
• At the cathode, 2H+ + 2e-  H2
• Hydrogen gas bubbles off
• At the anode, 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e-
• Pale green chlorine gas bubbles off
• Stays in the solution is Na+ and OH-, which is
sodium hydroxide
 Electroplating
• Objects can be plated or coated with a
chosen metal using electricity
• The cathode is the object you want to plate
or coat
• Anode is made from the metal
• The electrolyte is salt of the same metal
(Example: Copper anode, copper sulfate
electrolytes)
• The anode will dissolve away, into the
solution replacing the metal plated on to
the object. The concentration of electrolytes
stays the same.
 Electroplating
•In electroplating, the anode
made of the metal to be plated
•Object thickens as it becomes
plated
•The anode (copper plate)
dissolves away
•Electrolyte solution maintains
the same concentration
•Questions?